بررسی کیفی مریم‌گلی دارویی (Salvia officinalis L.) تازه و خشک در نوبت‌های مختلف برداشت

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• اسما مشت زن ¹
• علیرضا یاوری ¹
• مژگان سلیمانی زاده ²

¹ گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران

² گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه هرمزگان بندرعباس، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2023.79843.1213

چکیده

مریم­گلی دارویی با نام علمیSalvia officinalis L.  گیاهی علفی و چندساله و متعلق به تیره نعناع (Lamiaceae) می­باشد. این گیاه به‌دلیل دارا بودن اسانس، یک گیاه مهم اقتصادی در نظر گرفته می­شود. امروزه اسانس این گونه، در صنایع داروسازی، عطرسازی و فرآورده­های آرایشی- بهداشتی کاربردهای مهمی دارد. خشک کردن فرآیند پس از برداشتی است که در کشت و کارهای با مقیاس صنعتی، به­دلیل حجم بالای گیاه تازه تولیدی نیازمند فضای مکانی بزرگ و هزینه­های بالا، چه به لحاظ سخت­افزاری و چه به لحاظ نیروی انسانی، می­باشد تا پس از آن جهت استخراج اسانس به کارخانه انتقال یابد. بنابراین، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی عملکرد کمی و کیفی اسانس گیاه مریم­گلی دارویی در نوبت­های برداشت مختلف در طول فصل رشد از گیاه تازه و خشک در شرایط آب و هوایی شهرستان سعادت­شهر استان فارس انجام شد. بدین منظور، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با ۳ تکرار اجرا گردید. عامل اول شامل سه نوبت برداشت و عامل دوم نوع ماده گیاهی (تازه و خشک) بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل نوبت برداشت × نوع ماده گیاهی بر بازده اسانس گیاه مریم گلی در سطح احتمال ۱ درصد معنی­دار شد. مقایسه میانگین اثرات متقابل نوبت برداشت و نوع ماده گیاه نشان داد که بالاترین بازده اسانس گیاه مریم گلی مربوط به نوبت برداشت دوم و ماده گیاهی خشک که معادل ۱۸/۱ درصد (وزنی/وزنی) بود، به­دست آمد که نسبت به دیگر تیمارها، اختلاف معنی­داری را نشان داد. بررسی ترکیب­های تشکیل­دهنده اسانس این گونه مشخص کرد که در مجموع ۳۴ ترکیب در اسانس سرشاخه­های گل­دار گیاه مریم­گلی در نمونه‌های جمع­آوری شده شناسایی شد. هیدروکربن­های منوترپنی گروه اصلی سازنده ترکیبات در همه نمونه­های گیاهی مورد مطالعه بود. ترکیب‌های شاخص تشکیل­دهنده اسانس عبارت از 1، 8- سینئول، آلفا- توجون، بتا- پینن و کامفور بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل نوبت برداشت × نوع ماده گیاهی بر 1، 8- سینئول معنی­دار نمی­باشد، اما در ترکیبات آلفا- توجون و کامفور در سطح احتمال ۱ درصد و در بتا- پینن در سطح احتمال ۵ درصد معنی­دار گردید. در مجموع یافته­های حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد کمی اسانس در شرایط آب و هوایی سعادت­شهر استان فارس، از ماده گیاهی خشک و در نوبت برداشت دوم حاصل شد. این در حالی است که بیشترین میزان ترکیب­های هیدروکربن، به­عنوان شاخص کیفی اسانس مریم­گلی، در نوبت برداشت سوم در هر دو ماده گیاهی تازه و خشک مشاهده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اسانس
• خشک کردن
• عملکرد
• هیدروکربن های منوترپنی

20.1001.1.20084730.1402.37.3.18.6

موضوعات

• گیاهان دارویی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Quality Assessment of Salvia officinalis L. by Fresh and Dried Plants at Different Harvest Times

نویسندگان [English]

• Asma Moshtzan ¹
• Alireza Yavari ¹
• Mojgan Soleimanizadeh ²

¹ Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandarabbas, Iran

² Department of Horticultural Science Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, BandarAbbas, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
The diverse and magnificent plant kingdom of the world is widely known for its medicinal importance. Natural substances obtained from medicinal plants and their plant extracts are used for the treatment of a lot of diseases in human pathology as well as plant pathology. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between medicinal plant species and their environment in terms of producing optimal secondary metabolites. Salvia officinalis L., which belongs to Lamiaceae family, as the main herb in the world is cultivated in many countries. Essential oil from S. officinalis aerial parts is used as raw material in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. It has been known that different harvest times have a great effect on both quality and quantity of essential metabolites. Furthermore, the drying process, which is one of the post-harvest processes, is very expensive, but if it is done correctly, it significantly increases the efficiency and components of the essential oil after harvesting. In large-scale agriculture, S. officinalis raw materials needs a lot of space and high cost for drying process due to the large volume of material at harvest time. In this case, if it is possible to directly extract the essential oil with the desired quantity and quality from the fresh plant, the production cost will be significantly reduced from the economic point of view. For these reasons, it is necessary to determine optimum harvesting time(s) and plant material kinds affecting essential oil quantity and quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield and quality of valuable medicinal plant essential oil of S. officinalis in different harvesting times of fresh and dried plants throughout the year in Fars province to determine the yield and quality of essential oil.
 
