Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield and Yield Components of Garlic Medicinal Plant (Allium sativum L.) under the Conditions of Different Organic and Chemical Fertilizers Application

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Yaser Esmaeilian ¹
• Mohammad Behzad Amiri ¹
• Sadegh Askari Naeeni ¹
• Jalil Moradi Sadr ²
• Farhad Heidari ¹

¹ Gonabad University

² Gonabad Uinversity

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v31i4.60566

Abstract

Introduction: In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in long-term in tropical ecosystems due to the limited ability of low-activity clay soils to retain nutrients. Intensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural systems is also known to have irreversible effects on soil and water resources. Vermicompost is currently being promoted to improve soil quality, reduce water and fertilizer needs and therefore increase the sustainability of agricultural practices in tropical countries. Vermicomposting is a process which stabilizes organic matter under aerobic and mesophilic conditions through the joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. The products of vermicomposting have been successfully used to suppress plant pests and diseases, as well as increase crop productivity. Cow manure is an excellent fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. It also adds organic matter to the soil which may improve soil structure, aeration, soil moisture-holding capacity, and water infiltration. Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help plants' nutrients uptake by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil. They accelerate certain microbial processes in soil which augment the extent of availability of nutrients in a form easily assimilated by plants. Very often microorganisms are not as efficient in natural surroundings as one would expect them to be and therefore artificially multiplied cultures of efficient selected microorganisms play a vital role in accelerating the microbial processes in soil. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a very powerful medicinal plant that is often underestimated. Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw and cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a pungent characteristic, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.), a split plot experiment based on RCBD with three replications was conducted in 2015-2016 growing seasons, in Gonabad University, Iran. Main plot included different organic and chemical fertilizers (1- vermicompost, 2- cow manure, 3- chemical fertilizer and 4- control) and sub plot included plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (nitroxin, biophosphorous and control). In order to determine physic-chemical properties of soil, sampling was performed at the depth of 0 to 30 cm. Before cultivation, 7 and 30 t.ha-1 vermicompost and cow manure were added to the soil, respectively. Nutrient requirement of garlic for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium from the chemical source was considered 40, 50 and 60 kg.ha-1. For application of biofertilizers, bulblets inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for 15 minutes. Distance in and between rows was considered 10 and 20 cm, respectively. Weeds were controlled manually three times. At the end of the growing season, economic yield, biological yield, plant height, shoot dry weight, bulb diameter, bulblet weight per plant, bulblet volume per plant and bulblet number per plant were measured. Analysis of data variance was performed by using SAS software (Ver 9.1).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that simple effect of chemical fertilizer on bulb diameter was not significant but combined application of chemical fertilizer and biophosphorous increased bulb diameter as much as 18% compared to control. Combined application of nitroxin and cow manure increased bulblet weight per plant by 41% compared to single application of nitroxin. Biophosphorous plus vermicompost, cow manure and chemical fertilizer increased biological yield, respectively, by 25, 18 and 15% compared to single application of these fertilizers. The highest economic yield obtained in treatment of nitroxin plus cow manure. Organic and biological fertilizers are among the most significant resources for improvement of agricultural soil quality and increase in the yield of different medicinal plants. It has been reported that these ecological inputs provide favorable conditions for plant growth and development through improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (10, 39), therefore, it can be concluded that improvement in most studied traits in the present study was due to the use of organic fertilizers. Fallahi et al. (22) reported the positive effects of organic and biological fertilizers on the improvement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.).
Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that combined use of organic and biological inputs can improve quantitative characteristics of plant, and thus decrease the environmental risks of chemical inpus.

Keywords

• Biological yield
• Biophosphorous
• Crop Health
• Eco-Friendly
• Nitroxin

20.1001.1.20084730.1396.31.4.6.4

References

1- Abdul Jaleel C., Manivannan P., Sankar B., Kishorekumar A., Gopi R., Somasundaram R., and Panneerselvam R. 2007. Pseudomonas fluorescens enhances biomass yield and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus under water deficit stress. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 60:7–11.

2- Abera T., Feyissa D., and Yusuf H. 2005. Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on grain yield of maize climbing bean intercropping and soil fertility in Western Oromiya, Ethiopia. Conference on International Agriculture Research for Development. Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Pp: 1-9.

3- Agha Alikhani M., Iranpour A., and Naghdi Badi H. 2013. Changes in agronomical and phytochemical yield of purple coneflower (Echinaceae purpurea (L.) Moench) under urea and three biofertilizers application. The Journal of Medical Research, 12: 121-136.

4- Ahmadabadi Z., Ghajar Sepanlou M., and Bahmanyar M.A. 2012. Effect of vermicomost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of Borago officinalis. Iranian Journal of Crops Improvement, 13: 1-12. (In Persian with English summary).

