The Effect of Medium Cultures on Water Use and Charactristic of Gazania Flowers (Gazania hybrida) in Green Roof.

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Tahereh Bahrami
• Vahid Rouhi
• Abdolrahman Mohammadkhani
• Saeid Reezi

Shahrekord University

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v30i3.46966

Abstract

Introduction: Green roof is one of the newest phenomenons in architecture and urbanism that refers to the sustainable development concepts and it will be usable for increasing landscape design, improving quality of the environment and reduction in energy consumption. Ensure of existing adequate green landscape in urban areas and improving access to natural areas surrounding the cities can help to offset negative effects of urban life. The use of green roof technology in cities is one of advanced techniques of green landscape. A green or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium on top view of buildings. Green roof layers that considered for roof side consist of protection layer, drainage layer, growing medium and plant layer. Medium layer is the medium culture of green roof that plants are begins to grow in it. This space should enable to save enough minerals and water for conserve of green-roof plants. All kinds of plants can growth on the green roof, but there are some constraints in creative of design because of roots dimension, plant canopy, necessary volume of soil, suitable direction to light, good weather, weight of designed structures, budget of repairing and keeping.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effect of some culture medium on water consumption, vegetative and reproductive traits of Gazania (Gazania hybrida) in condition of green roof a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with nine treatments and three replications in 2014. Treatments were three levels of vermicompost (zero, 5%, and 10%) and rice hull (zero, 7, and 14%). Seedlings of plants cultivated in the media mixture of coco peat 15%, perlite 15%, leaf 10%, manure 10%, and filed soil 50%. The container had 60 × 60 ×25 cm dimensions that placed on the roof of greenhouse building with four meters height. The measured traits was number, average, and diameter of flower, stem diameter, plant height and diameter, crown diameter, the number of produced seedlings, root volume and chlorophyll. The weight of different mediums measured for medium of green roof suitable texture. In addition, in the certain period (three months), water consumption calculated with considering of daily evaporate and transpiration for each of medium. Data analyzed using SAS and MSTAT-C statistical program and means compared using a Duncan test (p < 0.05).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that vermicompost treatments had significant effects on the number and diameter of flowers and stem height of the plant, but had no effect on plant's stem diameter. Based on the results, different amounts of vermicompost increased the flower number and average per day and also the plant length. The largest flower number (88.33) and average (6.3) per day and the plant length (14.52) were observed in 10% vermicompost treatment and the lowest observed in control treatment. In addition, rice hull treatments had significant effect on flower number and diameter. However, rich hull had not any significant effect on stem number and diameter. Mean comparisons showed the highest and lowest flower number (82.4 and 82.1), mean flower number per day (5.88 and 5.86) in 14% and 7% rice hull treatments, respectively. Also, the highest flower diameter was related to 14% rice hull treatments. Result of analysis variance table showed significant effect on flower crown weight, length and diameter and root volume. Rice hull treatments also had significant effect on flower crown number and diameter and root volume. In this study, combination of 10% vermicompost with %7 rice hull treatment, have the greatest impact on the latedmost traits and reducing water consumption on green roof. As results showed water consumption in the certain period (three months), the lowest consumption belonged to 14% rice hull without vermicompost that had lowest water consumption in comparison with reference. In addition, the heaviest weight of different mediums was related to control and the lightest medium was belonged to 5%, vermicompost in combination with 14% rice hull.
Conclusion: The vermicompost and rice hull as bio-fertilizers not only increased structure, physical and chemical condition of medium but also increased nutrition and reduced water consumption. Vermicompost and rice hull both improved the most flower traits on green roof and reduced water consumption and weight of different mediums. Therefore, the vermicompost and rice hull (14% and 7%) combined with soil mixture can be used as a culture medium in green roofs.

Keywords

• landscape
• Rice Hull
• vegetation
• Vermicompost
• Water consumption

20.1001.1.20084730.1395.30.3.9.8

References

1. Ameri A., Tehranifar A., Davarynejad G.H., and Shoor M. 2012. Effect of substrate and cultivar on growth characteristic of strawberry in soilless culture system. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(56): 11960-11966. (in Persian with English abstract)

2. Aminoroaya S., Naderi D., Golparvar A.R., and Gheisari M.M. 2013. Investigate of morphological variation in Marigold (Calendula Officinalis L.) at different substrates. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3:3807-3810.

3. Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A., and Khanuja S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(13-14): 1737-1746.

4. Arnon A.N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants.Agronomy Journal, 23: 112-121.

5. Arshad M., and Chamani E. 2009. Effect of vermicompost on the vegetative and flowering petunia varieties Dream Neon Rose. P.4. The Sixth Congress of Horticultural Sciences. Gilan University.

