تأثیر اسیدهیومیک و چای‌کود مواد آلی بر فیزیولوژی گیاهی و ویژگی‌های میوه پپینو (Solanum muricatum)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی امکان استفاده از کودهای با منشاء ارگانیک در تولید میوه پپینو (Solanum muricatum Ait.) ، اثرات کاربرد کود ارگانیک Humistar (حاوی6/8 درصد اسیدهیومیک) به‌میزان 50 لیتر در هکتار و چای‌کودهای آلی گوسفندی و گاوی به‌طور جداگانه با نسبت تهیه 1:5 و 1:10 بر فیزیولوژی مرحله زایشی گیاه و برخی ویژگی‌های میوه، آزمایشی طی دو سال بصورت آزمون فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که به‌جز اثر سال زراعی و صفت مواد جامد محلول میوه، اثر متقابل چای‌کود مواد آلی و اسیدهیومیک بر صفات زایشی گیاه و ویژگی‌های کمّی و کیفی میوه پپینو معنی‌دار است. کاربرد چای‌کود گوسفندی 1:10 به‌تنهایی باعث تولید بالاترین میزان مواد جامد محلول در میوه‌ها به‌میزان 45 درصد بیشتر نسبت به تیمارهای شاهد و چای کود گاوی گردید. همین تیمار در ترکیب با اسیدهیومیک، کمترین تعداد روز لازم از انتقال نشاء تا اولین گلدهی و بیشترین درصد ماده خشک میوه (10 برابر نسبت به شاهد) را به‌دنبال داشت. اسیدهیومیک به‌تنهایی باعث بیشترین درصد تشکیل میوه به‌میزان 60 درصد (دو برابر تیمار شاهد)، زودرسی میوه (53 روز تا رسیدگی میوه)، بالاترین میزان ترکیبات فنولیک کل شامل 1/56 میلی‌گرم گالیک اسید در صد گرم بافت میوه (بیش از 50 درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد) و افزایش اسیداسکوربیک (26/15 میلی‌گرم در صد گرم آب میوه) گردید. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده می‌توان برای مقاصد مختلف مصرف میوه‌ها (فرآوری یا تازه‌خوری)، نسبت‌های متفاوتی از اسیدهیومیک و چای‌کود گاوی و گوسفندی را بکار برد تا کیفیت مورد نظر در محصول ایجاد گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Humic Acid and Organic Manure Tea on Plant Physiology and Fruit Characteristics of Pepino

نویسندگان [English]

  • Jamal Javanmardi
  • Ozra Hasanshahian
Shiraz University
چکیده [English]

Introduction Pepino (SolanummuricatumAit.), a Solanaceous vegetable fruit has been recently introduced to Iran markets. Organic farming is currently the fastest growing agricultural sector worldwide. Although several investigations are available on chemical fertilization of pepino, the knowledge of organic fertilization ismostly lacking. Therefore, at the beginning of introducing pepino plant to Iranian farmers it worth to evaluate the impact of organic fertilization on the productivity, profitability, acceptability and sustainability of farming systemsto this plant. High chemical fertilization of pepinoincreases the vegetative growth over the generative and fruit production. The aim of this investigation was to introduce the possibility of organic production of pepino.
Materials and Methods.A two-year experiment was carried out to assess the possibility of organic production of pepino using organic fertilizers. Humistar® organic fertilizer (containing 8.6% humic acid) at 50 L/ha and sheep or cow manure teas at 1:10 and 1:5 ratios were used for production of pepino cv. Kanseola to evaluate their effects on the physiology of reproductive stage and some fruit quality characteristics. The experiments were arranged as factorial in a randomized complete block design comprised of 3 replications, each of which 10 plants. Mother plants were obtained from Mashhad Ferdowsi University and incubated in a greenhouse (mean temperature of 25 °C and 60-70% relative humidity) for 1 month to proliferate. Cuttings with 2-3 leaves at the top, 3-5 healthy buds and 20 cm length were rooted for 14 days in a rooting media, ( 1:1:2 of field soil, composted leaf and perlite), respectively. Plants were transplanted into the field in 100 × 75 cm spacing after the danger of frost was over. Treatments consisted of two levels of 1:5 and 1:10 (w:w) cow or sheep manure teas in combination with two levels of Humistar® organic fertilizer as 0 and 50L/ha levels. Control plants received no manure teas and organic fertilizer. Treatments were applied as drenching2 weeks after transplantation in a weekly manner for 10 weeks. Plant characteristics including number of days from transplanting to first flowering, flower number in truss, fruit set percentage, number of days from transplanting to the first harvestable fruit were recorded. Fruit quality indices including fruit fresh weight, fruit dry matter percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), fruit total phenolic contents and ascorbic acid content were measured at harvest time.
