نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مربی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی

2 موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی کرج

3 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی زنجان

چکیده

برای بررسی سازگاری و مطالعه ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیکی تعدادی از ارقام زیتون در شرایط اقلیمی طارم این پروژه از سال 1383 به مدت 5 سال در ایستگاه تحقیقات زیتون طارم انجام گردید. ارقام مورد ارزیابی در این بررسی مانزانیلا، ماری، کنسروالیا، زرد، میشن، آمیگدالولیا، روغنی، آربکین، لچینو، بلیدی، زرد، ماستوئیدس، پیکوال و کرونیکی بودند. طرح آماری بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار و 4 درخت در هر پلات منظور گردید. در این بررسی صفات رویشی، صفات گل و میوه و حساسیت تاج درختان به باد، حساسیت به سرمای زمستانه، عملکرد در هکتار و عملکرد تجمعی 5 ساله، اندازه‌گیری گردید. مقایسه میانگین ارقام ارزیابی‌شده در طی 5 سال نشان داد که تعداد گل در گل‌آذین در اکثر ارقام به‌جز لچینو، بلیدی و کرونیکی از نظر آماری در یک سطح قرار داشتند. ارقام مانزانیلا و میشن بیشترین و لچینو و بلیدی کمترین گل در گل‌آذین را دارا بودند. آربکین، کرونیکی، بلیدی، زرد، کنسروالیا، پیکوال و روغنی در مقایسه با سایر ارقام درصد گل کامل بیشتری داشتند. عملکرد ارقام کنسروالیا، زرد، کرونیکی، آربکین، ابوسطل و میشن نسبت به سایر ارقام بیشتر بود. عملکرد این ارقام به ترتیب 4265، 3498، 3104، 2625، 2273 و 2101 کیلوگرم در هکتار بوده است. عملکرد تجمعی 5 ساله ارقام ذکرشده به ترتیب بالا 22472، 17490، 15520، 13125، 11365 و 10505 کیلوگرم بوده است. ارقام آمیگدالولیا، کنسروالیا، بلیدی و ماستوئیدس از بیشترین درصد روغن در ماده خشک برخوردار بودند. هم‌چنین ارقام روغنی، ماری، کرونیکی و آربکین درصد روغن بالایی داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Compatibility and Morpho–Physiological Characteristics of Some Olive Cultivars (Oleaeuropaea L.) at Tarom Climate

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahmood Azimi 1
  • Ali Asghar Zeinanloo 2
  • Karim Mostafavi 3

1 Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center

2 Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Karaj

3 Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center

چکیده [English]

