نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه شهرکرد

چکیده

به منظور بررسی اثر محلول پاشی کلرید کلسیم بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی میوه انار رقم ملس ساوه پژوهشی در سال 1390 در بخش جرقویه سفلی از توابع شهرستان اصفهان اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کلریدکلسیم (صفر، 5 و 10 در هزار) و زمان های مختلف محلول پاشی (15، 45 و 75 روز قبل از برداشت) بود. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار انجام گرفت. فاکتورهای اندازه‌گیری شده شامل درصد ترکیدگی میوه، درصد آفتاب سوختگی، وزن کل میوه، وزن تر دانه، وزن خشک دانه، استحکام پوست میوه، اسید کل، اسیدیته، کل مواد جامد محلول و ویتامین ث بود. مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون LSD (در سطح احتمال 5 درصد) انجام شد. نتایج نشان دادند کاربرد کلریدکلسیم میزان ترکیدگی میوه انار را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد به طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد. مراحل مختلف محلول‌پاشی کلریدکلسیم روی درصد ترکیدگی تفاوت معنی‏داری داشت، با نزدیک شدن به مرحله سوم و زیاد شدن غلطت کلرید کلسیم از میزان ترکیدگی میوه‏ها کاسته شد. اثر کلریدکلسیم در مراحل مختلف و غلظت‏های متفاوت بر روی وزن کل میوه و وزن تر دانه میوه معنی‏دار بود. میوه‌های تیمار شده با کلرید کلسیم میزان استحکام بافت میوه و مواد جامد محلول آن‌ها را افزایش و میزان ویتامین ث آن‌ها را کاهش داد. بطور کلی کلریدکلسیم باعث کاهش درصد ترکیدگی و آفتاب سوختگی شد. غلظت بالاتر و محلول‌پاشی زودتر باعث افزایش فاکتورهای کمی میوه گردید و استحکام بافت پوست میوه با افزایش غلظت و محلول پاشی دیرتر افزایش یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Sodium Chloride Concentrations and Its Foliar Application Time on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Pomegranate Fruit (Punica granatum L.) CV. “Malas Saveh”

نویسندگان [English]

