مقایسه خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی، محتوا و اجزای اسانس آویشن باغی (Thymus vulgaris) و دو توده بومی آویشن خراسانی (Thymus transcaspicus) در شرایط آب و هوایی مشهد

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سمانه محمدی ¹
• مجید عزیزی ¹
• جمیل واعظی ²

¹ دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

² دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v33i4.62795

چکیده

آویشن یکی از مهمترین گیاهان دارویی ایران و جهان است که به دلیل داشتن دو ترکیب تیمول و کارواکرول دارای خواص دارویی متنوعی می­باشد. هدف از انجام این آزمایش بررسی خصوصیات میکروسکوپی و مورفولوژیکی آویشن باغی (Thymus vulgaris) در مقایسه با دو توده آویشن خراسانی (Thymus transcaspicus) در شرایط کشت شده آب و هوایی مشهد می­باشد. بدین منظور آزمایشی به صورت طرح بلوک کاملً تصادفی با 3 تیمار و 4 تکرار و در هر تکرار 9 بوته انجام شد. تیمارها شامل آویشن باغی و دو توده آویشن خراسانی (A و B) بود. نتایج نشان داد که تنوع در خور توجهی از نظر صفات مهم اصلاحی گیاهان دارویی بین تیمارها وجود دارد. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده از لحاظ خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی بزرگترین طول و عرض برگ، تعداد گل و طول گل، فاصله میانگره و طول گل‌آذین در توده  Aآویشن خراسانی مشاهده شد و بیشترین عملکرد تر و خشک، ارتفاع گیاه، بزرگترین قطر تاج پوشش و درصد اسانس مربوط به بوته­های آویشن باغی بود. نتایج آنالیز GC-MS نشان داد که اسانس آویشن باغی دارای 31 ترکیب و اسانس آویشن­های خراسانی دارای 27 ترکیب بودند. با توجه به تصاویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی در آویشن­های مورد مطالعه دو نوع کرک غده­ای و پوششی تشخیص داده شد که کرک غده­ای از نوع سپری بدون پایه بود. در آویشن باغی میانگین اندازه کرک­های سپری و کرک­های پوششی به ترتیب 11/73 و 33/57 میکرومتر بود که در مقایسه با آویشن­های خراسانی، تراکم کرک‌های پوششی و سپری بیشتر بود. در مجموع نتایج بدست آمده حکایت از وجود پتانسیل ژنتیکی مناسبی از لحاظ کلیه صفات در آویشن­های خراسانی و باغی داشت که می‌توان با انتقال صفات از آویشن باغی در برنامه­های اصلاحی به عنوان پایه به آویشن خراسانی حداکثر استفاده را به عمل آورد و می­توان از این گونه بومی ایران به عنوان جایگزین مناسبی برای گونه اروپایی آویشن باغی جهت مقاصد مختلف، بالاخص کاربردهای دارویی استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• هرمافرودیت
• آویشن باغی
• اسانس

20.1001.1.20084730.1398.33.4.1.3

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparison of Morphological Characteristics, Composition and Essential Oils Content of Thymus vulgaris and Two Landraces of Thymus transcaspicus in Mashhad Region Climate

نویسندگان [English]

