تاثیر نیتروژن و باکتری‌های حل‌کننده‌ فسفات بر عملکرد و صفات کیفی گل شاخه بریده‌ مریم (Polianthes tuberose)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• طیبه طاهر ¹
• احمد گلچین ²
• سعید شفیعی ³

¹ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ابهر

² دانشگاه زنجان

³ دانشگاه جیرفت

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.34843

چکیده

به منظور بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن و باکتری‌های حل‌کنند‌ه‌ی فسفات بر عملکرد و صفات کیفی گل شاخه بریده‌ی مریم رقم دابل یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و با 12 تیمار شامل سطوح مختلف نیتروژن (صفر، 50، 100 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کود زیستی حاوی باکتری‌های حل‌کننده‌ی فسفات (صفر، 5 و 10 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در گلخانه‌ای در استان زنجان در سال 1390 به اجرا درآمد. در این آزمایش صفاتی مانند سطح برگ، درصد بازشدن هم‌زمان گلچه‌ها، درصد آب نسبی، ماندگاری، کلروفیل، درصد نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم برگ و درصد ماده‌ی خشک و میزان بیومس گیاه مورد اندازه گیری قرار گرفتند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده ها نشان داد که اثر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن جز بر ماندگاری گل و درصد پتاسیم برگ بر سایر صفات در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار بود. باکتری‌های حل‌کننده‌ی فسفات نیز جز بر صفت ماندگاری گل و درصد نیتروژن و فسفر برگ بر سایر صفات در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. اثر متقابل نیتروژن و باکتری‌های حل‌کنندة فسفات بر درصد بازشدن همزمان گلچه‌ها، ماندگاری گل، درصد ماده‌ خشک و میزان بیومس گیاه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار بود و با افزایش سطوح نیتروژن و کود زیستی حاوی باکتری‌های حل‌کنندة فسفات صفات سطح برگ، درصد آب نسبی، شاخص کلروفیل برگ، درصد نیتروژن برگ، میزان ماده‌ی خشک و بیومس گیاهی افزایش یافت. بهترین تیمار برای رسیدن به حداکثر عملکرد و صفات کیفی در گل مریم 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن + 10 کیلوگرم کود زیستی حاوی باکتری های حل کننده فسفات در هکتار بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• باکتری حل کننده‌ فسفات
• نیتروژن
• گل مریم (Polianthes tuberose)

20.1001.1.20084730.1394.29.2.14.4

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria and Nitrogen on the Qualitative and Quantitative Properties of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)

نویسندگان [English]

• Tayebeh Taher ¹
• Ahmad Golchin ²
• Saeid Shafiei ³

¹ Islamic Azad University (Abhar branch)

² University of Zanjan

³ University of Jiroft

چکیده [English]