Results and Discussions The seasonal effect on all traits was not significant. All studied traits were affected by combination of manure teas andhumic acid except fruit total soluble solid. Cow manure tea at 1:5 v/v caused plants to fail growth in both years. The sole application of manure tea did not significantly affect the number of flowers per truss but humic acid alone or in combination with manure tea showed similar increasing trend in flower number. Application of sheep manure tea at 1:10 v/v caused the greatest total soluble solid content in fruits (up to 6.9 °Brix) as was 45% greater than control and cow manure tea treatment. The effect of humic acid on the number of days from planting to the first flower formationwas not significant. Sheep manure tea at 1:10 (v/v) level when combined with humic acid lead to the least required days preceding the first flower formation (9 days earlier flowering). The same treatment leads to the highest fruit dry matter percent (as about 8.1%) which was 10 times greater than control plants. The sole application of humic acid led to the greatest fruit set percentage as of 60% (2 fold above control). The same treatment caused 17 days earlier crop (53 days for fruit ripening versus 70 days in control plants. The greatest total phenolic content (56.1 mg gallic acid per 100 g fresh fruit over 50% greater than control plants) was obtained with sole humic acid application. This treatment leads to the greatest fruit ascorbic acid content asabout 15.62 mg/100g fw (over 57% greater than control plants).
ConclusionTo obtain the preferred fruit quality for industry or fresh use, different combinations of humic acid, cow and sheep manure teas should be considered. Briefly, sole application of humic acid would affect fruitset percentage, earliness, fruit total phenolic content and vitamin C. Manure tea affect fruit total soluble solid content, while in combination with humic acid would affect flowering and fruit dry matter content.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Compost tea
  • Organic fertilizers
  • Pepino
  • Total phenolics
1. Aryantha I.P., Cross R., and Guest D.I. 2000. Suppression of Phytophthora cinnamomi in potting mixes amended with uncomposted and composted animal manures. Phytopathology, 90:775-782.
2. Atiyeh R.M., Edwards C.A., Subler S., and Metzger J.D. 2001. Pig manure vermicompost as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 78:11-20.
3. Atiyeh R.M., Lee S., Edwards C.A., Arancon N.Q., and Metzger J.D. 2002. The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm-processed organic wastes on plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 84:7-14.
4. Ayesha R., Fatima N., Ruqayya M., Faheem H., Qureshi K., Hafiz I., Khan K., Kamal A., and Ali U. 2011. Influence of different growth media on the fruit quality and reproductive growth parameters of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5:6224-6232.
5. Bazzoffi P., Pellegrini S., Rocchini A., Morandi M., and Grasselli O. 1998. The effect of urban refuse compost and different tractors tyres on soil physical properties, soil erosion and maize yield. Soil and Tillage Research, 48:275-286.
6. Chen Y., Aviad T., and MacCarthy P. 1990. Presented at the Humic substances in soil and crop sciences: selected readings Proceedings of a symposium cosponsored by the International Humic Substances Society, Chicago, Illinois, December 2, 1985.
7. Foti S., Mauromicale G., and Ierna A. 2005. Response of seed-grown globe artichoke to different levels of nitrogen fertilization and water supplies. Acta Horticulture, 681:237-242.
8. Francke A. 2010. The effect of magnesium fertilization on the macronutrient content of pepino dulce (Solanum muricatum ait.) fruit. Journal of Elementology, 15:467-475.
9. Fuchs J.G., Kupper T., Tamm L., and Schwenk K. 2008. Compost and digestate:sustainability, benefits, impacts for the environment and for plant production. The International Congress Compost and Digestate (CODIS) , February 27-29, 2008, Solothurn, Switzerland.
10. Guisquiani P., Pagliani M., Gigliotti G., Businelli D., and Bennetti A. 1995. Urban waste compost : Effects on physical, chemical and biochemical soil properties. Journal of Environmental Management, 24:175-182.
11. Gutierrez-Miceli F.A., Santiago-Borraz J., Montes Molina J.A., Nafate C.C., Abud-Archila M., Oliva Llaven M.A., Rincon-Rosales R., and Dendooven L. 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology, 98:2781-2786.
12. Hafez M.M. 2004. Effect of some sources of nitrogen fertilizer and concentration of humic acid on the productivity of squash plant. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science, 19:293-309.
13. Hopkins B., and Stark J. 2003. Presented at the Idaho Potato Conference, University of Idaho.
14. Ingham E. 2005. The compost tea brewing manual. Soil Foodweb Inc.
15. Javanmardi J., Stushnoff C., Locke E., and Vivanco J. 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accessions. Food Chemistry, 83:547-550.