  • Vahid Rouhi
  • Ali Nikbakht
  • Sadollah Hooshmand

Shahrekord University

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belong to Punicaceae family is native to Iran and grown extensively in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. Pomegranate is also important in human medicine and its components have a wide range of clinical applications. Cracking causes a major fruit loss, which is a serious commercial loss to farmers. Fruit cracking, seems to be a problem that lessens the marketability to a great extent. Fruit cracking is one of the physiological disorders wherever pomegranate trees are grown. It may be due to moisture imbalances as this fruit is very sensitive to variation in soil moisture prolonged drought causes hardening of skin and if this is followed by heavy irrigation the pulp grows then skin grows and cracks. Many factors i.e., climate, soil and irrigation, varieties, pruning, insects and nutrition statues influence the growth and production of fruit trees. Deficiencies of various nutrients are related to soil types, plants and even to various cultivars. Most nutrients are readily fixed in soil having different PH. Plant roots are unable to absorb these nutrients adequately from the dry topsoil. Foliar fertilization is particularly useful under conditions where the absorption of nutrients through the soil and this difficult situation to be present in the nutrients such as calcium. Since the calcium element is needed, so spraying them at the right time is correct way to save the plant requirements. Therefore, a research conducted on effect of sodium chloride concentrations and its foliar application time on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) CV. “Malas Saveh”.
Materials and Methods: An experiment conducted at Jarghoyeh, Esfahan, Iran in 2012. The factors were Sodium chloride (0, 5 and 10 g/L) and times of spray (15, 45 and 75 days before harvest). The study was factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The measured traits were cracking and sun scald percentage, seed dry and fresh weight, total fruit weight, vitamin C and titratable acidity (TA) using titration method, total soluble solids (TSS) using hand refractometer, skin fruit firmness using hand penetrometre, pH using pH meter and dry material. Data analyzed using SAS and MSTAT-C statistical program and means compared using an LSD test (p < 0.05).
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that calcium chloride had significant effect on creaking percentage. Mean comparison was conducted using LSD range test (at 5% level). Sodium chloride decreased cracking percentage compared to control. Different stages of sodium chloride application show significant effect on cracking percentage. Sodium chloride decreased the cracking rate by increasing of its concentrations. Effect of calcium chloride was significant on sun scald. The lowest sun scald occurred inthe second time and the highest in the third time of calcium chloride spraying. The effects of sodium chloride at different stages and concentrations were significant on the total fruit weight and seed fresh weight. The highest total fruit weight and seed fresh weight obtained in the first time and the lowest in the third time of calcium chloride spraying. The effects of sodium chloride at different stages and concentrations were significant on the skin firmness. The highest skin firmness obtained in the third time of calcium chloride spraying and 10 sodium chloride concentrations and the lowest in the first time of calcium chloride spraying and control. The time of calcium chloride spraying had significant effect on total acidity, pH and vitamin C. The highest and lowest fruit total acidity and pH obtained in first and third time of calcium chloride spraying, respectively. However, the highest and lowest fruit vitamin C observed in third and first time of calcium chloride spraying, respectively. Fruits treated with Sodium chloride showed a reduction in vitamin C and fruit firmness, but increased total soluble solids (TSS). In fruit traits increased by higher sodium concentration and earlier spraying time. In addition, later spraying time increased fruit skin firmness conclusion sodium chloride decreased cracking and sun scald percentage Quantitative.
Conclusion: In conclusion, higher sodium chloride concentration reduced fruit creaking and sun scald. In addition, earlier time and higher sodium chloride concentration caused improve quantitative fruit traits. Finally, skin firmness increased with higher sodium chloride concentration and later spraying time.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Creaking
  • Malas Saveh
  • Punica granatum L
  • Sodium Chloride
1- Aboot J.A. and Conway W.S. 1989. Postharvest calcium chloride infiltration affects textural attributes of apples. Journal of American Horticulture Sciences 114:932-936.
2- Akhiyani A. 1988. Important pomegranate pests and diseases in Yazd and Esfahan providence. Seminar of pomegranate problem investigation in Iran. Jahad Daneshgahi publishers, Tehran University 47-62. (in Persian)
3- Akhtar A., Nadem A. and Hussain A. 2010. Effect of calcium chloride treatments on quality haracteristics of Loquat fruit during storage. Pakistanian Journal of Botanny 42(1):181-188.
4- Andris H. 2003. Preventing cherry cracking challenge for state's growers. Western Farm Press 3.
5- Asgari N. 1998. Pomegranate and society link. Geographical Research. (in Persian)
6- Atarzadeh M. and Mahdavinia Z. 2008. Pre-harvest fruit cracking problem in citrus. Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, Agriculture Education Publisher, Karaj. (in Persian)
