ارزیابی میزان خسارت سرمازدگی در انگور و معرفی ارقام متحمل به سرما در استان همدان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسنده

مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی همدان

چکیده

به منظور بررسی اثر سرمای زمستانه بر میزان خسارت به ارقام انگور و نیز ارزیابی میزان تحمل ارقام متداول انگور در استان همدان به سرما، این بررسی میدانی در سه منطقه رزن، ملایر و کلکسیون ارقام انگور مستقر در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی همدان در سال زراعی 1387 به اجرا درآمد. بدین ترتیب پس از وقوع سرمای شدید در زمستان سال 1386 بعنوان یک تیمار طبیعی، در سه منطقه یاد شده 8 رقم انگور شامل ارقام کشمشی قرمز، کشمشی سفید، عسکری، فخری، مهدیخانی، یاقوتی، گزنه و دوزول شناسایی شده و شاخه‌های یکساله جهت بررسی‌های آزمایشگاهی به مرکز تحقیقات منتقل شدند. شاخه‌های یکساله به سه قسمت تقسیم شده و با مشاهده میکروسکوپی جوانه‌های زنده و فعال در قسمت‌های مختلف ساقه‌ها شمارش شده و در هر سه بخش از ساقه یکساله درصد جوانه‌های زنده مشخص شدند. تعیین درصد جوانه زنده به عنوان معیاری در ارزیابی شدت خسارت و میزان تحمل ارقام انگور به سرمازدگی مد نظر قرار گرفت. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که رقم‌های مورد مطالعه از نظر میزان زنده بودن جوانه‌ها در قسمت‌های مختلف ساقه یکساله با همدیگر اختلاف معنی‌دار داشتند. بیشترین جوانه فعال در یک سوم ابتدای ساقه وجود داشت و به سمت انتهای ساقه بشدت از میزان زنده بودن آن‌ها کاسته شد. با مقایسه میانگین‌ها در ارقام مختلف، مشخص شد که دو رقم مهدیخانی و یاقوتی نسبت به سایر ارقام دارای درصد قابل توجهی جوانه زنده در هر سه ناحیه ساقه بودند. در مقایسه مناطق مزبور مشخصاً میزان خسارت در شهرستان همدان و رزن بیشتر از شهرستان ملایر بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation the Amount of Cold Injury in Grapevine and Introducing the Cold Tolerant Genotype in Hamedan Province

نویسنده [English]

  • khosro parvizi
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Hamedan
چکیده [English]

