نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه زنجان

2 پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه‌های نیمه‌گرمسیری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رامسر

3 پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه های نیمه گرمسیری

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش مستندسازی زمان تمایزیابی گل‌ها و درک بهتر از تغییرات ریخت‌شناختی در جوانه‌های کیوی رقم‌های هایوارد و توموری بود. این آزمایش در پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه‌های نیمه‌گرمسیری کشور (رامسر) رویتاک‌های هایوارد و توموری به‌مدت دو سال انجام شد. از اواسط اسفند تا اوایل خرداد ماه، جوانه‌هاییکسان و هم قطر از جوانه ششم تا بیستم شاخه‌هاییک‌ساله با فاصله زمانی5 تا 7 روز انتخاب شدند. بررسی تمایزیابی جوانه‌ها با استفاده از میکروسکوپ استریوزوم انجام شد و مراحل مختلف تمایزیابی جوانه با مرحله 5 رشد اصلی در مقیاسʼبی‌بی‌سی‌اچʽتوصیف شد. نتایج نشان داد که در سال اول آزمایش اولین علائم سرآغازه‌های گل در رقم توموری‌ دو روز قبل از مرحله تورم جوانه، حدود یک ماه قبل از شکفتن جوانه مشاهده شد. درحالیکه‌ در رقم هایوارد اولین سرآغازه‌های گل 9 روز بعد از آن مشاهده شد. روند تمایزیابی جوانه‌ها و سرآغازه‌های مختلف اندام‌های زایشی در سال دوم نیز همانند سال اول بود با این تفاوت که تمایزیابی آنها نسبت به سال قبل در هر دو رقم زودتر شروع شد. تمایزیابی سرآغازه‌ها در حدود دو ماه قبل از گلدهی و نزدیک مرحله شکفتن جوانه آغاز شد که با مشاهده ظاهری جوانه‌ها تا حدودی می‌توانمرحله نمو اندام‌های مختلف گل را برآورد کرد. شروع گل‌آغازی و دوره تمایزیابی گل‌ها با توجه به رقم و شرایط اقلیمی در سال‌های آزمایش متفاوت بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of Bud Differentiation in Hayward and Tomuri Cultivars of Kiwifruit

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ebrahim Abedi Gheshlaghi 1
  • Vali Rabiei 1
  • Malek Ghasemi 2
  • Javad Fattahi Moghadam 3
  • Farhang Razavi 1

1 University of Zanjan

2 Citrus and subtropical Research Center, AREEO, Ramsar

3

چکیده [English]