Introduction: In Iran, tuberose is ranked the forth after gladiolus, rose and carnation. These flowers are known as high quality products among which maximum exportation belongs to tuberose and gladiolus. In plant cultivation and development, adequate provision of nutrients is of crucial importance. Tuberose needs plenty of nutrients to obtain the desirable quality and flowering. Hence, tuberose balanced nutrition can play an important role in increasing the yield and quality of its flowers. Nitrogen is a deciding factor for the plant growth and physiology. This nutritional element contributes to the formation of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular components that are required for the construction of new cells. Bio fertilizers containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria (bacillus and pseudomonas) have microorganisms which are beneficial to the soil; these bacteria are conducive to the production of biological materials and as a consequence to plant development. According to a report by Rawia Eid et al., (2009) the application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased the growth rate of matthiola cut flower and improved its quality. In another study on soybean, it was observed that the application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria led to a rise in the plant dry matter content. Considering the contributory role of nitrogen and phosphorous in increasing the yield and quality of ornamental plants, the aim of this research was to examine the impact of different nitrogen levels and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on the yield and qualitative properties of tuberose cut flower.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in a greenhouse in the city of Zanjan in Iran in 2011 through a factorial-form experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and twelve treatments performed on tuberose double cultivar. The treatments included bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria at three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1) and nitrogen at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1) taken from urea source. Before cultivation, the bulbs, which were supposed to be inoculated with the mentioned bacteria, were placed in dense suspension (4gL-1) containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria for some minutes. After germination of the bulbs and formation of the actual leaves, the first stage of nitrogen consumption was performed during the growing season. The second stage of N consumption began 20 days after the first stage. At the end of the experiment, such parameters as flower vase life, Leaf area per plant, percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, relative water content percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, plant biomass, dry matter percentage and leaf nitrogen and phosphorous percentages were measured. For means comparison, data variance analysis was carried out by SAS software and Duncan’s multiple-range test.
Results and Discussion: According to data variance analysis, different levels of nitrogen had a significant impact on all properties except for flower vase life and leaf P percentage at the probability level of 1℅. Also, phosphate solubilizing bacteria left a significant effect on all properties except for flower vase life and leaf N and P percentages at p=1℅. The interactive effect of nitrogen and the bacteria on such traits as percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, flower vase life, dry matter percentage and plant biomass was significant at p=1℅. Also, with rise in N levels and in bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria, there occurred an increase in leaf area, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf N percentage, dry matter content and plant biomass as well. The results showed that a rise in the application of nitrogen up to 200 kg ha-1 led to an increase in leaf area in bush, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf N and P percentages, biomass per plant and the percentage of bulb dry matter as well. In contrast, it led to a decline in flower vase life, percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets and leaf P percentage. Maximum values for these properties were obtained when nitrogen was consumed at the level of 50 kg ha-1. The treatment of bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria at the level of 10 kg ha-1 resulted in an increase in leaf area, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf P percentage, plant biomass in bush and plant dry matter percentage. According to the results from this work, a consumption of 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen accompanied by 10 kg ha-1 bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria is recommended.
In their study on matthiola cut flower, Rawia Eid et al., (2009) showed that a rise in nitrogen level caused a reduction in the percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, which is in accordance with our results. After examining the effects of N and P levels on tuberose single cultivar, Patel et al., (2006) reported that an application of 200 kg ha-1 P2O5 fertilizer and 400 kg ha-1 nitrogen resulted in a maximum production of plant biomass. The presence of nitrogen and phosphate solubilizing bacteria in bio fertilizers is crucial for the production of a desirable biomass and for the attainment of maximum economic yield. Sirvastava et al., (2005) conducted a research on the impact of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on gladiolus cut flower and showed that high concentration levels of the bacteria reduced the percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria
• Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)

مراجع

1- Abusuwar A.O. and Omer E.A. 2011. Effect of intercropping, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria rizobium inoculation on the growth and nodulation of some leguminous. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2 (1): 109–124

2- Ahmadvand G. and Nasiri Mohalati M. 2002. Competitive responses to the winter wheat and wild oat density, nitrogen application. Journal of Food Science & Technology.16(4): 113-124. (in Persian with English abstract)

3- Ali ahyayy M. and Bhbhanyzadh U.A. 1993. Methods of chemical analysis of the soil. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. Technical report No.893. ( in Persian)

4- Aliasgharzadeh N. 1997. Microbiology and soil chemistry. Tabriz University Press. (in Persian)

5- Babadayi Samani R. 2011. Photosynthesis, respiration, Light respiration in higher plants. Electronic Journal of Agricultural and green space. Available: http:// www. Baghban 65. persianblog.ir

6- Dadson R.B. and Acquach G. 1984. Nitrogen and phosphorous effects on nodulation symbiotic nitrogen fixation and yield of soybean in the southern Saranna of Ghana. Field Crops Research. 9: 101–108.

7- Daneshkhah M., Kani M., Nikbakht U. and Mirjalili M. 2005. Effects of nitrogen and potassium on yield and flower essence of rose. Iranian Journal of Horticulture Science abd Tecnology. 8(2): 83-90. (in Persian)

8- Day S.C. 2002. Flower from bulbous plant. Agro bios (India) PP: 70-71.