Materials and Methods
For these purposes, aerial parts of S. officinalis in full flowering stage were collected from selected plants from a 3-year farm located in Saadatshahr city of Fars province. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized blocks design with three replications and two factors include three different harvesting times (5^th of May, 26^th of July and 5^th of November, 2020) and two types of plant materials (fresh and dry) was performed in the farm. The essential oils of different S. officinalis samples were extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and with three replications. The yields were calculated based on dry weight and the oils were analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC-MS techniques, to check for chemical variability based on British Pharmacopoeia. At the end of the experiment, data analysis was performed using SAS software (version: 9.4). The means were compared by Duncan's multi-range test at a statistical level of 1%.
 
Results and Discussion
The results of the current study revealed that the essential oil content of S. officinalis aerial parts harvested at different times and plant materials ranged from 0.19% to 1.18% (w/w). It was found that the interaction effects of harvesting times and plant materials on the essential oil yield was significant at the 1% probability level, and the comparison of the average interaction effects of harvesting times and plant materials showed that the highest essential oil yield of S. officinalis was related to the second harvesting time (26^th of July, 2020) and the dry plant material (1.18 % w/w). Meanwhile, the lowest yield of essential oil (0.19% w/w) was obtained in the first harvesting time (5^th of May, 2020) and in fresh plant material. 34 different constituents have been identified in which 22 compounds were common. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in all studied plant samples. The key compounds of essential oil were 1,8-cineol, α-thujone, β-pinene and camphor. The comparison of the average interaction effects of harvesting times and plant materials on the main compounds of the essential oil demonstrated that the interaction effects on α-thujone and camphor constituents were significant at the 1% probability level and for β-pinene were were significant at the 5% probability level. The results of this research showed that the yield of essential oil in dry plant materials was higher than in fresh plant materials and different harvesting times had a significant effect on the quantitative and qualitative performance of essential oil.
 
Conclusion
Eventually, the results obtained from this study showed that the quantity and quality of essential oil in S. officinalis were influenced by the different harvesting times and plant materials. In order to achieve the maximum quantity and quality of essential oil in this species, the best type of plant materials was dry plant material and the best harvesting times was the summer harvesting in the full flowering stage. Due to the fact that the performance of essential oil at different harvesting times fluctuates in terms of quantity and quality during the growing season, it is necessary to have the essential oil certificated from each harvest in order to successfully enter the market.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Drying
• Essential oil
• Monoterpene hydrocarbons
• Yield

