بررسی تاثیر محلولپاشی نانوکلات‌های آهن و مس بر صفات مرفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی گل نرگس رقم جونکی(Psedudonarcissus narcissus cv. Jonquil)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فرشته کامیاب
• حمید محمدی

دانشگاه آزاد رفسنجان

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.73396

چکیده

گل نرگس یکی از مهمترین گیاهان زینتی در دنیا می­باشد. یکی از مهمترین مشکلات در تولید گیاهان زینتی، کمبود عناصر کم­مصرف می­باشد که در بیشتر خاک‌های قلیایی مناطق ایران وجود دارد. مس و آهن به عنوان  عناصر کم­مصرف ضروری برای رشد و نمو طبیعی گیاه در بسیاری از واکنش‌های فیزیولوژیکی دخالت دارند. جهت بررسی اثر نانوکلات­­های آهن و مس بر برخی صفات مرفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی گل نرگس رقم جونکی، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور نانو کلات آهن در 4 سطح (صفر، 1، 2 و 3) گرم در لیتر و نانو کلات مس در 3 سطح (صفر، 1 و 2) گرم در لیتر در 3 تکرار اجرا شد. پیاز­های کشت شده درمحدوده وزنی 8-10 گرم در تاریخ 25 شهریور کشت شدند. کودها از شرکت نانو پژوهش تهیه شدند و محلولپاشی هر یک از این کودها به صورت جداگانه در سه مرحله انجام گرفت. مرحله اول آبان ماه زمانی که پیازها دارای سه برگ بودند و مرحله دوم دی ماه حدود یک هفته قبل از گلدهی و مرحله سوم بعد ازگلدهی به فواصل 45 روز یکبار صورت گرفت. صفات مختلف ارتفاع بوته، تعداد، طول و عرض برگ، وزن و قطر پیاز، تعداد، قطر و وزن پیازچه­ها، ارتفاع و قطر ساقه گل، تعداد، قطر و وزن تر و خشک گلچه، عمر گلجای و میزان غلظت مس، آهن، کلروفیل، مواد جامد محلول و پروتئین در برگ اندازه­گیری شدند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که میزان غلظت آهن و مس با افزایش غلظت کاربرد این میکروالمنت­ها در برگ افزایش یافت که نشان دهنده جذب بالای این کود نانو از طریق برگ می­باشد. مصرف آهن 2 گرم درلیتر و مس 5/0 گرم در لیتر بیشترین میزان رشد رویشی از جمله افزایش اندازه بوته، برگ، پیاز و پیازچه شد و دلیل اصلی این افزایش رشد جبران کمبود جذب عناصر کم مصرف در خاک قلیایی می­باشد که با محلولپاشی از طریق برگ جبران شده است و مکانیسم­ها و فرایند­هایی که آهن و مس در انجام آنها دخالت داشته بهتر صورت گرفته­اند. رشد زایشی مثل  ارتفاع و قطر ساقه گل، تعداد، قطر و وزن تر و خشک گلچه و عمر گلجای نیز با کاربرد این نانو کود بهبود یافت که تاثیر مس بر کاهش اثرات مضر استرس در مطالعات متعدد ذکر شده است. همچنین این تیمار باعث بیشترین میزان پروتئین، کلرو وفیل و مواد جامد محلول در برگ‌های گل نرگس شد که افزایش کلروفیل و پروتئین می­تواند به علت نقش اصلی آهن در ساخت کلروفیل و فعال کردن آنزیم نیترات ردوکتاز باشد. مس نیز نقش موثری در تولید تعداد زیادی آنزیم­ها دارد که عملکردهای متابولیکی متفاوت را به عهده دارند. بنابراین نتایج این آزمایش جذب موثر این نانوکلات از طریق برگ را نشان داده و این نکته قابل توجه است که غلظت بالای مصرف این کود می­تواند اثر منفی بر رشد داشته و باید در میزان مصرف دقت شود و محلولپاشی نانو کلات­های آهن 2 در هزار توام با مس 5/0 در هزار برای بهبود رشد رویشی و زایشی گیاه نرگس مخصوصا در خاک‌های قلیایی توصیه می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• پیاز
• پیازچه
• عمر پس ازبرداشت
• گل نرگس
• نانوکلات

