Mahjabin Adel; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri; Mohammad Ali Nejatian; Maryam Adel
Abstract
Introduction: Distribution of photosynthetic substances between vegetative and reproductive parts is influenced by the environmental factors as well as plant nutrition status. Therefore, application of nutrient substances (such as chelated magnesium sulfate and salicylic acid combination) can influence ...
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Introduction: Distribution of photosynthetic substances between vegetative and reproductive parts is influenced by the environmental factors as well as plant nutrition status. Therefore, application of nutrient substances (such as chelated magnesium sulfate and salicylic acid combination) can influence the distribution of photosynthetic substances which in turn result in changes in allocation of photo-assimilates between vegetative and reproductive parts. Since the investigation of partitioning of photo- assimilates is complex and the interpretation of treatments effects on partitioning of substances is difficult in garden plants, this examination has been focused on external application of nutritional treatments on different organs growth by comparing the effects of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate on the allocation of photo- assimilates.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was performed in a commercial 10-year old orchard of Qazvin in 2013. Initially, 60 uniform pears (cv. Louise Bonne) which were infected to fire blight disease were selected. Before treatment imposing, agronomic practices such as removing and pruning infected shoots were applied. Treatments were combination of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate at different levels, which were applied on foliage under the conditions of neutral pollution to fire blight. In the present research, vegetative parameters (current shoot growth, leaf weight, leaf area, relative water content and so on) and reproductive parameters (length: diameter ratio and density of fruit and so on) were measured.
The fully expanded leaves were collected randomly from each replicate. After washing the samples were weighed and these values referred to as initial readings (fresh weight). Then, the leaf samples were placed in distilled water for 24 h in the dark at room temperature. The turgid leaves were blotted dry and weighed (saturation weight). After weighing, the material was oven-dried at 70 °C for 24 h. Relative water content (RWC) of the leaves was appraised as described by Ritchie and Nguyen (19) using the following formula:
RWC (%) = [(f. wt. – d. wt.) / (t. wt. – d. wt.)] × 100
Where f. wt, d. wt and t. wt are fresh weight, dry weight and turgid weight, respectively.
Diameter and length of fruit were measured by nondestructive method (on the tree) and by using digital caliper in the places of maximum length and maximum width diameters, and length: diameter ratio from the division of these two parameters. Fruit weight was estimated by digital scale (0.01 g) and its volume by the difference of the water level of scaled column, and then fruit density was calculated by using formula d=M/V.
In order to estimate the parameters of leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight, leaf area meter and oven were used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments on decrease or increase current shoot growth, measuring shoot length was reported by tape measure according to centimeter.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the most amount of specific leaf weight was allocated in chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 and 0.7 g: 1000 ml) treatments and the least amount was belonged to the control group. The extent of changes in leaf area was between 28.17 to 44.33 cm2, were recorded to control group (without water) and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The minimum and maximum of specific leaf area were ranged between 44.14 to 59.40 cm2 and belonged to control group (without water) and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The most current shoot growth was observed in control group (without water) and the least quantity was in chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml). The minimum and maximum of fresh weight of leaf was changeable between 1.513 to 1.94 g were recorded to control group and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The most and the least content of leaf relative water were observed to salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml) and salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The extent of changes in fruit specific gravity was changeable between 0.72 to 0.97 g to cm3. The maximum amount of fruit specific gravity was seen in salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) and the minimum amount was in salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) treatment. The conformity of the maximum current shoot growth and leaf fresh weight with the minimum leaf dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight to control group and control group (without water) can declare the effect of treatment substances on the allocating manner of substances in different organs in plants and its stimulating effect on vegetative indexes that is not observable in the lack of treatment substances. The allocation of the most fruit specific gravity and also the least leaf relative water content and the least fruit length: diameter ratio to salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) can confirm the opposit relation among these parameters in the way of substances allocation and the effect of above treatment on this opposit relation. Denser fruits have fewer growth rather than types with the more blank space and receive a more carbohydrate from the tree rather than their weight. The decrease of relative water content of leaf can also be explained in the direction of the more absorption of carbohydrate by fruit as a strong sink. In other words, the existence of fruit as a strong sink in favorable conditions for photosynthesis (with paying attention to the high vegetative indexes) can prevent gathering water in chloroplast and cause an increase of fruit specific gravity.