Introduction According to statistics presented by FAO in 2011, the world area under olive cultivation has been estimated about 9 million and six hundred thousand hectares from which Iran shares approximately 103 thousand hectares. Tarom region in Zanjan province is one of the important olive cultivation in which 12600 hectare has been devoted to olive planting. A growing trend could be seen if the cultivation area regarding the fertile and non- fertile olive orchards along with amount of production were compared during the last decades which may be attributed mainly to favorable climatic condition for olive cultivation in the region. Temperature as the most important environmental factor affects flowering and fruiting of olive trees. Temperatures that stimulate olive fruiting, and sub-zero temperatures which cause damage to olive tree or fruit yielding are of great importance in determining the adaptability of olive trees. Regarding the quality of olive oil, fruit characters such as: cultivar, ripening and climatic conditions are considered as main characters too. To determine the adaptable cultivars for any region and microclimates many experiments have been carried out worldwide. In Iran, Zard and Roghany local olive cultivars selected for northern parts of Iran with the most area under cultivation in Rudbar and Tarom regions but the Dezful cultivar has been released for southern regions of the country. This study was carried at Tarom Olive Research Station, Zanjan, Iran and aimed to evaluate the vegetative and reproductive traits of some domestic and foreign olive cultivars and to determine the adaptability of them to the studied area.
Materials and Methods At the beginning of the study, age of the olive trees varied between 4 to 6 years and all the trees were in the reproductive phase. Plantation system was also 8 × 8 meters with trickle irrigation systems. The cultivars were: Amigdalolia, Arbequina, Abusatl, Bladi, Picual, Roghany, Zard, Koroneiki, Konservolia, Leccino, Mary, Mastoidis, Manzanilla, and Mission. The experiment was conducted based on a RCBD layout with three replications considering four trees for each plot. Vegetative characters (tree vigor, growth habit and crown density), flower traits (number of flower per inflorescence, number of inflorescence per shoot, perfect flower) and fruit characters (fruit weight, length and diameter of fruit, stone weight, flesh to stone ratio, oil percent in dry fruit weight and yield per hectare) as well as susceptibility of crown trees to wind and susceptibility to cold, along with the cumulative yield of 5-year were measured. For statistical analysis the SAS software was used and means comparisons were performed using Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that among evaluated cultivars, the number of flowers per inflorescence in most cultivars except Leccino, Baladiand Koroneiki were the same level. Manzanillaand Mission had the highestflowers per inflorescence but Leccino and Baladi had the lowest number of flowers per inflorescence. Arbequina, Koroneiki, Baladi, Zard, Konservolia, PicualandRoghany in comparison with other cultivars had high perfect flowers. Konservolia, Zard, Koroneiki, Arbequinaand Abusatl had the highest yield. Theyield of these cultivars was 4265, 3498, 3104, 2625, 2273and2101kg per hectare, respectively. The cumulative yield of abovementioned cultivars in5-year were 22472, 17490, 15520, 13125, 11365and10505 Kg/ha, respectively. Amigdalolia, Konservolia, Baladiand Mastoidis cultivars had the highest oil content in dry matter basis. Also Mari, Koroneiki and Arbequina cultivars had the highest oil content. Fruit weight of Amigdalolia, Abusatl and Konservolia cultivars were more than 8 gr. More over Picual, Zard, Mission and Manzanilla cultivars fruit weight were between 5 and 6 gr. Konservolia, Abusatl, Manzanilla, Amygdalolia, Picual and Mastoidis had the highest flesh to stone ratio. The flesh to stone ratio of these cultivars was 10.09, 9.35, 9.04, 8.16, 7.45 and 7.05 respectively.
Conclusion: Konservolia as a double purpose cultivar was the first olive cultivar choice of this research. Konservolia as compared with other cultivars had the highest yield. In addition,it is reported that this cultivar tolerated cold temperatures (low temperatures)during years of 2006 and 2007.Konservolia with large fruit and a high ratio of flesh to stone can be a substitute for the Zard olive cultivars in Tarom area. Zard, Koroneiki and Arbequina were the other selected of these studies. Zard is a native cultivar. Now, this cultivar is the first priority of Tarom region, because is a double purpose cultivar. Moreover studies showed that Zard in comparison with other native cultivars had high oil quality.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cumulative yield
  • Olive
  • perfect flower
  • susceptible to cold
1- Ajamgard F., and Zeinanloo A.A. 2013. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative yield of olive cultivars in north of Khuzestan province, Iran. Seed and Plant Improvment Journal, 29 (3): 567-579. (in Persian with English abstract)
2- Anonymous. 2011. Statistics of agricultural and horticultural crops. Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture.
3- Arji I. and Nourizadeh M. 2014. Adaptability of some olive cultivars in Taroum and Sarpole Zehab environmental conditions. Seed and Plant Improvment Journal, 30 (4): 703-717. (in Persian with English abstract)
4- Azimi M., Khosrovshahli M., and Golmohammadi M. 2008. Evaluation of pollination and choice of suitable pollinizer for some olive cultivars in Tarom region. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 79: 160-168. (in Persian with English abstract)
