Investigating of Antioxidant Enzymes and Proline Changes During the Flowering Bud Dormancy in Several Cherry Cultivars

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Akbar Angooti ¹
• Jafar Hajilou ¹
• Farhang Razavi ²

¹ Tabriz university

² Zanjan university

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v33i4.74475

Abstract

Introduction: The ability to tolerate cold will not be possible without stopping or inducing sleep, which is one of the important steps in the life cycle of plants in temperate regions. This period is one of the important factors in preventing cold damages in winter and spring in temperate regions. Various studies in controlled conditions on plants have shown that in plants, when entering and leaving this period, various changes occur in materials such as proteins, enzymes and hormones. In order to control the harmful effects of active oxygen species, plants have defense mechanisms. Catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes are a defensive team whose common goal is to defend against the destructive effects of active oxygen species. This study was carried out to determine the chill requirement and its relationship with the changes in the activity of antioxidants enzymes and proline.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at agricultural Research Station of Khalat-Pooshan and the Laboratory of Flower Biology and Physiology of Fruit Growth in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University in 2015-2016. Flower buds needed for testing were selected from ‘Siah Shabestar’, Zard Mashhad, Zoodras cultivars and a local genotype of sour cherry. Once a month, enough buds were harvested and until the experiments began, they were kept inside the freezer inside an aluminum foil at -80 ° C. In order to estimate the chill requirement, four replicates (4 geographic directions) from each cultivar and from each replication four branches with the same length and diameter were removed. The amount of chilling accumulation and chilling requirement in each month was calculated according to Utah model. In order to estimate fresh weight, four replicates in each cultivar were selected and in each replication five buds were selected from different parts of the branch. The statistical design used in the determination of the chill requirement was a randomized complete block design. Enzymatic and proline data were analyzed in a completely randomized design as factorial
Conclusions: Chill requirement: Based on the Utah model, the chill requirement of sweet and sour cherry cultivars contains Zard Mashhad, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar were calculated 752, 780, 867 and 961 CU, respectively. There was a significant difference in the activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes between cultivars and different sampling times at 1% probability level. Siah Shabestar cultivars with the highest chill requirement had the lowest SOD enzymatic activity and Zard Mashhad and Zoodras were intermediate cultivars in terms of enzymatic activity. Sour cherries, which had the least chill requirement, showed the highest levels of SOD enzyme activity. This is consistent with the results of some researchers regarding apricot stated that the low chill apricot cultivars had the highest SOD enzymatic activity. The sour cherry had the highest amount of POX enzymatic activity with the least amount of chill requirement, and also Siah Shabestar has the least chill requirement. Like the two previous enzymes, the activity of catalase was highest in sour cherries and the lowest was observed in Siah Shabestar. In terms of the presence of free proline, there was no significant difference between the Zard Mashhad cultivars and Zoodras, while there was a significant difference between these two cultivars and Sour Cherry and Siah Shabestar. Zoodras cultivar has the highest and our cherry has the lowest amount of free proline. Between different cultivars, in terms of fresh weight of buds, there is a significant difference at 1% probability level before and after placement in the growth chamber. The increase in fresh weight of sour cherry and Zard Mashhad, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar cultivars were 25, 27, 31.5 and 33%, respectively. The highest fresh weight before and after placement in growth chamber was observed in Siah Shabestar and sour cherry was the lowest. In all the cultivars, the activity of all three enzymes were initially at maximum (369 CU), then, with the cooling of the air and the initiation of deep dormancy, the activity of these enzymes were greatly reduced (820 CU) and then again increased in the activity of this enzyme (963 CU), which is similar to other studies.
Conclusions The results of this study showed that the antioxidant metabolism in plants is influenced by seasonal cycle changes and enzymatic activity changes depending on temperature, so that sour cherry with the least chill requirement has the most activity of the enzyme catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and Siah Shabestar, which have the most chill requirement, have the least enzymatic activity. Accordingly, the enzymatic antioxidant system activity of the flower buds was relatively high at the beginning of the dormancy period, but decreased during the end of dormancy. Also, the amount of free proline at the end of dormancy and the stage of dormancy breaking was highest and the lowest was in the deep dormancy period.