5- Ahmadian A., Ghanbari A., and Galavi M. 2006. Effect of animal manure on quantitative and qualitative yield and chemical composition of essential oil in cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 4: 1-10. (In Persian with English summary).

6- Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A., and Khanuja S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36: 1737-1746.

7- Artursson V., Finlay R.D., and Jansson J.K. 2006. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria and their potential for stimulating plant growth. Environmental Microbiology, 8: 1–10.

8- Arun K.S. 2002. A Handbook of Organic Farming Pub. Agrobios, India.

9- Atiyeh R.M., Subler S., Edwards C.A., Bachman G., Metzger J.D., and Shuster W. 2000. Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44:579–590.

10- Atiyeh R.M., Edwards C.A., Sulber S., and Metzger J.D. 2001. Pigmanure vermin compost as component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: effect on physiochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresurces Technology, 78:11-20.

11- Azizi M., Razavi M., Hasanzadeh Khayyat M.H., Lakzian A., and Neamati H. 2009. Effect of various levels of vermicompost and irrigation on morphologic characteristic of Matricaria recutita Var. Goral. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24: 82-93. (In Persian with English summary).

12- Azeez J.O., Van Averbeke W., and Okorogbona A.O.M. 2010. Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology, 101: 2499–2505.

13- Azzaz N.A., Hassan E., and Hamad E.H. 2009. The chemical constituent and vegetative and yielding characteristics of fennel plants treated with organic and bio-fertilizer instead of mineral fertilizer. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3: 579-587.

14- Brussard L., and Ferrera-Cenato R. 1997. Soil Ecology in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. New York: Lewis publishers, U.S.A, 168p.

15- Copetta A., Lingua G., and Berta G. 2006. Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil peoduction in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese. Mycorrhiza, 16: 485-494.

16- Darzi M.T., Ghalavand A., Rejali F., and Sefidkon F. 2006. Effects of biofertilizers application on yield and yield components in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22: 278-292. (In Persian with English summary).

17- Darzi M.T., Haj Seyyed Mohammad Hadi M.R., and Rejali F. 2012. Effect of cattle manure and biofertilizers on biomass yield, seed yield and oil content of Coriandrum sativum. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 11: 77-91. (Persian with English Summary).

18- Delate K. 2000. Heenah mahyah student from herb trail. Leopold center for sustainable agriculture. Annual Reports, Jowa State University. Ames, IA.

19- Egamberdiyeva D. 2005. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from a Calcisol in a semi-arid region of Uzbekistan: Biochemical characterization and effectiveness. Journal of the Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168: 94–99.

20- Eghball B., Binford G.D., Power J.F., and Anderson F.D. 1995. Maize temporal yield variability under long term manure and fertilizer application: Fractal analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59: 1360-1364.

21- Elgendy S.A., Hosni A.M., Omer E.A., and Reham M.S. 2001. Variation in herbage yield, essential oil yield and oil composition on sweet basil (Ocimum bacilicum) grown organically in newly reclaimed and in Egypt. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Science, 9: 915-933.

22- Fallahi J., Koocheki A., and Rezvani Moghaddam P. 2008. Investigating the effects of organic fertilizers on quantity index and the amount of essential oil and chamazulene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Iranian Journal of Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture, 8: 157-168. (In Persian with English summary).

23- Fatma A.G., Lobna A.M., and Osman N.M. 2008. Effect of compost and biofertilizers on growth, yield and essential Oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) Plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10: 381–387.

24- Gharib F.A., Moussa L.A., and Massoud O.N. 2008. Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agricultura and Biology, 10: 381–387.

25- Ghasemi A. 2009. Medicinal and aromatic plants, identifying and studying their effects. Publications of Islamic Azad University, Shahrkord. (Persian with English Summary).

26- Gholami A., Biari A., and Nezarat S. 2009. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on germination, seedling growth and yield of maize. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 49: 19-24.

27- Girish N., and Umesha S. 2005. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on bacterial canker of tomato. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 38: 235-243.

28- Golmohammadzadeh S., Ghanbari S., Hisseini Valiki S.R., and Hasannia H. 2015. Impact of verimicompost and chemical fertilizer on yield, growth and essential oil of garlic (Allium sativum L.). International Journal of Life Science, 9: 44-48.

29- Hoseini Mazinani S.M., and Hadipoor A. 2014. Improve the quality and quantity of Calendula officinalis L. via biofertilizers application. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 13: 83-93. (Persian with English Summary).

30- Jahan M., Amiri M. B., Aghhavani Shajari M., and Tahami M.K. 2013. Quantity and quality of cucurbita pepo L. as affected by winter cover crops (Lathyrus sativus and Trifolium resopinatum), PGPRs and organic manures. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11: 337-357. (In Persian with English summary).

31- Jahan M., Amiri M.B., and Ehyaee H.R. 2013. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sesamum indicum L. with application of cover crops of Lathyrus sp. And Persian clover (Trifolium respinatum L.). Agroecology, 5: 1-15. (Persian with English summary).

