تأثیر تیمارهای ویتامین C و B بر عملکرد قارچ تکمه‌ای و عمر پس از برداشت آن

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکده کشاورزی،دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

چکیده

قارچ خوراکی (Agaricus bisporus) مهم­ترین قارچی است که به‌صورت صنعتی کشت می‌شود و ویتامین­ها، هورمون­ها و آمینواسید‌ها موجب بهبود رشد رویشی قارچ و بالا رفتن عملکرد در فلش­های مختلف برداشت می­گردد. پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور بررسی اثر ویتامین B و C، بر رشد و عملکرد قارچ تکمه­ای و عمر پس از برداشت آن در ۲ آزمایش مجزا در کارخانه قارچ و انبار پس از برداشت انجام شد. آزمایش به­صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در ۳ تکرار شامل تیمارهای ویتامین C (صفر، ۳ و ۶ میلی­گرم برکیلوگرم) و ۳ سطح ویتامین B (صفر، ۵/۰ و ۱ میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم) اعمال گردید. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثر اصلی ویتامین C، ویتامین B و اثرمتقابل آن­ها بر قطر کلاهک و پایه، میزان از دست‌دهی آب، وزن خشک، سختی پس از برداشت، یون نشتی، تعداد قارچ، آخرین سختی پس از برداشت، عملکرد، وزن درجه دو معنی‌دار بود. مکمل­های غذایی استفاده‌شده در این پژوهش بر افزایش رشد رویشی و عملکرد مؤثر بودند. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از این مطالعه نشان داد تیمار 3 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم ویتامین C بیشترین میزان وزن خشک و کل، قطر کلاهک، قطر پایه، تعداد قارچ را موجب شد. وزن‌تر و خشک قطر کلاهک و پایه، نشت یونی و میزان از دست دهی آب در تیمار 1 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم ویتامین B بیشترین میزان را داشت. به نظر می‌رسد در صفات رویشی و پس از برداشت قارچ تفاوت زیادی بین غلظت­های مختلف ویتامین ث وجود ندارد اما با افزایش غلظت ویتامین B نتایج بهتری حاصل‌شده است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Vitamin C and B Treatments on Button Mushroom Yield and Postharvest Life