Keywords

• Catalase, Dormancy
• Peroxidase
• Superoxide dismutase
• Utah model

20.1001.1.20084730.1398.33.4.5.7

References

1- Abassi N.A., Kushad M.M., and Endress A.G. 1998. Active oxygen-scavenging enzymes activities in developing apple flowers and fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 74: 183–194.

2- Abedi B., Tafazoli E., Rahemi M., Khaladbarin B., and Ganji A. 2010. Changes in sugars, starch, proline and intercostal water in the face of cold in some apricot cultivars (armeniaca Prunus L.). Iranian Journal of Horticulture, 41(4): 375–382. (In Persian)

3-‌ Alburquerque N., Garcıa-Montiel F., Carrillo A., and Burgos L. 2008. Chilling and heat requirements of sweet cherry cultivars and the relationship between altitude and the probability of satisfying the chill requirements. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 64: 162 – 170.

4- Allen R.D., Webb R.P., and Schake S.A. 1997. Use of transgenic plants to study antioxidant defenses. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 23:473–479.

5- Angelini R., and Frederico R. 1989. Histochemical evidence of polyamine oxidation and generation of hydrogen peroxide in the cell wall. Journal of Plant Physiology, 135: 212–217.

6- Bartollini S., Vitti R., and Zanol J. 2004. The involvement of glutathione in flower bud dormancy overcoming in apricot. Research Signpost, 1: 11– 28.

7- Bassi D., Vitti R., and Bartolini S. 2006. Recent advances on environmental and physiological challenges in apricot growing. Agricultural Science, 717: 23– 31.

8- Bates L.S., Waldren R.P., and Teare I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and soil, 39:205–207.

9- Bowler C., Montagu M.V., and Inze D. 1992. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 43:83–116.

10- Dennis F.G. 2003. Problem in standardizing methods for evaluating the chilling requirement for the breaking of dormancy in buds of woody plants. HortScience, 3: 347–350.

11- Dirk I., and Montago M.V. 2002. Oxidative Stress in Plants. Journal of Research Science, 14:177-186.

12- Ebdali l. 2012. Evaluation of oxidative metabolism in flower buds of Prunus armeniaca after the developmental period during the cold season. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tabriz University. Tabriz. Master's Thesis. (In Persian)

13- Felker F.C., and Robitaille H.A. 1985. Chilling accumulation and rest of sour cherry flower buds. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 110(2): 227-232.

14- Fridovich I. 1988. The biology of oxygen radicals: general concepts. p. 145–160. In Halliwell B (ed.) Oxygen radicalsand tissue injury. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science.

15- Fuchigami L.H., and Nee C. 1987. Degree growth stage model and restbreaking mechanisms in temperate woody perennials. HortScience, 22:836–845.

16- Ghamsari L., Keyhani E., and Golkhoo Sh. 2007. Kinetics Properties of Guaiacol Peroxidase Activity in Crocus sativus L. Corm during. Rooting Iranian Biomedical Journal, 11(3): 137–146.

17- Guerriero R., Viti R., and Monteleone P., 2006. Evaluation of end of dormancy several apricot cultivars according to different methodological approaches. Acta Horticulturae, 701: 99–103.

18- Hamrahi S., Habibi D., Madani H., and Mashhadi M., 2008. Cycocel effect on enzymes and micro-nutrients anti as indices of oxidant stress resistance in oilseed rape. The new data agricultural, 3: 2–14

19- Hare P.D., and Cress, W.A. 2004. Implications of stress induced proline accumulation in plant. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(7): 1008–1015.

20- Hussain S., Liu G., Liu D., Ahmed M., Hussain N., and Teng Y. 2015. Study on the expression of dehydrin genes and activities of antioxidative enzymes in floral buds of two sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivars requiring different chilling hours for bud break. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39(6):930–939.

21- Jogaiah S., Maske S.R., and Upadhyay, A. 2015. Rootstock induced changes in enzymes activity and biochemical constituents during budbreak in ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevine. Vitis, 53(2): 57–64.