6. Astaraei A.R. 2006. Effect of municipal solid waste compost and vermi compost on yield and yiled components of Plantago ovata. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, 3(33): 180-187. (in Persian with English abstract).

7. Atiyeh R., Edwards C.A., Subler S., and Metzeger J.D. 2001. Pig manure vermicompost as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: Effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 78: 11- 20.

8. Beyk khormizi A., Abrishamchi P., and Ganjeali A. 2014. Effect of Vermicompost on Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentom L.) Varieties, Mobil and Superorbina journal of horticultural science, 27(4): 383-393.

9. Bradley R.D. 2010. Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environmental Pollution, 159(8-9): 2100-2110.

10. Bremness L. 1999. Herbs. eyewitness handbook. London. pp: 176.

11. Chamani E., Joyce D.C., and Reyhanytabar A. 2008. Vermicompost effects on the growth and flowering of Petunia hybrida ‘Dream Neon Rose: American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural And Envirronmental Sciences, 3(3): 506-512.

12. Darzi M.T., Ghalavand A., Rejali F., and Sefidkon F. 2006. Effects of biofertilizers application on yield and yield components in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22 (4): 276-292.

13. Evans M.R., and Gachukia M. 2004. Fresh parboiled rice hulls serve as an alternative to perlite in greenhouse crop substrates. HortScience, 39: 232-235.

14. Fernandez-Cañero R., Emilsson T., Fernandez-Barba C., and Machuca M. Ã. H. 2013. Green roof systems: A study of public attitudes and preferences in southern Spain. Journal of Environmental Management. 128: 106-115.

15. Fotouhi K., Ahmadali J., Noorjoo A., Khorshid A. 2008. Irrigation management based on allowed water depletion at different growth stages of sugar beet in Miyandoab region. Journal of Sugar Beet, 24(1): 43-60. (in Persian with English abstract)

16. Gandomkar A., Kalbasy M., and Ghorbani A. 2003. Effect of compost leachate on yield and chemical composition of corn and the effects of leachate residual on soil characteristics. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 60: 2-8. (in Persian with English abstract)

17. Gao X., Zou C., Wang L., and Zhang F. 2005. Silicon improves water use efficiency in maize plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27(8): 1457-1470

18. Gul A., 1999. Investigation on the Effect of media and bag volume on Cucumber. Cahier Option Mediterranean’s, 31: 371-378.

19. Hamidpour M., Amjazi H., Taj Abadi A., and Hoseini H. 2012. Effect of phosphorus, vermicompost and natural zeolite on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of zinnia elegans. Journal of science and technology of greenhouse culture, 3(10): 79-87. (in Persian with English abstract).

20. Hamidpour M., Fathi S., and Roosta H.R. 2013. Effects of zeolite and vermicompost on growth characteristics and concentration of some nutrients in Petunia hybrida. Journal of science and technology of greenhouse culture, 4(13): 95- 103. (in Persian with English abstract).

21. Hekmati j. 2011. The seasonal flowers. Publication of Agriculture Iran, Tehran.

22. Hohjo M., Ganda M., Maruo T., Shinohara Y., and Ito T. 2001. Effect of NaCl application on growth. Yield and fruit quality in NFT- tomato plants. Acta Horticulturae, 548: 469-475.

23. Inden H., and Torres A. 2004. Comparison of four substrates on the growth and quality of tomatoes. Acta Horticulturae, (ISHS), 644: 205-210.

24. Islam M.D.S., Khan S., Ito T., Maruo T., and Shinohara Y. 2002. Characterization of the physicochemical properties of environmentally friendly organic substrate in relation to rockwool. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 77: 143-148.

25. Janati N., Azizi G., and Arian M. 2012. Effect of vermicompost and humic acid on some of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Garden savory (Satureia hortensis). National conference on natural products and medicinal plants, 26-27 Sep. 2012. Bojnoord. Iran.

26. Kamenidou S., Cavins T.J., and Marek S. 2008. Silicon supplements affect horticultural traits of greenhouse-produced ornamental sunflowers. Horticultural Sciences, 43(1): 236–239.

27. Kamenidou S., Cavins T.J., and Marek S. 2009. Evaluation of silicon as a nutritional supplement for greenhouse zinnia production. Scientia Horticulturae, 119: 297-301.

28. Kamenidou S., Cavins T.J., and Marek S. 2010. Silicon supplements affect floricultural quality traits and elemental nutrient concentrations of greenhouse produced gerbera. Scientia Horticulturae, 123: 390-394.

29. Kheyrabi J., Tavakoli A., Entesari M., and Salamat A. 1996. Deficit irrigation guidelines. Journal of the working group water management plants and crops, Press the Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage.

30. Khorramdel S., Amin-ghafoori A., Rezvani-moghaddam P., and Nassiri-Mahallati M. 2010. TheEffect of diffrent Irrigation levels with using Biological Fertilizers on Seed Yield, Chlorophyll and RWC of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), 1st National. Conference of Sustain. Agricultural. & Healthy Products: 83-87.