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Khosravi
  • M. Haghighi
  • M. Menatkhesh
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
 Agaricus bisporus is the important mushroom that is cultivated industrially and due to its medicinal properties, it has special nutritional importance in the food basket of the people of the world. It is predicted that with increasing population and changing consumption patterns, food will be one of the most critical issues in the country soon and protein poverty will be one of the most critical leading crises. Mushroom can be the best choice for the supply of essential human protein because they produce protein-rich foods using agricultural waste. Mushrooms are also rich sources of essential amino acids, vitamins (B2, niacin and folate), and minerals. White button mushroom production accounts for about 35% of the total world production of edible mushroom. The production of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) depends on planting, amount of spawn consumed, growing conditions, species and media of cultivated edible mushroom.
Material and methods
 The present study aims to investigate the effect of vitamins B and C on growth, yield of button mushroom and its postharvest life. The study was performed in two separate experiments in the mushroom factory and storage. The experiment was performed in the mushroom factory located in Khomeini Shahr city of Isfahan province and experiments related to the laboratory section and the research laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. In this study, a box culture system was used to grow mushrooms. For this purpose, in order to prepare the culture media and prevent the mixing of culture media containing different treatments, cardboard plastic was used to make the boxes. First, in order to eliminate the pathogens, tiram fungicide is used for 24 hours. Cartonoplasts were then placed at specific distances of 30 cm by 30 cm. To eliminate pathogens, the composts were steamed in an autoclave at 121 ° C at a pressure of 1.34 atmospheres for 15 minutes and boarded and treatments were applied. Treatments include 3 levels of vitamin C (0, 3 and 6 mg / kg) (C0, C1 and 2C), 3 levels of vitamin B (0, 0.5 and 1 mg / kg) (B0, B1 and B2) was performed by factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (40). Vitamin B complex, including vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12 and B9 were prepared in a ratio of 1: 2: 2: 5: 4. The treatments were applied to the composts used in the bed after boarding and before applying topsoil. When the mushrooms reached the commercial harvest level, i.e., the cap was 2.5 to 8 cm, but the cap was not opened, the factors related to vegetative growth were measured as follows. The number of mushrooms during the harvest period was counted for all treatments and at the end of the period, the average number of mushrooms per unit area was calculated. Cap diameter and base of each fungus were measured with a caliper during the harvest period for all mushrooms. In order to estimate yield, the mushroom harvested daily were weighed from all replications of each treatment.
Result
 The results showed that the nutritional supplements used in this study were effective in increasing vegetative growth and yield and the highest number of mushrooms and dry weight were related to vitamin treatment. The interaction effect of vitamin C and vitamin B on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of edible mushrooms at harvest time showed that dry weight increased at C1 and C2 with increasing concentration of B2 and decreased at C0. Cap diameter increased at all concentrations of vitamin C with increasing concentration of B2 and C2 had the highest amount. Base diameter was highest in C1 with increasing all concentrations of B vitamins compared to other treatments and lowest in C2 with concentration of B0. Ion leakage in C2 increased with increasing concentration of B2 and decreased in C0 and C1. The number of mushroom in C1 and C2 decreased with the addition of vitamin B and the highest number in C2 increased with the concentration of B0. The weight of grade 2 at C0 and C1 decreased with increasing concentrations of B2 and B1, respectively. Total yield was increased at all concentrations of vitamin C using B1. The highest total yield was observed in C1 treatment with B2 application. Total performance in control and C2 treatment decreased with increasing B2. Harvest time hardness increased in all three vitamin C treatments by increasing the concentration of B1, but increasing the concentration of B2 compared to B1 decreased. The highest increase was observed in the control treatment of vitamin C and the highest decrease was observed in the treatment of C2. Harvest time whiteness increased in C0 and C2 with the addition of vitamin B and decreased in C1. In general, in the control treatment of vitamin C in the two concentrations of B1 and B2, the highest amount of whitening time was observed. The highest amount of ash was observed in C2 with B2 application. In the postharvest experiment, the highest hardness after 32 days of storage was related to vitamin B treatment and the highest postharvest hardness, postharvest whiteness, and whiteness after 32 days of storage were related to vitamin C treatment. Also, the results of comparing the mean of interactions showed that the total yield in all three vitamin B treatments increased with the application of 3 mg/kg. The results of the second experiment showed that the rate of water loss in C1 with the addition of B2 concentration was the highest and in the control treatment was the lowest. The hardness increased after 32 days of storage in the control treatment and C2 with the application of B1, but decreased in C1 and C2 with the use of B2. The highest amount of whiteness was observed in C1 after 32 days of storage by increasing the concentration of C1, which was not statistically significant with the control treatment. It seems that there is not much difference between different concentrations of vitamin C in vegetative and postharvest fungal traits, but better results have been obtained by increasing the concentration of vitamin B. The results indicate that the effect of supplements on the yield of edible mushrooms is different so that adding appropriate amounts of supplements to the culture medium significantly increases crop yield. The results of this study showed that vitamin C1 treatment resulted in the highest dry and total weight, cap diameter, base diameter, and number of mushrooms. Wetter and drier cap and base diameters, ion leakage and water loss, were the highest in vitamin B2 treatment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mushroom
  • Storage
  • Supplements
  • Vitamins
  1. Abdel-Aziz Nahed G., Fatma E.M., and Farahat M.M. 2007. Response of vegetative growth and some chemical constituents of Syngonium podophyllum to foliar application of thiamine ascorbic acid and kinetin to Nurbaria. World Journal of Agricultural Science 3: 301-305.
  2. Aday M.S. 2016. Application of electrolyzed water for improving postharvest quality of mushroom. LWT-Food Science and Technology 68: 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.014.
  3. Atri N.S., and Guleria L. 2013. Evalution of vitamin, phytohormone and trace element requirements of Lentinus cladopus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research 54: 40-43.
  4. Braaksma A., Schaap D.J., and Donkers J.W. 2001. Effect of cytokinin on cap opening in Agaricus bisporus during storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 23:171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00114-4.