Also, the allocation of the most specific leaf weight and the least fruit length: diameter ratio and the least current shoot growth to chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml) express the positive role of sulfur in aforesaid concentration on stimulating leaf growth and its negative role in stimulating growth of shoot and fruit that somehow points on the effect of treatment substances on the allocation of substances (elaborate sap) to different organs. The sulfur compounds can cause preventing gibberellin synthesis and the decrease of internode length, like other growth retardants.
The maximum fruit length: diameter ratio was belonged to salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml). Salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) treatment induced maximum amounts of fruit length and diameter to itself that confirms the positive role of salicylic acid in stimulating growth in stress conditions (biotic stress derived from Erwinia amylovora). The significant negative correlation (p
Sakineh Bagheri; Dariush Davoodi; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri; Mina Bayanati; Mehrnaz Entesari
Abstract
Introduction: The GF677(Prunusamygdalus×P. persica) is a peach rootstock tolerant to Fe deficiency. Nowadays, it is mainly propagated through micro propagation. Widening and undesirable growth of leaves as well as poor rooting are major problems during its in vitro culture. GF-677 is one of the most ...
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Introduction: The GF677(Prunusamygdalus×P. persica) is a peach rootstock tolerant to Fe deficiency. Nowadays, it is mainly propagated through micro propagation. Widening and undesirable growth of leaves as well as poor rooting are major problems during its in vitro culture. GF-677 is one of the most suitable rootstocks for almond and peach used in calcareous soils to overcome lime-induced chlorosis. Therefore, in vitro micro propagation is important for commercial purposes. Using liquid medium, it may be possible to reduce costs to a level lower than solid medium and liquid medium is better than solid medium in growth. Both the brand and concentration of agar also affect the chemical and physical characteristics of a culture medium. One of the main factors on micropropagation is hormone specially BAP. Furthermore, shoot branching depends on the initiation and activity of axillary meristems, which usually controlled by cytokinin. The rooting stage, the induction of roots on explants from in vitro culture is crucial part in any micropropagation process. The ability of plant tissue to form adventitious roots depends on interaction of many exogenous and endogenous factors, including hormone. Most reports of adventitious root induction of woody species have involved treatments with exogenous auxins such as IBA, NAA or IAA. Dimassi-Theriou (1995) for rooting of GF-677 compared different culture media and results on the rooting of these rootstocks depend on the type of medium culture.
Materials and Methods: Axillary shoot of GF677 was cultured on both liquid and solid media. In proliferation step both liquid and solid media (MS, DKW and WPM) were used in primary stages of the experiment. Medium containing BAP 1mg.land-1 NAA 0.1mg.l-1. Under growth chamber conditions, light intensity was maintained at 2500-3000 lux with an 8-hour dark period. For rooting, 3-4 cm-long shoots from previous culture were transferred to 1/2 MS medium containing IBA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1/5mg.l-1) and 6 , 0 g l-1 agar. Darkness during the last week of the rooting phase has been shown to be necessary in stimulating rooting in some woody species. Note that the room temperature was maintained at 25°C during this experimental stage. The experiment was carried out based on factorial adopted completely randomized design with 5 replications per treatment. Explants shoot lengths, shoot numbers, root lengths and root numbers were recorded after 4 weeks which propagated plants via tissue culture were transferred to soil medium using 50% peat and 50% perlit mixture.
Results and Discussion:
Shoot proliferation: The observation indicates that there were significant differences between solid and liquid media. Best results were achieved for proliferation by liquid medium and among which MS obtained the highest frequency. The highest number of shoot was observed in MS medium and the lowest number of shoot was observed in WPM medium. Increasing mineral concentration resulted in increased multiplication, growth rate and total mineral uptake by GF677 explants.
Root initiation of in vitro: Various concentrations of IBA showed significant differences. The maximum number of roots and root length were observed in the medium containing 0.5 mg.l-1 IBA. The best results were obtained for rooting in liquid 1/2 MS supplemented with 0.5 mg.l-1 IBA. The mean survival of the plants were transferred to liquid medium (75%) and mean survival of the plants were transferred from the solid culture medium (50%).