• Samane Mohammadi ¹
• Majid Azizi ¹
• Jamil Vaezi ²

¹ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Thyme is a perennial plant belongs to Lamiaceae. Thymus is a well–known medicinal plant, native to Southern Europe and its essential oil is manufactured commercially for use in cough drops, mouth-washes, liniments, toothpastes, detergents and perfumes. The herb is approved by Commission E in the treatment of bronchitis, whooping cough and upper respiratory inflammation. The Thymus genus comprises over 300 species of which, 18 are found in Iran, which grow wild in many regions and four of them are endemic. There are serious difficulties in the taxonomical interpretation of the taxa belonging to the genus Thymus owing to the high variability of populations with respect to many morphological and micro-morphological traits. The morphology and different components of essential oils in different species of Thymus are variable due to hybridization and polyploidization, despite its rare self-pollination. In general, intraspecific hybrids of the genus Thymus seem to possess intermediate morphological characteristics and composition of essential oil in comparison with the relevant characteristics of the parent plants. The accumulation of the essential oil takes place in gland hairs, which are distributed on the surface of the epidermis of the aerial parts of the plant. The content of the essential oil can depend on origin, climate, harvest, as well as drying and storage conditions. By carefully examining the structural, phenotypic, chemical and genetic aspects of the natural populations of a plant, it is possible to select either them or samples from them as an important step in the process of breeding the desired medicinal plant. 
Material and Methods: In order to have a comparison microscopically and morphologically characteristics of Thymus vulgaris, two landraces of Thymus transcaspicus were studied in completely randomized design with four replications at the faculty of Agriculture in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Inflorescence length, number of flowers per inflorescence, shoot height, leaf, bud and flower length, leaf width, the largest diameter of canopy, weight, fresh and dry herb yield, percent of essential oil, distinct and type of trichomes, were measured. For glands morphological and structure analysis leaves were processed according to conventional techniques for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to obtain comparable results the leaves from the third node of the apex were used for SEM analyses. Leaf samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. After being dehydrated, they were coated with gold in the vacuum evaporator. Finally, the preparations were observed and photographed with a KYKY-2800B SEM.
Results and Discussion: The ANOVA of the data showed that there was considerable variation for all studied characters. Results of mean comparisons showed that the highest height, the largest diameter of canopy and percent of essential oil were for T. vulgaris. Maximum inflorescence length, number of flowers per inflorescence, leaf, bud and flower length, leaf width, was also recorded for T. transcaspicus. Results of essential oil (EOs) analysis by GC/MS showed that thymol and carvacrol were the major compounds of all EOs samples, with highest and lowest content observed thymol and carvacrol in T. vulgaris (64.75 and 6.78 %). T. vulgaris produced more essential oil as compared to another thyme species. Two types of glandular trichomes are distributed on the outside surface of leaf, namely, peltate ones (PGTs) and capitate ones (CGTs). The glandular hairs of Lamiaceae likely release various secretions, such as the essential oil and polysaccharide. When trichomes got matured, essential oil could be found on all of the glandular trichomes on aerial organs of Thymus. Besides essential oil, what else trichomes could secrete needs further study.
Conclusion: The essential oil is highly complex chemical compounds. The content and composition of it vary depending on season, growing conditions, and plant species. High essential oil content is related to a much secretion of glandular trichomes. An application for variety protection was filed for ‘T. vulgaris’, now recommended to producers in Mashhad interested in a thymol-rich thyme. We can carry out a selection program to optimize quality and yield of thyme (T. transcaspicus L.) landraces, with used of T. vulgaris and crossing with clones of T. transcaspicus.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Essential oil
• Female
• Thymus. vulgaris

مراجع

1. Adams R.P. 2001. Identification of essential oil components by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Allured, USA, 750p.

2. Aflakian S., Zeinali H., Madah Arefi H., Enteshari Sh., and Kaveh Sh. 2012. Study of eleven ecotype yield daenensis thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 28(2): 187-197. (In Persian with English Abstract)

3. Ascensao L., and Marques M. S. 1995. Annals of Botany. 75, 619p.

4. Azizi M., Ghazian Tafreshi G., and Mirmostafaee S. 2015. Breeding of medicinal plants. Nokhost Press. 132p. (In Persian)

5. Bezic N., Dunkic V., and Radonic A. J. 2001. Flar. Frag. 16, 157p.

6. Davazdah Emami S., and Majnonolhosseini N. 2009. Plant and produce of medicinal plants and spice. Tehran of University. 300p. (In Persian with English Abstract)

7. Horwath A.B., Grayer R.J., Keith-Lucas D.M., and Simmonds M.S. 2008. Chemical characterization of wild populations of Thymus from different climatic regions in south-east Spain. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 36(2): 117-133.

8. Jamzad Z. 2010. Thymus and Satureja of Iran. Press of Forests and Meadows of Country. Tehran. P. 171. (In Persian)

9. LÓPEZ‐PUJOL J.O.R.D.I., Bosch M., Simon J., and Blanche C. 2004. Allozyme diversity in the tetraploid endemic Thymus loscosii (Lamiaceae). Annals of Botany 93(3): 323-332.

10. Majd A., Nejad Satari T., Khavari Nejad R., and Dousti B. 2010. Study of qualitative and quantitative changes of volatile compounds Savory Khuzestan (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad) during plant development and antimicrobial properties of essential oils in terms of In vitro. Journal of Islamic Azad University. 18: 51-60. (In Persian with English Abstract)

11. Ping J., Hanzhu L., Ting G., and Hua X. 2013. Glandular Trichomes and Essential Oil of Thymus quinquecostatus. The Scientific World Journal 1-9.

12. Stevanovic D., Sostaric I., Marin P.D., Stojanovic D., and Ristic M. 2008. Population variability in Thymus glabrescens Willd. From Serbia: morphology, anatomy and essential oil composition. Archives of Biological Science Belgrade. 60(3): 475-483.

13. Vejdani H. 2002. Investigation produce and export of Iranian medicinal plant. National congress on medicinal plants of Iran. Karaj. Institute of research Forests and Meadows of Country. (In Persian with English Abstract)

14. Venkatachalam K. V., Kjonass R., and Croteao R. 1984. Plant Physiology. 76, 148p.

15. Vernet P., Gouyon R. H., and Valdeyron G. 1986. Genetic control of the oil content in Thymus vulgaris L: a case of polymorphism in a biosynthetic chain. Genetica, 69(3), 227-231.

16. Yavari A., Nazari V., and Hassani M. 2010. Study of some ecological characteristics, morphological and essential oil content of thyme in Azarbijan. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2: 227-239. (In Persian with English Abstract)