  5. Emam M.M., El-Sweify A.H., and Helal N.M. 2011. Efficiencies of some vitamins in improving yield and quality of flax plant. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6(18): 4362-4369. https://doi.org/5897/AJAR11.1104.
  6. Golan-Goldhirsh A., and Whitaker J.R. 1984. Effect of ascorbic acid, sodium bisulfite, and thiol compounds on mushroom polyphenol oxidase. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 32: 1003-1009.
  7. Hendawy S.F., and Ezz EL-Din A.A. 2010. Growth and yield of Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum as influensed by some vitamins and amino acids. Ozean Journal of Applied Science 3(1): 113-123.
  8. Hosseini H., Farahmand H., and Saffari V. 2015. The effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid, thiamine and benzyl adenine on growth, flowering and some biochemical characteristics of marigold (Tagetes erecta). Journal of the Plant Production 38(2): 25-36.
  9. Hosseini A., and Moradinezhad F. 2018. Effect of short-term high CO2 treatment on quality and shelf life of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) at refrigerated storage. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 11: 37-48. 22077/jhpr.2018.1198.1006.
  10. Jiang M., and Zhang J. 2001. Effect of abscisic acid on active oxygen species, antioxidative efence system and oxidative damage in leaves of maize seedlings. Plant Cell Physiology 42: 1265-1275.
  11. Ketelaere B.D., Scott Howarth M., Crezee L., Lammertyn J., Viaene K., Bulens K., and Baerdemaeker J.D. 2006. Postharvest firmness changes as measured by acoustic and low-mass impact devices: a comparison of techniques. Postharvest Biology and Technology 41: 275- 283. 1016/j.postharvbio.2006.04.008.
  12. Khan Z.U., Aisikaer G., Khan R.U., Bu J., Jiang Z., Ni Z., and Ying T. 2014. Effects of composite chemical pretreatment on maintaining quality in button mushrooms (Agaricus Bisporus) during postharvest storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 95: 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.04.001.
  13. Khan Z.U., Jiayin L., Khan N.M., Mou W., Li D., Wang Y., Feng S., Luo Z., Mao L., and Ying A. 2017. Suppression of cell wall degrading enzymes and their encoding genes in button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) by CaCl2 and citric acid. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 72(1): 54-59.
  14. Lei J., Li B., Zhang N., Yan R., Guan W., Brennan C., Gao H., and Peng B. 2018. Effects of UV-C treatment on browning and the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes in different tissues of Agaricus bisporus during cold storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 139: 99-105. https://doi.org/1016/j.postharvbio.2017.11.022.
  15. Li B., Ding Y., Tang X., Wang G., Wu S., Li X., and Tang X. 2019. Effect of l-arginine on maintaining storage quality of the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 12(4): 563-574. 1007/s11947-018-2232-0
  16. Lutts S., Kinet J.M., and Bouharmont J. 1995. Changes in plant response to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties differing in salinity resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany 46: 1843-1852.
  17. Munsch P., Johnstone K., and Alatossava T. 2002. Evidence for genotypic differences between the two siderovars of pseudomonas tolaasii, cause of brown blotch disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus Bisporus. Microbiological Research 157: 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-5013-00141.
  18. Naguib N.Y., and Khalil M.Y. 2002. Studies on the effect of dry yeast thiamine and biotin on the growth and chemical constituents of black cumin (Nigella sativa ). Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences 10(3): 919-937.
  19. Ramon Ros J., Rodriguez-Lopez J.N., and Garcia-Canovas F. 1993. Effect of Lascorbic acid on the monophenolase activity of tyrosinase. Biochemical Journal 295: 309-315.
  20. Royse D.J., and Chalupa W. 2009. Effects of spawn, supplement and phase II compost additions and time of re-casing second break compost on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) yield and biological efficiency. Bioresource Technology 100: 5277-5282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.074.
  21. Sapers G.M., and Simmons G.F. 1998. Hydrogen peroxide disinfection of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Food Technology 52: 48-52.
  22. Simon A., González-Fandos E., and Vοzquez M. 2010. Effect of washing with citric acid and packaging in modified atmosphere on the sensory and microbiological quality of sliced mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Food Control 21: 851-856. https://doi.org/1016/j.foodcont.2009.11.012.
  23. Singh R., and Si Singh Y. 2007. Advanced cultivation of edible fungi. Knowledgeable Publications, Rasht. (In Persian)
  24. Singh R. 2010. Physiological and biochemical investigations for the cultivation of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer. Ph.D. Thesis. Punjabi University of Patiala, India.
  25. Shaviv A. 2001. Advances in controlled-release fertilizers. Advances in Agronomy 71: 1-49.
  26. Shivhare U.S., Arora S., Ahmed J., and Raghavan G.S.V. 2004. Moisture adsorption isotherms for mushroom. LWT- Food Science and Technology 37: 133-137.
  27. Soltani Y., Saffari V.R., and MaghsoudiMoud A.A., 2014. Response of growth, flowering and some biochemical constituents of Calendula officinalis to foliar application of salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and thiamine. Ethno-Pharmaceutical products. Ethno-Pharmaceutical Products 1(1):37-44.
  28. Steams P., and Shelton J.S. 2011. Comprehensive and illustrated guide to growing edible mushrooms. Jafarnia, S. and Daei, M. (Translators). Sokhan Gostar Publications, Mashhad. (In Persian)
  29. Suttirak W., and Manurakchinakorn S. 2011. Potential application of ascorbic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid for browning inhibition in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology 7: 5-14. https://doi.org/2004/wjst.v7i1.47
  30. Tavana M., and Dear M. 2011. Acquisition of technical knowledge for the production of Ganoderma medicinal fungi. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications, Mashhad. (In Persian)
  31. Toledo M.E.A., Ueda Y., Imahori Y., and Ayaki M. 2003. L-ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) during postharvest storage in light and dark. Postharvest Biology and Technology 28: 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00121-7.
  32. Tunc-Ozdemir M., Miller G., Song L., Kim J., Sodek A., Koussevitzky Sh., Misra A.N., Mittler R., and Shintani D. 2009. Thiamin confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Journal of Plant Physiology 151: 421-32. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.140046.
  33. Wen P.F., Chen J.Y., Kong W.F., Pan Q.H., Wan S.B., and Huang W.D. 2005. Salicylic acid induced the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene in grape berry. Plant Science 169: 928- 938.
  34. Yang S., Su X., Prasad K.N., Yang B., Cheng G., Chen Y., and Jiang Y. 2008. Oxidation and peroxidation of postharvest banana fruit during softening. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40: 2023-2032.
  35. Youssef A.A., and Talaat I.M. 2003. Physiological response of rosemary plants to some vitamins. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal 14: 81-93.
  36. Zhang L., Liu Z., Wang X., Dong S., Sun Y., and Zhao Z. 2019. The properties of chitosan/zein blend film and effect of film on quality of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Postharvest Biology and Technology 155: 47-58. https://doi.org/1016/j.postharvbio.2019.05.013.

 

CAPTCHA Image