20.1001.1.20084730.1398.33.2.8.6

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Effects of Fe and Cu Nano Chelates on some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Narcissus (Psedudonarcissus narcissus Cv. Jonquil)

نویسندگان [English]

• Fereshteh Kamiab
• Hamid Mohammadi

Azad University Branch Rafsanjan

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Narcissus is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. The deficiency of microelements is a major problem limiting the production of ornamental plants under high-pH soils in most regions of Iran. Cu and Mn are essential microelements for the growth and development of plants as they are involved in many physiological reactions. Fe is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and many enzymes, respiration, and nucleic acid metabolism. Cu is a cofactor for numerous enzymes and is also involved in ethylene biosynthesis and activity, respiration, photosynthesis, regulatory proteins, cell membrane metabolism, and hormone signals. The deficiency of microelements, especially Fe, influences productive and reproductive growth of ornamental plants. Thus, this experiment aimed to evaluate the uptake rate of Cu and Mn nano-chelates and their effects on some morphological and physiological Characteristics of ‘jonquil’ narcissus.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the research garden of Agriculture Faculty of Rafsanjan University in 2015 in factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with two factors of Fe at four levels of 0, 1, 2 and 3 (g/l) and Cu at three levels of 0, 1 and 2 (g/l) in three replications. The weight of the cultivated bulbs were about 8-10 g. They were planted in eight rows spaced 20 cm with on-row spacing of five cm at the depth of 15 cm in each plot in August. According to soil analysis, 40 tons of manure and 100 tons of urea per ha were applied. The nano fertilizer was purchased from Nano-research Biozar Company. Foliar application was done three times: 1- when the plants had three leaves, 2- before flowering and 3- after flowering at 45-day intervals. Different parameters were recorded including plant height, number of leaves, width and length of leaves , number of main bulb, main bulb weight and diameter, , bulblet diameter and weight, flowering stem height and diameter, number of florets, florets diameter, fresh and dry weight of florets, flower vase life, Cu and Fe concentration, protein, chlorophyll and total soluble solids. Foliar spraying was done three times at the intervals of 45 days.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the concentration of Cu and Fe in the leaves were enhanced with increase in the rate of each nano-chelate, implying high uptake rate of these nano-chelate by leaves in this plant. The application of Fe (2g/l) and Cu (0.5 g/l) resulted in the highest vegetative growth such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf width and length, number of main bulb, main bulb weight and diameter , and bulblet diameter and weight. High pH in experimental soil caused low absorption of micro elements in this condition. This deficiency was compensated with foliar application of nano-chelates and as a result, the Fe and Cu involved processes were improved in them. On the other hand, enhanced Fe and Cu concentrations in leaves could cause more photosynthesis and higher level of assimilation in plants. Likewise, these elements influence some enzymatic activity such as peroxidase, catalase and cytochrome oxidase; consequently, more vegetative growth was observed. Reproductive growth such as flowering stem height and diameter, number of florets, floret diameter and fresh and dry weight and flower vase life were improved in this experiment. The control of abiotic stress is one of the most important roles of Cu and also it is cofactor of superoxide dismutase that has been known as a free radical scavenger in plants that could increase quantitative and qualitative traits of flower. This treatment resulted in the highest amount of protein, chlorophyll and total soluble solids in the leaves of narcissus. Fe is one of the essential elements for chlorophyll synthesis. It also has an important role in activating nitrate reducates enzyme that uses ammonium to synthesize proteins. Cu is involved in the synthesis of proteins and enzymes that have major roles in such processes as respiration, photosynthesis, phenol metabolism, lignifications and ouxin regulation in plants. Thus, the results of this experiment showed that these nano-chelates were absorbed considerably by leaves of narcissus and they are suitable for foliar application. It should be noted that higher concentration of this fertilizer in this experiment has toxic effects. It is suggested that 2g/l Fe plus 0.5 g/l Cu were used to improve vegetative and reproductive growth of ‘jonquil’ narcissus, especially in high-pH soils.           