Conclusion: In conclusion, a micropropagation system for GF677 has been worked out utilizing nodal explants. Our investigation showed that the liquid MS medium with 1 mg.lit-1 BAP was the best for proliferation of GF677 and micropropagated plants were rooted and established in soil successfully. WPM medium is higher in chloride level which has been reported to result in growth depression in plants due to inhibited nutrient uptake, transport and utilization of nutrients variation in multiplication and growth of explants can be explained on the basis of water potential and mineral availability to the explants in the liquid medium. Many investigators have reported that IBA has a better effect on promoting adventitious root formation in comparison to IAA. The best results were obtained for rooting in 1/2 MS supplemented with 0.5 mg. l/1 IBA.
Mahjabin Adel; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri; Mohammad Ali Nejatian
Abstract
Introduction: Fruit quality is described based on the crop functions (for industry or table) and/or difference of the consumer tastes in different societies. The conformity of the quality with consumer demands has an effective role in improvement of the marketing process. For example, elongated pears ...
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Introduction: Fruit quality is described based on the crop functions (for industry or table) and/or difference of the consumer tastes in different societies. The conformity of the quality with consumer demands has an effective role in improvement of the marketing process. For example, elongated pears are preferred for the processing industries and conserving productions. The lack of attention to retaining of quality and/or improvement of apparent situation of gardening product in proportion to consumer demands decreases especial consumer acceptance. The necessity of having desired quality characteristics in pear fruits from the characters viewpoint of fruit specific gravity (major rating criterion of pears) and proportion of length to diameter (minor rating), because of their role in market acceptance and pricing, is evident. Fruit quality, while harvesting, as one of the components of plants fertility influenced under different parameters like nourishment and could be managed during growth season. In other words, the gain of qualities proportionated to consumers demands and/or processing industries is possible by the use of acquired method such as the kind of mother plant nutrition, and control of pests and diseases, etc. In the current research, the effect of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate was studied on physical indexes of fruits quality of pear fruit.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the effect of treatment agents, an experiment was conducted in the ecological conditions of Qazvinon Pear trees belonging to Louise Bonne cultivar in the Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments includecontrol group (with andwithout water),chelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.5 gram in a liter, chelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.7gram in a liter, salicylic acid with concentration of0.1 gram in a liter,the compound treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.1 andchelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.5 gram in a liter, the compound treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.1andchelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.7gram in a liter, salicylic acid with concentration of 0.5gram in a liter,the compound treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.5andchelatedmagnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.5 gram in a liter, and the compound treatment of salicylic acid withconcentration of 0.5andchelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.7gram in a liter. Measuring the attributes of fruit weight, fruitvolume, fruit specific gravity(W/V), fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit shape index (L/D) were made in two successive years (2012, 2013).Diameter andlength of fruit earned by nondestructive method and by using digital caliper (Mitutoyo) in the place of maximum length and width diameters andlength: diameter ratio by division of these two parameters. Fruit weight estimated by digital scale (0.01 g) and its volume by the difference of the water level of scaled column and fruit density was calculated by using formula d=M/V. The statistic calculations of measured characteristics were made using MSTATC and SPSS soft wares and the comparison of means using Duncan's test.
Results and discussion: The results indicated that the plants nourishment using organic and mineral combinations had an influence on quality characteristics and there was a significant difference among combinations in most cases (p< 0.01). In the way that the extent of changes among different treatments was changeable in the case of fruit length between 64.67 to 76.82 mm, fruit diameter between 45.01 to 57.81 mm, proportion oflength to diameter between 1.28 to 1.59 mm, fruitvolume between 54.67 to 128.7cm3, fruit weight between 67.39 to 121.7 g and fruit specific gravity between 0.72 to 0.97 g to cm3. Maximum weight, volume and specific gravity in fruits were allocated to the treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.1gram in a liter, the compound treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.1 and chelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.5gram in a liter, and the compound treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.5and chelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.7 gram in a liter, respectively and the least amount in each of the three cases was related to the treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.5 gram in a liter, too. The most and the least amount oflength: diameter ratio were allocated to the treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.5 gram in a liter and the compound treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.1 and chelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.5gram in a liter, respectively. The increase of crop quality by salicylic acid in plants under tension conforms to the other study results. Salicylic acid has an important role in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, plant development, ion absorption and photosynthesis. Therefore, the application of salicylic acid as a plant growth regulator besides the mineral compound of chelated magnesium sulfate is effective on physical indexes of fruit quality in Pear.