7- Basirat M., Dorodi S. and Malakooti M.J. 2001. Calcium Chloride spraying necessary and protocol applying in fruit orchard, tomato, strawberry and watermelon farm and ornamental flower. Special Paper 174, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, Agriculture Education Publisher, Karaj. (in Persian)
8- Brown.G., Wilson S., Boucher W., Graham B. and Mcglason B. 2000. Effects of copper-calcium sprays on fruit cracking in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). Scientia Horticulturae 62:75-80.
9- El-Khawaga A.S. 2007. Reduction in fruit cracking in manfaluty pomegranate following a foliar application with paclobutrazol and zinc sulphate. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 3(9):837-840.
10- Fageria M.S., Dhaka R.S. and Chaudhary N.L. 1995. Determination of maturity standards of dates. Acta Horticultura 426-432.
11- Farahi Ashtiani S. 1994. Fruit cracking and mineral element of pomegranate skin in different cultivation condition. Modares Technical and Engineering 1(1): 5-13. (in Persian)
12- Farahi M.H., Aboutalebi A. and Panahi Kordlaghari Kh. 2008. Study on the changes of post harvest red and golden delicious apple flesh firmness in relation with rootstock, cultivar, and calcium chloride treatments. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 78: 74-79. (in Persian with English abstract)
13- Ghrahshikh Biat R. 2005. Anatomy study of pomegranate fruit cracking in Malas Saveh cultivar. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi Organization in Agronomy and Horticulture 69. (in Persian)
14- Glenn A.S., Gregory M., Reddy N. and Poovaiah B.W. 1988. Effect of calcium on cell wall structure, protein phosphorylation and protein profile in senescing apples. Plant and Cell Physiology 29(4): 565-572.
15- Hepaksoy S., Aksoy. U., Can. H.Z. and Uei M.A. 2000. Determination of relationship between fruit cracking and physiological responses, leaf characteristics and nutritional status of some Pomegranate varieties. CIHEAM-Option Mediterranean 1062: 87-92.
16- Hepaksoy. S., Aksoy U. and Can H.Z. 1998. Determination of relationship between fruit cracking and some physiological responses,leaf characteristic and nutritional status of some pomegranate varieties. CIHEAM- Options Mediterranean 42:87-92.
17- Kathryn C. and Brannen P. 2008. Effect s of foliar calcium application on peach fruit quality, shelf-life, and fruit rot. Albion Conference on Plant Nutrition. Utah. USA.
18- Khalifa R. Kh.M., Omania M., Hafez S. and Abd-El khair H. 2009. Influence of foliar spraying with boron and calcium on productivity, fruit quality, nutritional status and controlling of blossom end rot disease of anna apple trees. World Journal of Agriculture Sciences 5(2):237-349.
19- Khoshgoftar Manesh A. 2007. Principal of plant nutrition. Isfahan University of Technology Publisher, First Edition, Esfahan. (in Persian)
20- Mirjalili A. 2002. Recognition of pomegranate. Agriculture Education Publisher, Tehran.
21- Ramezanian A., Rahemia M. and Vazifehshenas M.R. 2009. Effects of foliar application of calcium chloride and urea on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate Fruits. Scientia Horticulturae 121:171-175.
22- Ranjbar H., Hassanpour Asil M., Asgari M.A., Sameeizadeh H. and Baniasadi A. 2007. The effects of calcium chloride, hot water treatment, and polyethylene bag packaging on the storage life and quality of pomegranate cv. Malas-Saveh. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology 4(2): 1-10.
23- Rouhi V. and Esmilzde A. 2013. Effect of gibberellin concentration and spraying time on cracking of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L. CV. “Malas Esfahan”). Journal of Horticultural Science 27 (3): 310-317. (in Persian with English abstract)
24- Sandesh K. 2010. Fruit cracking: A challenging problem of fruit industry. Annals of botany company. Committed to promote agriculture oxford journals. Oxford University Press 1095-8290.
25- Shabani Sangtarashani A., Tabatabaei S.J. and Bolndnazar S. 2011. Effect of potassium on proline, lycopeneand C vitamin concentration of cherry tomato under NaCl salinity conditions. p. 1236–1238. In Proceedings of the 7th Iranian congress of Horticulture, 9-11 Sep. 2011. Isfahan University of Technology, Esfahan, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)
26- Shakeri M. and Dehghani A. 2007. Comparison of 11 cultivars of Yazd province pomegranates. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 77: 131-142. (in Persian with English abstract)
27- Singh R.P. 1990. Influence of different cultural practice on premature fruit cracking of pomegranate. Progressive Horticulture 22:92-96.
28- Tabatabaei Ardekani Z. 1997. Effect of soil applying of paclobutrazol and uniconazole on yield component and flower morphological of pomegranate “CV. Shahsavar and Zagh” in Yazd region. Msc. Thesis, Shiraz University, Shiraz.. (in Persian with English abstract)
29- Tehranifar A. and Mahmoodi Tabar S. 2009. Foliar aplication of polassium and boron during pomegranate fruit developnent can improve fruit quality. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology 50(3):191-196.
30- Varasteh F. 2006. Physico-chemical seasonal changes of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit ‘Malas-e-Torsh-e-Saveh’ in Iran. Acta Horticurae 769: 255-258.
31- Varasteh F., Arzani K., Tabatabaei S.Z. and Zamani Z. 2008. Physico-chemical seasonal changes of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit ‘Malas-e-Torsh-e-Saveh’ in Iran. Acta Horticurae 769:255-258.
CAPTCHA Image