Introduction: It is important to understand the structural events associated with flower morphogenesis in horticultural plants, because it has many aspects of practical horticultural significance. Information about different stages of flower initiation and development is important for better management of the vineyardsand fruit set. Knowledge of floral ontogeny in kiwifruit is also important for the establishment of breeding programs and for the understanding of the evolutionary processes involved in the development of the floral organs. The main objective of this study was documentation of the differentiation stages of flower buds for better understanding of morphological and external changes in (Actinidiadeliciosa[A. Chev.] C.F. Liang &A.R. Ferguson var.deliciosa) cvs.Hayward (female) and Tomuri (male).
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out over two years in a mature 'Hayward' and ‘Tomuri’ kiwifruit vineyard at the Citrus and Subtropical Research Center of Iran (Ramsar city). Pistillate and staminate flowers development was followed from the stage of undifferentiated primordia, present in the axils of leaf primordia in dormant buds since mid-March to early June 2015 and 2016. Equally buds in diameter and size from sixth to twentieth buds on one-year old cane of Hayward and Tomuri selected at 5 to 7 days intervals. They were sampled and fixed in a solution of formalin, ethanol 70%, glacial acetic acid (2:5:1 FAA) then stored in refrigerator. Fifteen buds of each sample dissected under a Nikon SMZ645 stereo zoom microscope. The very dense pubescence within the buds was removed manually without damaging the axillary flower primordia. The remaining pubescence was removed using dissecting needles. Various stages of flower differentiation were explained with principal growth stage 5 of BBCH scale.
Results and Discussion: The first signs of the flower on Tomuri were observed 2 days before bud swelling stage (01), on the March 12th, about one month before bud break in 2015. While in the Hayward variety the first signs of the flower primordia were observed on the March 21th of 2015 (9 days later). At the beginning of bud swelling (01), flower primordia begin to differentiation and at advanced bud swelling stage (03), bracts and sepals initiated. As development proceeded, different parts of flowers initiated acropetally. Lateral flowers were formed in the bud break (07), before initiation of petals. In advanced budburst stage (09) stamen primordia appear almost immediately after petal initiation, as two whorls in 'Hayward' and as three whorls in the Tomuri cultivar. Stigma initiated in the open cluster stage (10) in Hayward cultivar about 24-25 days after bud swell stage. The process of differentiation of buds and reproductive organs in the second year was the same as the first year with the exception that differentiation began earlier than that in the first year. Climatic conditions were affected flower development and in the second year primordia differentiation began earlier two days in Tomuri and six days in Hayward than those in the first year. The advanced budburst stage (09) in Tomuri 9 days and in the Hayward 10 days was occurred earlier than that in the first year. Unlike other tree fruits, flower induction in the kiwifruit occurred about 6 months before flower initiation. Flower primordia differentiation initiated shortly before bud break stage and approximately two months before full bloom. Flower initiation and differentiation time may be partly estimated with external changes of buds development. According to cultivar, chilling and heat requirements and climatic conditions during the research, flower initiation and differentiation period have fluctuation. A reason for the difference between the development stages and different varieties can be caused by the chilling and heat requirements. The more heat requirement, the longer reproductive meristem differentiation period.
Conclusion: An understanding of the flower initiation and development is very important for the research and management of fruit trees. A knowing of flower initiation and differentiation can be developed corrective vineyard management and practices in crisis period and prepared breeding programs. Tomuri initiated and developed their floral organs earlier than those in Hayward. Different external changes in the bud may be partly used to estimate of flower development status. The results showed that flower initiation and differentiation in buds coincided with the beginning of development and elongation of bud in the early of spring.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • BBCH
  • Flower initiation
  • Meristem
  • Phenology
1. Brundell D.J. 1975a. Flower development of the Chinese gooseberry (Actinidiachinensis Planch.) I. Development of the flowering shoot. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 13: 473-483.
2. Brundell D.J. 1975b. Flower development of the Chinese gooseberry (Actinidiachinensis Planch.) II. Development of the flower bud. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 13: 485-496.
3. Caldwell J. 1989. Kiwifruit performance in South Carolina and effect of winter chilling. Proceedings of Alabama Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association, 10:127-129.
4. CampoyJ.A., Ruiz D., Cook N.G., Allderman L. and Egea J. 2011. High temperatures and time to budbreak in low chill apricot ‘Palsteyn’. Towards a better understanding of chill and heat requirements fulfillment. ScientiaHorticulturae, 129:649-655.
5. Clearwater M.J., Blattmann P., Luo Z. and Lowe R.G. 2007. Control of scion vigour by kiwifruit rootstocks is correlated with spring root pressure phenology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(7):1741-1751.
6. Davison R.M. 1977. Flowering and pollination in kiwifruit. Citrus and Subtropical Seminar, Waitangi, 1977. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Whangarei), New Zealand, 1-6.