Conclusions: The results indicated that the fruits treated with salicylicacid with concentration of 0.5 gram in a liter had more proportion of length to diameter and less specific gravityrelated to others and the aforesaid treatment can be paid attention as proposed nutrition to produce lighter and more extended pear fruits, depending on the purpose.Furthermore, the compound treatment of salicylic acid with concentration of 0.5 and chelated magnesium sulfate with concentration of 0.7 gram in a litercan be paid attention as proposed nutrition to produce heavier pear fruits, too and that is because of its allocation of the most amount of fruit specific gravity.
Sakineh Hasanzadeh; Fariborz Habibi; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri
Abstract
Introduction: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belongs to the Punicaceae family and grows in subtropical and Mediterranean climates. Nowadays the widespread usage of inorganic fertilizers has increased and so people concern about their health. The use of organic fertilizer instead of inorganic fertilizers ...
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Introduction: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belongs to the Punicaceae family and grows in subtropical and Mediterranean climates. Nowadays the widespread usage of inorganic fertilizers has increased and so people concern about their health. The use of organic fertilizer instead of inorganic fertilizers is one of the methods of preserving health. Pomegranate is one of the most important products of Iran. This fruit plant is cultivated in some regions in arid and semi-arid areas. Due to the long growing season of pomegranate, droughtstress is one of the main limiting factors in the development of pomegranate orchards in Iran. Utilization of amino acids can help to increase efficiency and improve the quality of the fruit under environmental stress. Thus, this study aims to findany possibility to increase the production and quality of the fruit during the drought. The goalof this study was to study the effect of organic Aminol-Forte fertilizer on physiological and biochemical responses of pomegranate cv. Naderi under drought stress conditions.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in AbShirin field located on the old road 40 km from Qom-Kashan during 2011. Asplit plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with two factors, irrigation treatment in three levels (100% required water, 75% required water and 50% required water) and Aminol-Forte fertilizer treatment in four levels (0, 2, 3 and 4 ml/l). Spraying was conducted in four stages (pre-anthesis, after fruit set, fruit growth andtwo weeks per-harvest). In the end of the experiment, chlorophyll index, soluble sugars, insoluble sugars, proline, canopy degree and stomatal conductance were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17 program. Means were separated according to the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at 0.01 level of probability.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance of Aminol-forte fertilizer spraying on physiological and biochemical responses of pomegranate cv. Naderi under drought stress conditions showed that between irrigation treatment for chlorophyll index, proline and stomatal conductance were significant at 1% level of probability, and at 5% level of probability soluble sugarand insoluble sugar and canopy degree were significant. Fertilizer treatment at 1% level of probability was significant for proline and at 5% level of probability was significant for soluble sugars. Interaction was significant for soluble sugars, proline and canopy degree. Means showed that by increasing fertilizer level, soluble sugars content, proline and stomatal conductance significantly increased insoluble sugars and chlorophyll index decreased insignificantly. By decreasing irrigation levels, chlorophyll index, soluble sugars and proline significantly increased, meanwhile insoluble sugars and stomatal conductance significantly decreased. The highest chlorophyll index (65.44 SPAD) and the lowest chlorophyll index (56.48 SPAD) were obtained in 75% required water with 2 ml/l of fertilizer level and 100% required water with 3 ml/l of fertilizer level, respectively. The highest soluble sugars (14.94 mg/g) and the lowest soluble sugars (11.64 mg/l) were obtained in 50% required water with 0 ml/l of fertilizer level and 100% required water 2 ml/l of fertilizer level, respectively. The highest insoluble sugars (9.99 mg/g) and the lowest insoluble sugars (6.82 mg/l) were measured in 100% required water with 3 ml/l of fertilizer level and 50% required water with 2 ml/l of fertilizer level, respectively. The highest proline content (2.51μmol/l) and the lowest proline content (1.05μmol/l) were obtained in 50% required water with 4 ml/l of fertilizer level and 100% required water with 0 ml/l of fertilizer level, respectively. The highest canopy degree (-7.31˚c) and the lowest canopy degree (-9.38˚c) were measured in 50% required water with 4 ml/l of fertilizer level and 100% required water with 4 ml/l of fertilizer level, respectively. The highest stomatal conductance (38.23 mmol/m2/s) and the lowest stomatal conductance (9.7 mmol/m2/s) were obtained in 50% required water with 2 ml/l of fertilizer level and 100% required water with 3 ml/l of fertilizer level, respectively.
