اثر کاربرد کودهای آلی و زیستی بر خصوصیات رشدی و بیوشیمیایی رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgar Miller) در شرایط گلخانه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سید امیرحمزه بهاری میمندی ¹
• شهرام شرف زاده ¹
• امید علیزاده ²
• فرود بذرافشان ³
• بهرام امیری ¹

¹ گروه کشاورزی، واحد فیروزآباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فیروزآباد، ایران

² گروه کشاورزی، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران

³ گروه کشاورزی،واحد فیروزآباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فیروزآباد، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2021.70948.1063

چکیده

این پژوهش به منظور بررسی اثرات کاربرد کودهای آلی و زیستی بر خصوصیات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgar Miller) انجام شد. در این مطالعه، اثر ورمی­کمپوست (صفر، 4 و 8 درصد در گلدان)، کود حیوانی (صفر، 5/7 و 15 درصد در گلدان) و قارچ مایکوریزا (تلقیح 1 درصد و عدم تلقیح) بر ویژگی­های فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی رازیانه در شرایط گلخانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی اجرا شد. نتایج نشان داد کودهای آلی و زیستی باعث بهبود خصوصیات عملکردی و فیتوشیمیایی رازیانه نظیر ارتفاع بوته، وزن دانه در بوته، وزن تر و خشک ریشه و گیاه، محتوای فنول و فلاونوئید کل، فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی، درصد اسانس و درصد کلونیزاسیون شدند. حداکثر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد گل، چتر و دانه در بوته و وزن تر و خشک ریشه، پس از کاربرد تلفیقی 8 درصد در گلدان ورمی­کمپوست، 15 درصد در گلدان کود حیوانی و کاربرد مایکوریزا حاصل گردید.  بر اساس نتایج، بالاترین میزان فلاونوئید کل (66/177 میلی­گرم در صد گرم ماده خشک) پس از کاربرد تلفیقی 8 درصد در گلدان ورمی­کمپوست، 15 درصد در گلدان کود حیوانی و کاربرد مایکوریزا مشاهده شد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد بیشترین وزن تر و خشک گیاه (به ترتیب با میانگین­های 33/121 و 41/17 گرم) پس از کاربرد تلفیقی مایکوریزا و 15 درصد در گلدان کود حیوانی حاصل گردید. کاربرد مایکوریزا در ترکیب با 15 درصد در گلدان کود حیوانی نسبت به سایر تیمارها باعث افزایش معنی‌دار محتوای فنول کل در اندام هوایی با میانگین 22/73 میلی­گرم در صد گرم ماده خشک شد. افزون بر این، بیشترین میزان فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی (51 درصد) پس از کاربرد تلفیقی  8 درصد در گلدان ورمی کمپوست و 15 درصد در گلدان کود حیوانی حاصل گردید. کاربرد کودهای آلی و زیستی به طور معنی­داری باعث افزایش وزن هزار دانه و درصد اسانس در گیاه رازیانه شد. پس از اعمال تیمار 15 درصد در گلدان کود حیوانی، بیشترین درصد اسانس میوه با میانگین 43/3 درصد حاصل گردید. به طور کلی بالاترین درصد اجزای تشکیل‌دهنده اسانس میوه در شرایط گلخانه، به ترتیب مربوط به (E)-Anethole (26/78 درصد)، Fenchone (15/7 درصد)، Limonene (12/6 درصد) و Methyl chavicol (85/3 درصد) بود. میزان (E)-Anethole به عنوان ترکیب غالب اسانس، در تیمار شاهد 92/66 درصد گزارش گردید. کاربرد تلفیقی مایکوریزا و 4 درصد در گلدان ورمی کمپوست محتوای (E)-Anethole موجود در اسانس را تا 72/80 درصد افزایش داد. به طور کلی ورمی­کمپوست، کود حیوانی و مایکوریزا باعث بهبود خصوصیات رشدی، بیوشیمیایی و عملکرد اسانس رازیانه شد. این کودها با در اختیار قرار دادن مقادیر زیادی از عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز و تأثیر بر جنبه­های مختلف رشد و توسعه ریشه، عملکرد گیاه را افزایش دادند. در این میان شاید نقش نیتروژن به دلیل مشارکت در پروتئین­سازی و نقش آهن در تثبیت نیتروژن، فتوسنتز و انتقال الکترون، بیشتر از بقیه نمایان باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اسانس
• رازیانه
• عملکرد بذر
• فلاونوئید
• مایکوریزا