31. Khoshkhoy M. 2013. Floriculture principles and species. Shiraz University Press, Shiraz.

32. Kupfer C., and Kahnt G. 1992. Effects of application of amorphous silica on transpiration and photosynthesis of soybean plants under varied soil and relative air humidity conditions. Journal of Agronomy. and Crop Sciences, 168: 318-325.

33. Ma JF., and Takahashi E. 2002. Soil, Fertilizer, and Plant Silicon Research in Japan. Elsevier Science B. V., 1000 AE Amsterdam.

34. Mahbob Khomami A. 2011. Effect of Sawdust Vermicompost in Pot Media on Nutrition and Growth of Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia amonea) Plant. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 26(4): 435-444. (in Persian with English abstract)

35. Mahbob Khomami A. 2011. The Effects of Kind and Rate of Vermicompost in Pot Medium on the Growth of Ficus bengamina. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 26(2): 333-346. (in Persian with English abstract)

36. Mahdloei S. 2010. Feasibility study of vertical green space in greater Tehran (Case Study: Tehran region 5). Master in science thesis of environment design.

37. Mahmodi N., Iranbakhsh A., and motalebi A. 2012. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species coexist on the qualitative and quantitative properties of the herb sage. Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Garmsar.

38. Mehrafsar S. 2013. Green roofs and challenges in the process of implementing them.Payam-e- Sabz.109(12): 13-16. (in Persian)

39. Mirmosavi H., Panahi H., Akbari H., and Akbarzadeh Y. 2012. The calibration methods used to estimate potential crop reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and calculate crop water requirement (ETc) Olive in Kermanshah province. Journal of Geography and Sustainability, 3: 45- 64. (in Persian)

40. Padmavathiamma P.K., Li L.Y., and Kumari U.R. 2008. An experimental study of vermin-biowaste composting for agriculture soil improvement. Bioresource Technology, 99: 1672-1681.

41. Prakash N.B., Narayanaswamy C., and Chandrashekar N. 2010. Status, calibration, and categorization of plant available silicon in different rice soils of Karnataka. Technical Bulletin from Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

42. Raja Sekar K., and Karmegan N. 2010. Earthworm casts as an alternate carrier material for biofertilizers: Assessment of endurance and viability of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium and Rhizobiumleguminosarum. Scientia Horticulturae, 124: 286-289.

43. Rasouli F., and Maftoun M. 2010. Residual effects of two organic matters with or without nitrogen on growth and chemical composition of wheat and some soil chemical properties. Journal of Water and Soil, 24(2): 262-273. (in Persian with English abstract)

44. Razavian M., and Ghafouri Pour A. 2010. Green roofs. Amayesh Geographical Journal, 10: 137-170. (in Persian)

45. Revenga, C. 2000. Will there be enough water? Available online at: www.genie.uohawa.ca/nfrentte/cvg4122/content.html.

46. Saeidnejad A.H., and Rezvani Moghadam P. 2010. Investigation the effect of compost, vermicompost, cow and sheep manures on yield, yield components and essence percentage of cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Journal of Horticultural Science, 24(2): 142- 148. (in Persian with English abstract)

47. Sailor D.J. 2008. A green roof model for building energy simulation programs. Energy and Buildings, 40: 1466-1478.

48. Sanches Govin E., Rodrigues Gonzales H., Carballo Guerra C., and Milanes Figueredo M. 2005. Influence of organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers on the quality of medicinal species Calendula officinalis L. and Matricaria recutita L. Cuban Journal of medicinal Plants, 10(1). pp: 1.

49. Sangwan P., Kaushik C.P., and Garg V.K. 2008. Feasibility of utilization of horse dung spiked filter cake in vermicomposters using exotic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology, 99: 2442-2448.

50. Shafagh Kolvanagh J., Zehtab Salmasi S., Javanshir A., Moghaddam M.and Dabbagh Mohammadinasab A. 2010. Influence of nitrogen and weed interference on grain yield, yield components and leaf chlorophyll value of Soybean. Journnal of Sustainable Agricultue and Production Science, 19(1): 1-20. (in Persian)

51. Shahbazi M., Chamani E., Shahbazi M., and Mostafavi M. 2012. Investigation of media (Vermicompost, Peat and Coco- Peat) on growth and flowering of Carnation flower. Journnal of Sustainable Agricultue and Production Science, 22(3): 127-136. (in Persian with English abstract)

52. Yoo S.H., Choi J.Y., and Jang M.W. 2008. Estimation of design water requirement using FAO Penman-Monteith and optimal probability distribution function in South Korea. Agricultural. Water Management, 95: 845-853.