16. Kerkeni A. 2008. Contribution à la valorisation des composts et des jus de composts: incidence sur la fertilisation et la protection phytosanitaire de quelques espèces legumières. Thèse de Doctorat en Sci Agron Institut Superieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Tunisie:174.
17. Klein B.P., and Perry A.K. 1982. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A activity in selected vegetables from different geographical areas of the United States. Journal of Food Science, 47:941-945.
18. Kowalczyk K. 2008. The kind of pollination and ability to parthenocarpy of pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.). Folia Horticulturae, 20:23-29.
19. Liaven M.A., Jimenez J.L., Coro B.I., Rosales R.R.,. Molina J.M, Dendooven L., and Miceli F.A. 2008. Fruit characteristics of bell pepper cultivated in sheep manure vermicompost substituted soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31:1585-1589.
20. Lobartini J.C., Tan K.H., and Pape C. 1994. The nature of humic acid apatite interaction products and their availability to plant growth. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 25:2355-2369.
21. Merrill R., and McKeon J. 1998. Organic teas from compost and manure, Organic Farming Research Foundation Project Report, vol. 97, Santa Cruz, California.
22. Mitchell A.E., and Chassy A.W. 2004. Antioxidants and the nutritional quality of organic agriculture. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76:560-568.561.
23. Mohammadipour E., Golchin A., Mohammad J., Negahdar N., and Zarchini M. 2012. Effect of humic acid on yield and quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Annals of Biological Research, 3:5095-5098.
24. Mohandes B., Tarchoun N., Hamdi M.M., Houimli S., and Guesmi J. 2011. The effect of organic compost content on production and quality of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) organically grown. Acta Horticulturae, 942:247-254.
25. Morard P., Eyheraguibel B., Morard M., and Silvestre J. 2010. Direct effects of humic-like substance on growth, water, and mineral nutrition of various species. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34:46-59.
26. Nardi S., Pizzeghello D., Muscolo A., and Vianello A. 2002. Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34:1527-1536.
27. Nemati S.H., Karimian Z., Thehranifar N., Mashhadian N.V., and Lakzian A. 2009. Investigation of some effective factors on yield components of pepino (Solanum muricatum) as a new vegetable in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 12:492-497.
28. Nikbakht A., Kafi M., Babalar M., Xia Y.P., Luo A., and Etemadi N. 2008. Effect of humic acid on plant growth, nutrition uptake and postharvest life of Gerbera. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31:2155-2167.
29. Padem H., and Ocal A. 1998. Effects of humic acid applications on yield and some characteristics of processing tomato. VI International Symposium on Processing Tomato & Workshop on Irrigation & Fertigation of Processing Tomato, 487:159-164.
30. Prohens J., Fita A., Plazas M., and Rodriguez-Burruezo A. 2010. Introduction and adaptation of the Andean Solanum muricatum as a new crop for the Mediterranean Region. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Horticulture, 67:264-269.
31. Prohens J., Ruiz J.J., and Nuez F. 1999. Yield, earliness and fruit quality of pepino clones and their hybrids in the autumn–winter cycle. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79:340-346.
32. Rimmer D.L. 2006. Free radicals, antioxidants, and soil organic matter recalcitrance. European Journal of Soil Science, 57:91-94.
33. Salman S.R., Abou-hussein S.D., Abdel-Mawgoud A.M.R., and El-Nemr M.A. 2005. Fruit yield and quality of watermelon as affected by hybrids and humic acid application. Applied Sciences Research, 1:51-58.
34. Singh R., Sharma R.R., Kumar S., Gupta R.K., and Patil R.T. 2008. Vermicompost substitution influences growth, physiological disorders, fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Bioresource Technology, 99:8507-8511.
35. Slimestad R., and Verheul M.J. 2005. Seasonal variations in the level of plant constituents in glasshouse production of cherry tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53:3114-3119.
36. Tan K.H. 1998. Colloidal chemistry of organic soil constituents, p. 177-258. In K. H. TAN (ed.), Principles of soil chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York.
37. Tattini M., Bertoni P., Landi A., and Traversi M.L. 1990. Effect of humic acids on growth and nitrogen uptake of container grown olive plant. Acta Horticulturae, 286:125-128.
38. Tisdale J.M., and Oades J.M. 1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soil. Journal of Soil Science, 33:141.
39. Tomaszewska Z., and Mazure Z. 2007. The effect of two multicomponent fertilizers on yielding and content of organic compounds in pepino (Solanum muricatum) fruit. HortScience, 26:194-197.
40. Tomati U., Galli E., Grappelli A., and Dihena G. 1990. Effect of earthworm casts on protein synthesis in radish (Raphanus sativum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 9:288-289.
41. Vasco, C., J. Ruales, and A. Kamal-Eldin. 2008. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of major fruits from Ecuador. Food Chemistry, 111:816-823.
CAPTCHA Image