20.1001.1.20084730.1401.36.1.20.7

موضوعات

• گیاهان دارویی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Application of Organic and Biological Fertilizers on Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgar Miller) under Greenhouse Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

• Seyyed Amir Hamzeh Bahari Meymandi ¹
• Shahram Sharafzadeh ¹
• Omid Alizadeh ²
• Froud Bazrafshan ³
• Bahram Amiri ¹

¹ Department of Agriculture, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad, Iran

² Department of Agriculture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

³ Department of Agriculture, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
 In recent years, the aggressive application of chemical fertilizers for agricultural production has endangered the health of soil, water, air, as well as crops, and has raised many concerns for the global environment and human health. In addition to the positive biological effects and modification of soil physical and chemical properties due to the gradual release of nutrients, organic fertilizers cause less pollution in the environment. Due to the significant role of medicinal and aromatic plants in different industries, it is important to increasing production of yield and secondary metabolite produced without the use of harmful chemical fertilizers. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) is widely grown in arid and semi-arid regions and due to its economic importance and pharmaceutical industrial applications, it is one of the world’s most dimension medicinal plant. This plant has antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, carminative and analgesic effects and is effective in gastrointestinal disorder treatment. Moreover with its antioxidant and antiulcer properties, it is used to treat neurological disorders.
Materials and Methods
 This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on the morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of fennel (Foeniculum vulgar Miller). In this study, the impacts of vermicompost (0, 4, 8% in pot), animal manure (0, 7.5, 15% in pot) and mycorrhizal fungi (0, 1%) on physiological and biochemical properties of fennel in greenhouse conditions was evaluated. In order to extract the samples to measure biochemical factors, methanol 70% was used at a ratio of 5:1 (volume- weight). Determination of free radical scavenging was performed by using the DPPH test. The samples’ absorptions were read at a wavelength of 517 nm with Epoch Microplate Spectrophotometer, BioTek Instruments, Inc., USA. Measuring the total phenols was performed according to the Folin’s reagent method and the use of gallic acid as standard (purchased from the brand MERCK, Germany) by using a spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 765 nm. Total flavonoid content was measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 510 nm through a standard curve of quercetin from Sigma-Aldrich. The Essential oils were obtained from seeds by hydrodistillation for 3 h using a clevenger type device. The analyses of essential oil volatile components were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data were analyzed by using Duncan’s multiple range test (P< 0.05) by SAS, version 9.4 for Windows.
Results and Discussion
 The results of current investigation showed that organic and biological fertilizers improved the fennel yield and phytochemical properties such as the plant height, seed weight per plant, fresh and dry weight of roots and plants, content of total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, percentage of essential oil and root colonization. The highest plant height, number of flowers, umbrellas and seeds per plant and fresh and dry weight of roots were obtained after combined application of 8% in pot vermicompost, 15% in pot animal manure and application of mycorrhiza. According to the results, the highest amount of total flavonoids (177.66 mg/100g DW) and root colonization (35.8%) after of 8% in pot vermicompost + 15% in pot animal manure + mycorrhiza application was observed. The results also revealed that the highest fresh and dry weight of the plants (121.33 and 17.41 g, respectively) was obtained after application of mycorrhiza + 15% in pot animal manure. Application of mycorrhiza in combination with 15% in pot animal manure compared to other treatments caused a significant increase in total phenol content in aerial parts with 73.22 mg/100g DW. In addition, the highest amount of antioxidant activity (51%) was obtained after 8% in pot vermicompost + 15% in pot animal manure application. Application of organic and biological fertilizers significantly increased the 1000 seed weight and the percentage of essential oil in fennel. After 15% in pot animal manure treatment, the highest percentage of essential oil by 3.43% was recorded. In general, the highest percentages of essential oil components were related to (E)-Anethole (78.26%), Fenchone (7.15%), Limonene (6.12%) and Methyl chavicol (3.85%), respectively. The amount of (E)-Anethole as the essential oil predominant compound, in the control treatment was 66.92%. The application of mycorrhiza + 4% in pot vermicompost increased the content of (E) -Anethole in essential oil to 80.72%.
Conclusion
 In general, application of vermicompost, animal manure and mycorrhizal fungi improved the growth, biochemical and yield characteristics and essential oil yield of fennel in greenhouse conditions. These fertilizers increased plant yield by providing large amounts of required nutrients and affecting various aspects of root growth and development. Among them, the role of nitrogen may be more prominent due to its participation in protein synthesis and the role of iron in nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and electron transfer.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Essential oil
• Fennel
• Seed yield
• Flavonoid
• Mycorrhiza

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