مراجع

1. Abedi, S., Ebrahimi, R., & Khaligi, A. (2020). Evaluation of some quantitative and qualitative traits of mint (Mentha sativa L.) under different drying methods. Journal of Vegetable Sciences, 4(7), 71-83. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/iuvs.2020.125749.1095
2. Alizadeh Salteh, S., & Amani, M. (2021). Evaluation of climate effect on saffron's metabolites (Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal) in bonab region of Marand. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 35(4), 579-590. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JHS.2021.61978.0
3. Asekun, O.T., Grierson, D.S., & Afolayan, A.J. (2007). Effects of drying methods on the quality and quantity of the essential oil of Mentha longifolia subsp. Capensis. Food Chemistry, 101(3), 995–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.052
4. Blank, A.F., Santana, T.C.P., Arrigoni-Blank, M.F., Prata, A.P.N., Jessus, H.C.R., & Alves, P.B. (2011). Chemical characterization of the essential oil from patchouli accessions harvested over four seasons. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 831–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.01.021
5. Boszormenyi, A., Hethelyi, E., Farkas, A., Horvath, G., Papp, N., Lemberkovics, E., & Szoke, E. (2009). Chemical and genetic relationships among Sage (Salvia officinalis) cultivars and judean sage (Salvia judaica Boiss.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(11), 4663–4667. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9005092
6. ‘British Pharmacopoeia’ (2007) London, HMSO, (Appendix XI. Vol. 2). 137–138.
7. Canzoneri, M., Bruno, M., Rosselli, S., Russo, A., Cardile, V., Formisano, C., Rigano, D., & Senatorea, F. (2011). Chemical composition and biological activity of Salvia verbenaca essential oil. Natural Product Communications, 6(7), 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1100600725
8. El Euch, S.K., Hassine, D.B., Cazaux, S., Bouzouita, N., & Bouajila, J. (2019). Salvia officinalis essential oil: Chemical analysis and evaluation of anti-enzymatic and antioxidant bioactivities. South African Journal of Botany, 120, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.010
9. Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G., & Scheffer, J.C. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(4), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1875
10. Ghorbani, A., & Esmaeilizadeh, M. (2017). Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7(4), 433–440. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014
11. Izadi, Z., & Mirazi, N. (2020). Identification of chemical compounds and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of sage (Salvia officinalis) essential oil at different harvest times. Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences, 14(9), 1-15. (In Persian with English abstract). http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/qums.14.9.1
12. He, J., Yang, B., Dong, M., & Wang, Y. (2018). Crossing the roof of the world: Trade in medicinal plants from Nepal to China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 224, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.034
13. Hosseini, S.S., Nadjafi, F., Asareh, M.H., & Rezadoost, H. (2018). Morphological and yield related traits, essential oil and oil production of different landraces of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 233, 1–8. https://doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.038
14. Kashfi-benab, A. (2009). Relative economic advantage of cultivation and trade of medicinal plants in Iran and its value in world markets. Journal of Business Reviews, 44(8), 67-78. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/iaes.2019.101320.1666
15. Khorramdel, S., Shabahang, J., & Asadi, G.H.A. (2013). Effect of drying methods on drying time, essential oil quantitative and qualitative of some of medicinal plants. Ecophytochemical Journal of Medical Plants, 36-48.
16. Letchamo, W., & Gosselin, A. (1996). Transpiration, essential oil glands, epicuticular wax and morphology of Thymus vulgaris are influenced by light intensity and water supply. Journal of Horticultural Science, 71(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1996.11515388
17. Mahmoudi Sourestani, M. (2018). Essential oil quantity and quality of two of spearmint (Mentha spicata) in different harvesting times. Journal of Horticultural Science, 31, 825-835. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v31i4.63776
18. Millan, M., Rowe, N.P., & Edelin, C. (2019). Deciphering the growth form variation of the Mediterranean chamaephyte Thymus vulgaris using architectural traits and their relations with different habitats. Flora, 251, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2018.11.021
19. Moayedi, F., Kordi, S., Mehrabi, A., & Dastborhan, S. (2021). Evaluation of nitrogen and harvest time interaction on yield, quantity and quality of essential oil of four cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 35(4), 561-577. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JHS.2021.61976.0
20. Nik-khah, F. (2007). The effect of harvesting and extraction time on the quantity and quality of three types of thyme essential oil (Thymus vulgaris, T. pubescens, T. daenensis), Master's thesis, field of horticultural sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch.
21. Noorhosseini, S.A., Fallahi, I., Allahyari, S., Gholinejad, S., & Mjlisi, S. (2018). Identifying the economic and educational-extension activities affecting cultivated area of medicinal plants: a comparison of the weighting methods of entropy and fuzzy triangular in delphi technique. Agricultural Extension and Education Research, 10(4), 1–12.
22. Silva, F., & Casali, V.W.D. (2000). Plantas Medicinais e Aromaticas: Pos-colheita e Oleos Essenciais,Vicosa-MG: UFV, DFT, 135.
23. Omidbaigi, R., Sefidkon, F., & Hejazi, M. (2005). Essential oil composition of Thymus×citriodorus vulgaris essential oils by GC–MS and GC. Industrial Crops and Products, 24, 264–268.
24. Omidbaigi, R. (2008). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Volume 1, Publications, Mashhad.
25. Oztekin, S., & Martinov, M. (2014). Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Harvesting, Drying, and Processing. CRC Press.
26. Reyes-Jurado, F., Franco-Vega, A., Ramirez-Corona, N., Palou, E., & Lopez-Malo, A. (2015). Essential oils: antimicrobial activities, extraction methods, and their modeling. Food Engineering Reviews, 7(3), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-014-9099-2
27. Russo, A., Formisano, C., Rigano, D., Senatore, F., Delfine, S., Cardile, V., Rossellli, S., & Bruno, M. (2013.( Chemical composition and anticancer activity of essential oils of mediterranean sage (Salvia officinalis) grown in different environmental conditions. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 55, 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.036
28. Taarit, M.B., Msaada, K., Hosni, K., & Marzouk, B. (2009). Plant growth, essential oil yield and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis) fruits cultivated under salt stress conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 30(3), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.06.001
29. Yazdani, D., Shahnazi, S., Jamshidi, A.H., Rezazadeh, S.A., & Mojab, F. (2006). Study on variation of essential oil quality and quantity in dry and fresh herb of thyme and tarragon. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5(17), 7–15. (In Persian with English abstract). http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2717204.2006.5.17.11.7
30. Yonli, L.I., Craker, L.E., & Potter, T. (1995). Effect of light level on essential oil preduction of sage (Salvia officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Horticulture, 67, 797-802. https://doi.org/17660/ActaHortic.1996.426.46