9- Emam Y. and Ziaei E. 2010. Evaluation of Water and Photosynthetic Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Two Maize Hybrids. Iranian Journal of field Crop Science. 41(3): 423-432. (in Persian with English abstract)

10- Farzaneh N., Golchin A. and Hashemi majed K. 2010. The effect of nitrogen and boron on growth, yield and concentration of some nutrient elements of tomato. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 1(2): 19-29. (in Persian with English abstract)

11- Gewaily E.M. Fatima I. and Seham H. 2006. Efficiency of bio fertilizers, organic and inorganic amendments applications on growth and essential, oil of marjoram plant growth in sandy and calcareous soil, Zagazicy. Agric. 33: 205 – 230.

12- Hertogh, A.D. and Nard, M.L. 1993. The Physiology of Flower Bulbs. p. 811.

13- Izadi Z., Ahmadvand G., Esna-Ashari M. and Piri K. 2010. The Effect of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Some Growth Characteristics, Yield and Essential Oil in Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(5):824-836. (in Persian with English abstract)

14- Kim K.Y. Jordan D. and McDonald G.A. 1989. Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and VAM on tomato growth and soil microbial activities. Biology of Fertility Soils 26: 79 – 87.

15- Marschner P. 2001. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press.

16- Mehrvarz S. Chaichai, M.R. and Alikhani H.A. 2008. Effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus chemical fertilizing on yield of barely. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5 (4): 822–828.

17- Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. 2004. Statistics horticultural crops. Tehran. Iran-4

18- Nazari F., Farahman H., Khoshkhoy M., Salahi H. and Nasiri M. 1997. National symposium on developing strategies to improve the production and export of flowers and ornamental plants Iran. ( in Persian)

19- Patel M.M. Parmar P.B. Parmar B.R. 2006. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and spacing on growth and flowering in tuberose. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. 9 (4): 286 – 289.

20- Rahmani N., Daneshian J. and Taherkhani T. 2010. Effect of nitrogen application on growth indices and quantity yield of calendula (Calendula Officinalis L.) under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production Research. 2(2):153- 164. (in Persian with English abstract)

21- Rasipour L. and Aliasgharzadeh N. 2007. Interactive Effect of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on Growth, Nodule Indices and Some Nutrient Uptake of Soybean. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 40: 53-65. (in Persian with English abstract)

22- Rawia Eid A. and Nemat Awad M. 2009. Evaluate effectiveness of bio and mineral fertilization on the parameters cut flower of matthiola in Cana L. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5 (4): 509–518

23- Shour M., Tehranifar U. and Khoshnoodyazdi A. 2010. The effect of micronutrients on the quantity and quality of tuberose double cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Science. 24(1): 45-52. (in Persian)

24- Sideris C.P. and Young H.Y. 1946. Effect of nitrogen on chlorophyll, acidity ascorbic acid, and carbohydrate fractions of Annas Comosus L. Plant Physiology. 22 (2).

25- Sirvastava R. and Govil M. 2005. Influence of bio fertilizers on growth and flowering in gladiolus CV. American Beauty International Conference. In International Conference and Exhibition on Soilless Culture. ICESC 2005 742 (pp. 183-188).

26- Soltan Mohamadi B. 2007. Analytical news site tomorrow. Available: http://www. fardanews. com/fa/news/41401. (in Persian)

27- Venugopal C.K. 1991. Studies on the effect of plant density and nitrogen in growth and flowering in everlasting flower CV. Fall Double Mixed M. SC. (Agri) Thesis, University of Agriculture Science Bangalore.

28- Waters W.E. 1996. Influence of nutrition yield, quality and chemical composition of tropical roses on Rosa fortuniana root stock Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 41(9): 1864-1870.

29- Zaidi A. and Saghirakhan M. 2006. Co– inoculation effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and glomus fasciculate on green gram brady rhizobium symbiosis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 30: 223 – 230.