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Narcissus
• nano chlate
• Bulb
• Bulblet
• Vase life

مراجع

1-Azarpour E., AsghariJ., Bozorgi H.R. and Kamalpour G. 2013. Foliar Spraying of Ascophyllum nodosum Extract, Methanol and Iron Fertilizers on Fresh Flower Cover yield of Saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5 (17): 1854-1862.

2-Barmen D. and Pale P. 1993. A note of effects of micronutrients on growth and yield of tuberose. Horticulture Journal, 6 (1): 69-70.

3-Barman D. and De L. 1997. Efficacy of split application of nitrogen on growth and yield of tuberose. Journal of Hill Research, 10 (1): 67-68.

4-Bradford M. N. 1979. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of protein-dye binding. Annual Biochemistry, 72: 248-254.

5- Campbeel W.H. 1999. Nitrate reductase , structure, function and regulation. Annual Review Plant Physiol Plant Molecular Biology, 50: 277-303

6-De L.C. and Dhiman K.R. 2001. Effect of leaf manures, potassium and GA3 on growth, flowering and longevity of tuberose. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 4(1): 50-52.

7-Dole J. and Wilkins H., 1996. Floriculture (principle and species). Prentice Hall Press, USA.

8-Fageria N.K., Baligar V.C. and Wright R.J. 1990. Iron nutrition of plants: An overview on the chemistry and physiology of its deficiency and toxicity. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 25(4): 553-570

9-Jones, J.R., Wolf, J.B. and Mills, H.A. 1991. Plant Analysis Handbook: A Practical Sampling Preparation Analysis and Interpretation Guide. Micro Macro Publishing Inc. Athens, Georgia, USA.

10-Hokm Abadi H., Heideri nezhad A., Barfie R., Nazaran M., Abutalebi A. 2006. A new iron chelate introduction and effect of photosynthesis of pistachio. 27 th International Horticultural Congress, Seoul. Korea, August. 13-19.

11-Hosseini M., Sadeghian B., Aghamiri S.A. 2004. Influence of foliar fertilization on yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.): I International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Biotechnology [in Persian with EnglishSummary].

12-Hyrayama T. and Alensn G. M. 2000. Ethylene captures a metal. Metal ions are involved in ethylene perception and signal transduction. Plant cell physiology, 41: 548-555

13-Kim S. H. and Kronstad G.W. and Ellis B.E. 1996. Purification and characterization phenyl alanine ammonia lyase from Ustilago maydis. Phyto Chemistry, 43: 351-357.

14-Kumar M. and Chattopadby T.K. 2001. Effect of zinc, copper and iron fertilization on tuberose. Journal of Interacademicia, (5): 180-185.

15-Layegh haghighi M., Hassanpour Asil M. and Abbaszadeh B. 2016. Effect of nano chelated iron on essential oil percentage and essential oil compounds of Rosa damascene Mill. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 32 (1): 138-147

16- Lidon F. 1997. Effect of copper toxicity on growth, uptake and translocation of metal in corn plant. Plant Science, 16: 1449-1464.

17-Meidner, H. 1984. Class experiments in plant physiology. British LibraryCataloguing in Publication Data, London:

18-Moraes-Cerdeira R.M., Burandt C.L., Bastos J.K., Nanayakkara D., Mikell J., Thurn J. and McChesney J.D.,1997. Evaluation of four Narcissus cultivars as potential sources for galanthamine production. Planta Medica, 63(5): 472-474.