22- Kang, H.M., and Saltveit M.E., 2002. Effect of chilling on antioxidant enzymes and DPPH-radical scavenging activity of high- and low-vigour cucumber seedling radicles. Plant, Cell and Environment, 25: 1233–1238.

23- Khanizadeh S., Brodeur C., Granger R., and Buszard D. 2000. Factor associated with winter injury to apple trees. International Society for Horticultural Science, 514(20):179–192.

24- Lassheen A.M., and Chaplin C.E. 1971. Biochemical Comparison of Seasonal Variations in three peach cultivars differing in cold hardiness. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 96(2): 212–222.

25- Mansouri Deh Shoeybi R., Davari Nejad Gh., Hokmabadi H., and Tehranifar, A. 2011. Evaluation of changes in proline, total protein and soluble sugars during phenological stages of flower buds of Pistachio cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Science, 25(2): 116–121. (in Persian)

26- Mathe C, Barre A, Jourda C and Dunand C .2010. Evolution and expression of class III peroxidases. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 500(1):58–65.

27- Monk L.S., Fagerstedt K.V., and Crawford R.M. 1989. Oxygen toxicity and superoxide dismutase as an antioxidant in physiological stress. Physiol Plant, 76: 456–459.

28- Nir G., Shulman Y., Fanberstein L., and Lavess S. 1986. Changes in the activity of catalase (EC1.11.1.6) in relation to the dormancy of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) buds. Plant Physiology, 81: 1140–1142.

29- Pakkish Z, Rahemi M and Baghizadeh A .2009. Seasonal caange of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity and phenol content during and after rest in Pistachio flower buds. World applied Science Journal. 6: 1193–1199.

30- Razavi F., Haji-lou J., and Tabatabaii S.J. 2011. Determination of the heat and chill requirements of flower buds in some peach cultivars (Prunus persica L.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 26(1): 17–24. (in Persian)

31- Richardson E.A., Seeley S.D., and Walker D.R .1974. A model for estimating the completion of rest for Redhaven and Elberta peach trees. HorstScience, 9:331–332.

32- Rohde A., and Bhalerao R.P. 2007. Plant dormancy in perennial context. Trends Plant Science, 12: 217–223.

33- Ruiz D., Campoy J.A., and Egea J. 2007. Chilling and heat requirements of apricot cultivars for flowering. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 61:254 – 263.

34- Saure M.C. 1985. Dormancy release in deciduous fruit tress. Horticultural Reviews, 7:239–300.

35- Szabados L., and Arnould S. 2009. Proline: a multifunctional amino. Plant Science, 15:89–97.

36- Toupchizade Tabrizian S. 2014. Evaluation of some physiological and enzymatic changes in some apricot cultivars during flower bud dormancy. Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. Tabriz. Master's Thesis.

37- Viti R., Bartollini S., and Guerrirro R. 2003. The influence of sampling from different canopy positions on the evaluation on flower bud anomalies and dormancy in apricot. Fruits, 58: 117–126.

38- Wang C.Y. 1991. Chilling injury of Horticultural Crops. US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.

39- Wang S., Jiao H., and Faust M. 1995. Changes in ascorbate, glutatation and related enzymes activity during thidiazuron indused bud break of apple. Physiologia plantarum, 82:231–236.

40- Yordanova R., Christork K., and Popora L.P. 2003. Antioxidative oenzymes in barley plants subjected to soil flooding. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 51: 93- 101.

41- Zhang Z., Huber D., and Rao J. 2013. Antioxidant systems of ripening avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit following treatment at the preclimacteric stage with aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 76: 58–64.

42- Zhi-You Y., Xia L., Ling-Hao L., Xing-Guo., and Tian-Li Y. 2003. Effects of temperature and sevsral chemicals on metabolic changes during dormancy release in NJ72 nectariane. Agricutural Sciences in China, 2:549–555.

43- Zolfaghari R., Hosseini S.M., and Korori S.A.A. 2005. Relationship between peroxidase and catalase with metabolism and environmental factors in Beech (Fagus orientalis L.) in three different elevations. International journal of environmental sciensic, 1 (2): 22–25.