Conclusion: By increasing the level of Aminol-Forte fertilizer from 0 to 4 ml/l, soluble sugars content, proline and stomatal conductance significantly increased meanwhile insoluble sugars and the chlorophyll index decreased. Drought stress increased soluble sugars content, chlorophyll index, canopy degree and proline but, insoluble sugars and stomatal conductance decreased. According obtained results, it can be said, spraying of Aminol-Forte fertilizer containing amino acid could significantly reduce the negative effects of drought stress. In this study, the best results in terms of stress and no stress were obtained in 3 and 4 ml/l of Aminol-Forte fertilizer.
Mehri Mashayekhi; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri; Fariborz Habibi
Abstract
Introduction: Salinity is the most significant abiotic factor limiting crop productivity and several physiological responses, including modification of ion balance, water status, mineral nutrition, stomatal behavior, photosynthetic efficiency and so on. The GF677 (Prunuspersica×Prunusamygdalus) is widelyusedas ...
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Introduction: Salinity is the most significant abiotic factor limiting crop productivity and several physiological responses, including modification of ion balance, water status, mineral nutrition, stomatal behavior, photosynthetic efficiency and so on. The GF677 (Prunuspersica×Prunusamygdalus) is widelyusedas rootstock for peach and almond. It is mainly used as a rootstock because of its resistance to drought, calcic soil and Fe deficiency. Nowadays, using tissue culture techniques is very popular for the selection of plant resistant to abiotic stress (in vitro salinity); because in vitro conditions are more controllable than in vivo conditions and the large number of genotypes can be evaluated in a limited space. For example, in the field, plants are exposed to variable biological and climatic conditions which result in some interaction effects. In other words, the nutrition and climatic effects are easily controllable in the in vitro conditions all over the year. The objective of this study is to identify biochemical markers of salinity stress of GF677 rootstock under in vitro conditions.
Materials and Methods: Plantlets of GF677 rootstock were subcultured into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) proliferation medium containing1 mg/l BA (6-Benzyladenine)and 0.1 mg/l NAA (naphthaline acetic acid) with different concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM) of sodium chloride (NaCl) with four replicates. Cultures were transferred to the growth chamber with temperature of 25±2°C, relative humidity of 70%, under a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod. Data were collected at the end of the experiment (6th weeks). Antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content, soluble sugars, and Na and Cl were measured. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates (a vessel in each replicate) and statistical analysis was performed using MSTAT-C program. Means were separated according to the Duncan’s multiple range test (DNMRT) at 0.05 level of probability.
Results and Discussion: After six weeks, the results showed that by increasing salinity levelsin the culture medium, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content and soluble sugars increased significantly. The antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and peroxidase) were increased significantly in the GF677 rootstock by increasing salinity levels. Catalase activity increased with increasing salinity levels, such that the maximum value (0.61 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]) was observed in 80 mM sodium chloride treatment. The lowest catalase activity (0.11 mg [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]) was observed in 120 mM. The highest of peroxidase enzyme activity (0.109 and 0.105 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]), was obtained in 80 and 40 mM, respectively. Also, by increasing the salinity level, total protein content increased significantly in GF677 plantlets. The highest total protein was observed in 80 mM sodium chloride. By increasing salinity levels, proline content increased compared to the control at the GF677 rootstock, but no significant difference was observed between salinity levels. The highest accumulation of proline was obtained in 80 and 120 mM, respectively, while the lowest proline was obtained in control. By increasing salinity levels, soluble sugars increased in GF677 rootstock. The highest accumulation of soluble sugars was obtained in 80 mM. By increasing salinity levels in the cultural medium, the uptakeof sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) significantly increased in GF677 rootstocks over the six-week culture period. The highest uptake of Na and Cl ions in plant tissue was observed in 4th week. The results showed that with increasing salinity levels (80 to 120 mM), leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD unit) decreased in GF677 rootstock. The lowest chlorophyll index was observed in 120 mM treatment, while the highest leaf chlorophyll index was obtained in the control treatment.