5- Bouaziz M., Chamkha M., and Sayadi S. 2004. Comparative study on phenolic content and antioxidant activity during maturation of the olive cultivar Chemlali from Tunisia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 5476-5481.
6- Caponio F., and Gomes T. 2001. Influence of olive crushing temperature on phenols in olive oils. European Food Research and Technology, 212: 329-333.
7- Cimato A. 1998. Genetic resources as a means of optimising production. Olivae, 73: 44-48.
8- Cimato A., Baldini A., Caselli S., Marranci M., and Marzi L. 1996. Observations on Tuscan olive germplasm. 3: Analitical and Sensory charactristics of single-variety olive oils. Olivae, 62: 46-51.
9- Cuevas J., Rallo L., and Rapoport H.F. 1994. Crop load effects on floral quality in olive. Scientia Horticulturae, 59: 123-130.
10- DelRio C., and Caballero J.M. 1994. Preliminary agronomical characterization of 131 cultivars introduces in the olive germplasm bank of Cordoba in March 1987. Acta Horticulturae, 356: 110-115.
11- Dimassi K., Therios I., and Balatsos A. 1999. The blooming period and fruitfulness in twelve greek and three foreign olive cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 474: 275-278.
12- Ebadi R. 2008. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative traits in some native and forigon genotypes of olive to select the best cultivars for Tarom region. Master thesis Plant Breeding. Azad University of Karaj.
13- Eta M. 1990. Evaluation and comparison of the yield and oil of different olive cultivars. Technical report. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization.
14- Ferguson L., Steven S.G., and Martin G.C. 1994. Olive production manual. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resoures Publication, 3353. Pp. 160.
15- Food and agriculture organization. 2011. Olive. http://fenix.fao.org/wds/excels/e05fe853-df33-478a-b934-1545ba36da4b.xls.
16- Garcia J.M., Seller S., and Perez-Camino M.C. 1996. Influence of fruit ripening on olive oil quality. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44: 3516-3520.
17- Garrido-Fernandez A., Fernandez-Diez M.J., and Adams M.R. 1997. Table olives: production and processing, Chapman & Hall (Eds.). London, UK.
18- Haji Amiri A., Safari H., Gerdakaneh M., and Marzban Najafi M. 2013. Adaptation and comparison of 15 Iranian and foreign olive cultivars under Sarpol Zahab conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27 (2): 166-177. (in Persian with English abstract)
19- Larbi A., Ayadi M., Ben Dhiab A., Msallem M., and Caballero J.M. 2011. Olive cultivars suitability for high-density orchards. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(4): 1279-1286.
20- Lavee S. 1996. Biology and physiology of the olive. In: IOOC (Eds.), World Olive Encyclopaedia. International Olive Oil Council, Madrid, Spain, pp. 59-110.
21- Lavee S., Rallo L., Rapoport H.F., and Troncoso A. 1996. The floral biology of the olive: effect of flower number, type and distribution on fruitset. Scientia Horticulturae, 66: 149-158.
22- Lavee S., Taryan J., Levin J., and Haskal A. 2002. The significance of cross pollination for various olive cultivars under irrigated intensive growing conditions. Olivae, 91: 25-36.
23- Mir Mansouri A. 1994. Evaluation and comparison of qualitative characteristics of olive cultivars for selection of table olive cultivars. the first olive congress of Gorgan. Ministry of Jihad e Adriculture.
24- Mohammadi H., Zeinanloo A.A., and Rovshan A.A. 2008. Modelling of thermal compatibility olive (Olea europaea L.) in Iran. Geographic Researches. 64: 37-51. (in Persian with English abstract)
25- Morello J.R., Romero M.P., and Motilva M.J. 2004. Effect of the maturation process of the olive fruit on the phenolic fraction of drupes and oils from Arbequina, Farga, and Morrut cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 6002-6009.
26- Proietti P., Famiani F., Nardini G., and Preziosi P. 2000. Vegetative and reproductive response of some olive cultivars introduced into a region of central Italy. Olivae, 82: 29-35.
27- Rotondi A., Bendini A., Cerretani L., Mari M., Lercker G., and Toschi T.G. 2004. Effect of olive ripening degree on the oxidative stability and organoleptic properties of cv. Nostrana di Brisighella extra virgin olive oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 3649-3654.
28- Ryan D., Antolovich M., Prenzler P., Robards K., and Lavee S. 2002. Biotransformations of phenolic compounds in Olea europaea L. Scientia Horticulturae, 92: 147-176.
29- Tapia F.C., Mora F., and Santos A.I. 2009. Preliminary evaluation of 29 olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars for production and alternate bearing, in the Huasco valley, northern Chilie. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 69(3): 325-330.
30- Therios I. 2009. Olives. CABI. 81-93.
31- Tous J., Romero A., and Plana J. 1999. ‘IRTA-i-18?, a clone of the ‘Arbequina’ olive cultivar. Olivae, 77(6): 50-52.
32- Tous J., Romero A., Hermoso J.F., and Antonia N. 2011. Mediterranean clonal selections evaluated for modern hedgerow olive oil production in Spain. California Agriculture, 65(1): 34-40.
33- Trentacostea E.R., Puertasa C.M., and Sadras V.O. 2010. Effect of fruit load on oil yield components and dynamics of fruit growth and oil accumulation in olive (Olea europaea L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 32: 249-254.
34- Wiesman Z. 2009. Desert olive oil cultivation advanced biotechnologies. Academic press. 185-219.
35- Zeinanloo A.A. 2013.2000. The effects of cross- pollination on fruit set, and the oil properties in some olive cultivars and different effects of plant hormones in alternate bearing of olive. Ph.D. Thesis. Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran.
CAPTCHA Image