19-Naderi M.R. and Danesh-Shahraki A. 2013. Nano fertilizers and their roles in sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(19): 2229-2232.

20-Nair R., Varghese S.H., Nair B.G. Maekawa, T. Yoshida Y. and Sakthi Kumar D. 2010. Review: Nano particulate material delivery to plants. Plant Science, 179: 154-163.

21-Prasad T.N.V.K.V., Sudhakar P., Sreenivasulu Y.,Latha P., Munaswamy V., Raya Reddy K., Sreeprasad T.S., Sajanlal P.R. and Pradeep T. 2012. Effect ofnanoscaleszink oxide on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal Plant Nutrition., 35(1): 905-927.

22-Pandey A.C., Sanjay S.S. and Yadav R.S. 2010. Application of ZnO nanoparticles in influencing thegrowth rate of cicerarietinum L. J Exp Nano. 5, 488-497.metabolism of growing Spinach. Biological Trace Element Research,110: 179-190.

23-Peyvandi M., Parande H.and Mirza M. 2011.Comparison of nano Fe chelate with Fe chelate effect on growth parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity of Ocimum basilicum. Biotechnology Journal, 4(2): 89-99 (In Farsi)

24-Raven J.A., Evants M. C.W and Corb R.E. 1999. The role of the trace metals in photosynthetic electron transport in o2 evolving organism. Photosynthesis Research, 60: 116- 149.

25-Renaue B., Nebauer S.G., Sanchez M. and Molina R.V. 2012. Effect of corm size and water stress on photosynthesis and biomass petitioning during the vegetative growth of saffron . Industrial Crops and Products, 39: 40-46.

26-Rivero R.C., Rodrigoez Z.R. and Romero C.E. 2003. Effect of storage condition on nutrient retention in several varieties of potatoes. Food Chemistry, 80: 445-450.

27-Roosta, H.R. and Mohsenian M. 2012. Effects of foliar spray of different Fe sources on pepper (Capsicum annumL.) plants in aquaponic system. Scientia. Horticulturae, 146: 182-191.

28- Roosta H.R. and Pourebrahimi M. 2015. Effects of bicarbonate and different Fe sources on vegetative growth and physiological characteristics of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants in hydroponic system. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 38(3): 397-416.

29-Roosta H.A., Rzakhani D., Raghami M.R., Esmaeilizadeh M. 2017. Comparison of the effect of nano Fe chelate with Fe-chelate on growthand physiological characteristics of two cultivars of pepper underalkaline conditions in soilless culture system Journal oF. Science & Technology Greenhouse Culture, 8 (1): 35-54

30-Shorrocks V.M. and Alloway B.J. 1988. Copper in plant, Animal and Human nutrition. International Copper Research Association, 99 P.

31-Somogy M. 1952. Notes on sugar determination. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 195:19-29.

32-Temprini O., Rea R., Colla G. and Rouphael Y. 2009. Evalluation of saffron production in Italy: effect of age of saffron field and plant density. Journal of food, Agriculture and Environment, (1): 19-23.

33-Van Assche F. and clijsters H. 1990. Effects of enzymes activity in plants. Plant cell and Environment Journal, 13: 195-206.

34-Yang F., Hong F.S., You W. J., Liu C., Goa F.Q., Wu C., Yang P. 2006. Influence of nano anaase Tio2 on the nitrogen metabolism of growing Spinach. Biological Trace Element Research, 110: 179-190.

35-Zhu H., Han J., Xiao J.Q., Jin,Y. 2008. Uptake, tranclocation and accumulation of manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles by pumplcin plants. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(11): 713-717.

36-Zhang F. and Zuo Y. 2011. Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops Journal Plant Soil, 339: 83-93.

37-Raven J.A., Evans M.C.W. and Korb R.E. 1999. The role of trace metals in photosynthetic electron transport in O2-evolving organisms. Photosynthesis Research, 60: 111-149.