32- Kapoor R., Giri B., and Mukerji K.G. 2002. Glomus macrocarpum: potential bioinoculant to improve essential oil quality and concentration in dill (Anethum gravolens L.) and carum (Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18: 459-463.

33- Kapoor R., Giri B., and Mukerji K.G. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in (Foenicudum vulgare mill.) on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P- fertilizer. Bioresource Technology, 93: 307-311.

34- Kapoor R., Chaudhary V., and Bhatnagar A.K. 2007. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L. Mycrrhiza, 17: 581- 587.

35- Khandan A., Astaraee A., Nassiri Mahallati M., and Fotovvat A. 2004. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and yield components of Plantago ovata Forsk. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 3: 245-253. (In Persian with English summary).

36- Kızılkaya R. 2008. Yield response and nitrogen concentrations of springwheat (Triticum aestivum) inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Ecological Engineering, 33:150–156.

37- Koocheki A., Amirmoradi Sh., Shabahang J., and Kalantari Khandani S. 2013. Effect of organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Plantago ovata Forssk., Alyssum homolocarpum L., Lepidium perfoilatum L., and Lalementia iberica L. Agroecology, 5: 16-26. (In Persian with English summary).

38- Manaffee W.F., and Kloepper J.W. 1994. Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sustainable agriculture. In: “Soil biota management in sustainable farming systems”. CSIRO, Pub. East Melbourne, Australia. pp: 23-31.

39- Massoud O.N., Afifi M.M.I., El-Akshar Y.S., and El-Sayed G.A.M. 2013. Impact of biofertilizers and humic acid on the growth and yield of wheat grown in reclaimed sandy soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological, 9: 104-113.

40- Padmavathiamma P.K., Li L.Y., and Kumari U.R. 2008. An experimental study of vermin-biowaste composting for agriculture soil improvement. Bioresource Technology, 99: 1672-1681.

41- Rezaee M., and Baradaran R. 2011. Effects of biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29: 635-650. (In Persian with English summary).

42- Rezvani Moghaddam P., Aminghafuri A., Bakhshaee S., and Jafari L. 2013. Evaluation of effect of biofetilizer and organic fertilizer on some quantitative characteristics and amount of oil of Satureja hortensis L. Agroecology, 5: 105-112. (In Persian with English summary).

43- Rezvani Moghaddam P., Amiri M.B., and Ehyaee H.R. 2015. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13: 34-42. (Persian with English summary).

44- Richter J., Stutzer M., and Schellenberg I. 2005. Effects of mycorrhization on the essential oil content and composition of aroma components of marjoram (Marjorana hortensis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and caraway (Carum carvi L.). 36th International Symposium on Essential Oils, 4-7 September, Budapest, Hungary.

45- Sahin F., Cakmakci R., and Kantar F. 2004. Sugar beet and barley yields in relation to inoculation with N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Plant and Soil, 265: 123–129.

46- Sanches Govin E., Rodrigues Gonzales H., and Carballo Guerra C. 2005. Ifluencia de los abonos organicos y biofertilizantes en la calidad de las especies medicinales calendula officinalis L. y Matricaria recutita L. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, 10: 1.

47- Sangwan P., Kaushik C.P., and Garg V.K. 2008. Feasibility of utilization of horse dung spiked filter cake in vermicomposters using exotic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology, 99: 2442-2448.

48- Senula A., and Keller R.J. 2000. Morphological characterization of a garlic core collection and establishment of a virus-free in vitro genebank. Allium Improvement Newsletter, 10: 3–5.

49- Shaalan M.N. 2005. Effect of compost and different sources of biofertilizers, on borage plants (Borago officinalis). Egypt Journal of Agriculture Research, 83: 271.

50- Sharma V., Sharma A., and Kansal L. 2010. The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48: 928–936.

51- Tang X., and Cronin D.A. 2007. The effects of brined onion extracts on lipid oxidation and sensory quality in refrigerated cooked Turkey breast rolls during storage. Food Chemistry, 100: 712−718.

52- Vessey J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizer. Plant and Soil, 255: 571–586.

53- Vestberg M., Saari K., Kukkonen S., and Hurme T. 2005. Mycotrophy of crops in rotation and soil amendment with peat influence the abundance and effectiveness of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field soil. Mycorrhiza, 15: 447-458.

54- Vivas A., Barea J.M., Biro B., and Azcon R. 2006. Effectiveness of autochthonous bacterium and mycorrhizal fungus of trifolium growth, symbiotic development and soil enzymatic activities in Zn contaminated soil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 587-598.

55- Yadegari M., Asadirahmani H., Noormohammadi G., and Ayneband A. 2010. Plant growth promoting rhzobacteria increase growth, yield and nitrogen fixation in Phaseolis vulgaris. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33: 1733-1743.