Introduction: cold resistance has been studied and evaluated by several methods; visional observation after natural cold injury, establishing of freezing condition by transported micro chamber in native places of trees, cold treatment of detached tree segments in laboratory examination. Most physiological traits correlated with cold resistance have multi gene characteristics and have controversial relationships. Russia researchers evaluated cold injury on 30 cultivars of grapevine. Their results showed that only hybrids that accomplished by crossing between Asian and vinifera had more cold resistance as compared with other cultivars. Up to now some researches have been conducted in Iran. Malakooti evaluated the capability of cold injury in some clones. He concluded that only two clones had cold resistance property when treated with -21 OC in 24 hours by duration of cold. All grapevines that have been cultivated in Iran belong to vinifera species. Therefore there is no absolute cold resistance in the most of them. But some clones and cultivars may be showed more cold tolerance comparison with others since they have been selected and acclimated trough the time. By entrance of cold weather that was overwhelming in all of the country in 2011, there had been suitable condition for this survey. In this regard, this research had been conducted to distinguish and evaluate this characteristic.
Material and methods: this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cold injury on grapevine cultivars and assessment of tolerance to cold injury in the grapevine cultivars. This research was done in a field evaluation in three part of Hamadan province namely, Razan city, Malayer city and collection cultivars in the Agricultural research center of Hamadan. In three regions we collected and evaluated the canes of eight Cultivars, namely, Red Tompson seedless, White Tompson seedless, Askari, Fakhri, Yaghooti, Mehdikhani, ghazne and dozool. After that the winter passed (early spring), we collected the canes and some corsons. Then the canes were separated in three segments. Buds were observed by microscopic detection and survived buds were counted in different segments of the cane. That is a criterion to evaluate the effect of cold injury on buds in this expectation. As we have limited samples in some regions, therefore the experiment was conducted in non-complete randomized design. Tow-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data was carried out using SAS software (v. 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and the means were compared through the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Results and discussions: result of analysis variance showed that cultivars have significantly different in respecting to bud growth. There were the most number of activated buds in the first third zone of canes (basal side of the cane). This activation had been decreased comparison with the apical zone. Means comparison showed that two cultivars (Mehdikhani and Yaghooti) had highest number of survived buds in three segments of cane as compared to other cultivars. These two cultivars are early ripening cultivar. It is estimated that less injury of cold in these cultivars might be correlated with their precocity besides inclining with inherits and genetic specifications. These cultivars were harvested 25 to 30 days sooner than other cultivars, so they have more time for repletion of starch and biomass. Other six cultivars had more injured buds as compared with these two cultivars. There were not significant different between these six cultivars, although ghazne and dozool had less survived buds as compared with four other cultivars in three segment of the cane. In comparison between three regions of Hamadan province, Hamadan itself and Razan city had more cold injury than Malayer.
Conclusions: It was demonstrated that in this research two cultivars of grapevine (Yaghooti & Mehdikhani) had more cold tolerance in three regions compared with other cultivars. But red and white Thompson seedless is more widespread in Hamedan. So it is recommended that we have good monitoring on horticultural techniques for preventing and reducing cold injury in these cultivars. These precautions or tactics can be concluded as establishing of better nutrition program, prevention of early harvesting, prevention of any leaf injury and defoliation, good pruning performance and prevention of sever pruning especially in late season, using of resistant rootstock, using of absorbent light mulches in winter, application of some material for inducing cold resistance.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grapevine shrub
  • Survived bud percentage
  • Winter cold injury
1- Amberg H.1994. Crown galls & winter injury. In J R McGrew J, pp 83-85.
2- Barabal C.K .1990. Diagnosis of heat and cold resistance grape varieties from the bioelectrical reactions of the leaves. Fiziologiya Biokhimiya, 22(2): 170 -174.
3- Cirami R.M .1993. Fine tuning of Sauvignon Blanc clonal selection for South Australia. Australian Grape grower and Wine, 352: 113-114.
4- Fennell A .2004. Freezing tolerance and injury in grapevines. Journal of Crop Improvement, 10:201-235.
5- Howell G.S .2003. Winter hardiness of grapevines: The challenge of culture under continental conditions and recovery approaches when damage has occurred. pp. 131-134.
6- Jalili Marandi R. 1998. Evaluation the cold resistance of some grapevine cultivar. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 7 (3&4): 161-172 (in Persian with English abstract)
7- Karami M.J .2000. Preliminary results of clonal selective of two grape cultivars in Kurdistan province. Journal of Seed and Plant, 16(4), 437-425.
8- Lynn J.M., John C., Ferguson C and Markus K .2006. Cold- hardiness evaluation of grapevine buds and cane tissues. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 57:194- 200.
9- Malakooti, H. 2007. Evaluation and selection of Grapevine Thompson seedless clones resistant to cold stress in Ghazvin province, M.S Thesis, Azad University, Karaj branch, Iran (in Persian with English abstract)
10- Nedelkovski D., Beleski K., Boskov K., Korunovska B and Milanov G .2012. Studying the Content of Starch Correlated With Resistance to Low Winter Temperatures in Some Grapevine Varieties, Agroznanje J, 13: 681-686.
11- Nejatian M. A. 2013. Selection of clones resistant to cold in seedless Grape Cultivars of Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal, 3: 1-28 (in Persian with English abstract)
12- Panagopoulos C.G and Psallidas P.G .1973. Characteristics of Greek Vitis vinifera cultivars. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Grapevine genetic (Agers, France). 1: 221-228.
13- Patrik A and Laura D.L .2002. Clonal selection in Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera L.) in order to cold resistance, Vitis, 48 (2): 247-252.
14- Perry K.L and Kado C.I .1981. Clonal selection in order to achieve resistance to winter cold injury of grape in California, Vitis, 36 (2): 249- 257.
15- Quamme H.A .1978. Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress. New York Academic Publishers, pp. 313-332.
16- Shoor M., Tehranifar A., Nematy S. H., Salahvarzy Y., Mokhtarian A and Rahmaty M. 2010. Evaluation and determination of chilling and freezing resistance in three commercial grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) in north of Khorasan. Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences, 2(2): 159-169 (in Persian with English abstract)
17- Smith J., Rogiers S., Quirk L and Holzapfel B .2009. Menagment of carbohydrate reserve accumulation as a tool for regulating vine productivity, hardiness and fruit quality. Australian Government. Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation, p 185.
18- Stefanini M., Iacono F and Porro D .1995. New Strategies to optimize clonal variability of Pinot noir to Trentino Environment (northeastern Italy). In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on clonal selection, Portland, Oregon. J. M. Randtz (Ed), pp.143-147. American Society for Enology and Viticulture, Davis, CA.
19- Weiser C.J .1970. Achievements in plant chilling stress and injuries studies. Science, 169: 1269-1282.
CAPTCHA Image