7. Engin H. 2006. Scanning electron microscopy of floral initiation and developmental stages in 'Glohaven' peach (Prunuspersica L.) under water deficit. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 35:163-168.
8. Engin H., Gökbayrak Z. and Dardeniz A. 2010. Effects of Hydrogen Cyanamide on the Floral Morphogenesis of Kiwifruit Buds. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 70(3):503-509.
9. Erez A. 2000. Bud dormancy; phenomenon, problems and solutions in the tropics and subtropics. p. 17-48. In: Temperate Fruit crops in Warm Climates. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands.
10. Fabbri A., Lisetii M. and Benelli C. 1991. Studies on flower induction in kiwifruit. ActaHorticulturae, 297: 217-222.
11. Faust M.1989. Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. John Wiley & Sons, NewYork.
12. Ferguson A.R. 1984. Kiwifruit, A botanical review. Horticulture Review, 6:1-64.
13. Gerrath J.M. and Posluszny U. 2007. Shoot architecture in the vitaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 85: 691-700.
14. Gökbayrak Z., Soylemezoglu G., Engin H. and Dardeniz A. 2010. Examination of Flower Bud Differentiation and Development in Kiwifruit. Journal of Biology and Life Sciences, 1(1):1-4.
15. Hopping M.E. 1990. Floral biology, pollination, and fruit set. p. 71-96. In: Warrington, I. J. and Weston, G.C. (Eds). Kiwifruit: Science and management. Ray Richards, in association withthe New Zealand Society for Horticultural Science.
16. Lebon E., Pellegrino A., Tardieu F. and Lecoeurs J. 2004. Shoot development in grapevine (Vitisvinifera) is affected by the modular branching pattern of the stem and intra-and inter-shoot trophic competition. Annals of Botany, 93:263-274.
17. Linsley-Noakes G.C. and Allan P. 1987. Effects of Winter Temperatures on Flower Development in Two Clones of Kiwifruit (Actinidiadeliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R.Ferguson), ScientiaHorticulturae, 33:249-260.
18. Luedeling E. and Brown P.H. 2011. A global analysis of the comparability of winter chill models for fruit and nut trees. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55:411-421.
19. McNeilage M.A. 1991. Gender variation in Actinidiadeliciosa, the kiwifruit. Sexual Plant Reproduction 4:267-273.
20. McPherson H.G., Snelgar W.P., Manson P.J. and Snowball A.M. 1997. Bud respiration and dormancy of kiwifruit (Actinidiadeliciosa). Annuals of Botany, 80: 411-418.
21. McPherson H.G., Richardson A.C., Snelgar W.P. and Currie M.B. 2001. Effects of hydrogen cyanamide on budbreak and flowering in kiwifruit (Actinidiadeliciosa ‘Hayward’). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 29: 277-285.
22. McPherson H.G., Stanley C.J. and Warrenton I.J. 1995. The response of budbreak and flowering to cool winter temperatures in kiwifruit (Actinidiadeliciosa). Journal of Horticultural Science, 70: 737-47.
23. Melke A. 2015. The Physiology of Chilling Temperature Requirements for Dormancy Release and Bud-break in Temperate Fruit Trees Grown at Mild Winter Tropical Climate. Journal of Plant Studies, 4(2): 110-156.
24. Okie W.R. and Blackburn B. 2011. Increasing chilling reduces heat requirement for floral budbreak in peach. HortScience, 46:245-252.
25. Polito V.S. and Grant J.A. 1984. Initiation and development of pistillate flowers in Actinidiachinensis. ScientiaHorticulturae, 22: 365-371.
26. Richardson A.C., Walton E.F., Meekings J.S. and Boldingh H.L. 2010. Carbohydrate changes in kiwifruit buds during the onset and release from dormancy. ScientiaHorticulturae, 124: 463-468.
27. Salineroa M.C., Velaa P. and Sainzb M.J. 2009. Phenological growth stages of kiwifruit (Actinidiadeliciosa ‘Hayward’). ScientiaHorticulturae, 121:27-31.
28. Snelgar W.P., and Manson P.J. 1992. Determination of the time of flower evocation in kiwifruit vines. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 20:439-447.
29. Snelgar W.P., Clearwater M.J., and Walton E.F. 2007. Flowering of kiwifruit (Actinidiadeliciosa) is reduced by long photoperiods. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 35: 33-38.
30. Snelgar W.P., Bayley G.S. and Manson P.J. 1988. Temperature studies on kiwifruit vines using relocatable greenhouses, New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 16: 329-339.
31. Snelgar W.P., Manson P.J. and McPherson H.G. 1997. Evaluating winter chilling of kiwifruit using excised canes. Journal of Horticultural Science, 72(2):305-315.
32. Snowball A.M. 1995. The seasonal of leaf, shoot and bud development in kiwifruit. Journal of Horticultural Science, 70: 787–797.
33. Wall C., Dozier W., Ebel R.C., Wilkins B., Woods F. and Foshee W. 2008. Vegetative and Floral Chilling Requirements of Four New Kiwi Cultivars of Actinidiachinensis and A. deliciosa. HortScience, 43(3): 644-647.
34. Walser, R.H., Walker, D.R. and Seeley, S.D. 1981. Effect of temperature, fall defoliation, and gibberellic Acid on the rest period of peach leaf buds. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 106: 91-94.
35. Walton E.F. and Fowke P.J. 1993. Effect of hydrogen cyanamide on kiwifruit shoot flower number and position. Journal of Horticultural Science, 68: 529-534.
36. Walton E.F., Fowke P.J., Weis K. and McLeay P.L. 1997. Shoot axillary bud morphogenesis in kiwifruit (Actinidiadeliciosa). Annals of Botany, 80: 13-21.
37. Watanabe K. and Takahashi B. 1984. Flower bud differentiation and development of Kiwi (Actinidiachinensis Planch.). Journal of the Japanese Society of Horticultural Science, 53:259-264.
38. Young E. and Werner D.J. 1985. Chill unit and growing degree hour requirements for vegetative bud break in six apple rootstocks. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 110: 411-413.
39. Zhongyan‏ ‏‎W. 1992. Mechanism of rootstock effects on flowering in kiwifruit. Ph.D. Thesis.University of Auckland.
CAPTCHA Image