Conclusion: According to the results and analysis of biochemical and enzymatic responses,it can be concluded that GF677 is a concentration tolerant to salinity up to 120 mM. The highest amount of biochemical responses and enzymatic activity was observed at 80 mM, where the continued growth of the plant was in terms of salinity. The rootstock was due to antioxidant defense mechanisms such as antioxidant systems, osmotic adjustment by proline and soluble sugars and increasing protein synthesis can sustain growth even under salinity conditions, as a tolerant rootstock was used for peach and almond cultivars.
Fateme Zafari; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri; Ali Vatanpour Azghandi
Abstract
This study was conducted to find out the influence of in vitro salinity on growth parameters shoot length, number of leaves, number of new buds, the chlorophyll, chlorosis and necrosis and absorption of sodium, chloride, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus of pear (Pyrus communis cv. Dargazi) in vitro ...
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This study was conducted to find out the influence of in vitro salinity on growth parameters shoot length, number of leaves, number of new buds, the chlorophyll, chlorosis and necrosis and absorption of sodium, chloride, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus of pear (Pyrus communis cv. Dargazi) in vitro propagated shoots. The experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design with 5 salinity levels; (control), 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM of sodium chloride in 2013 at Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. Different mentioned parameters were assessed after 6 weeks of culture. Shoot length and leaf number per explant decreased and number of chlorotic and necrotic leaves increased with increasing salinity. Increasing salinity levels also decreased nitrogen and potassium content of plant tissues while their sodium and chloride contents increased. Phosphorus was not affected by salinity.
Fariborz Habibi; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri
Abstract
In this experiment, physiological responses of two citrus rootstocks [sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)] were investigated under in vitro salt stress conditions. This study was conducted on a completely randomized factorial design. Explants (Nucellar seedling ...
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In this experiment, physiological responses of two citrus rootstocks [sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)] were investigated under in vitro salt stress conditions. This study was conducted on a completely randomized factorial design. Explants (Nucellar seedling obtained from seeds) of both rootstocks were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid proliferation medium containing 8.9 µM BA and 0.5 µM NAA with different concentrations 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) whit six replicates. Results show that leaf chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration (Ci), total protein content decreased in both rootstocks by increasing salinity levels, although there was no significant difference for above-mentioned characteristics in the interaction of salinity and rootstock. The amounts of reduction in total protein content, chlorophyll loss and internal CO2 concentration (Ci), in trifoliate orange genotype were greater than the sour orange. Also, peroxidase enzyme activity increased by increasing salinity level in both rootstocks, but, the rate of increase in the trifoliate orange was higher than the sour orange. By increasing salinity levels in the cultural medium, the uptake of sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) significantly increased in both rootstocks over 6 weeks culture period. Comparison in to trifoliate orange, sour orange less sodium and chlorine were taken up. Based obtained results, can be declared, salt tolerance has a negative correlation with Na+ and Cl- content in plant tissues, and the plant have a less Na+ and Cl- in tissues are more resistant. Thus, sour orange was more tolerant than trifoliate orange to salt stress and could be has more resistant to high concentration salinity.
Sakineh Bagheri; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri; Dariush Davoodi; Mehrnaz Entesari
Abstract
The GF677 (Prunus amygdalus×Prunus persica) is a peach rootstock tolerant to Fe deficiency .Therefore, mass propagation of GF677 rootstock is recommended by bioreactor. On the other hand, plant micro-propagation using bioreactors can decrease the cost of production and makes it an economical method. ...
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The GF677 (Prunus amygdalus×Prunus persica) is a peach rootstock tolerant to Fe deficiency .Therefore, mass propagation of GF677 rootstock is recommended by bioreactor. On the other hand, plant micro-propagation using bioreactors can decrease the cost of production and makes it an economical method. In this research, the possibility of using bioreactor and optimization of the tissue culture procedure in GF677 rootstock micro-propagation was studied. In vitro stock plantlets from axillary buds and liquid modify MS basal medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP, 0.2 mg/L GA3, and 3% sucrose were used for inoculation and multiplication in the bioreactors. Periodical nutrition of the explants established for 10 minutes in each 24 hours. Bioreactor system was compared with routine in vitro procedure in tissue culture laboratory. Results showed that the bioreactor system multiplication rate, number of shoots, and biomass production was significantly different from routine in vitro culture. The total number of shoots in bioreactor was about 600 whit 7.43 cm length and was very more efficient than routine system (20 shoots whit 2.47 cm length per 300 ml jar).
