Pomology
Hossein Sartip; Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Esmaeil Chamani; Alireza Ghanbari
Abstract
IntroductionSweet cherry is very popular due to its early maturity, high transportability, attractive appearance and good taste of the fruit. The high content of sugars, ascorbic acid, vitamins, carbohydrates and organic acids in the fruit increases the interest in this product both in industrial gardening ...
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IntroductionSweet cherry is very popular due to its early maturity, high transportability, attractive appearance and good taste of the fruit. The high content of sugars, ascorbic acid, vitamins, carbohydrates and organic acids in the fruit increases the interest in this product both in industrial gardening and home gardening. The damage caused by cold in the critical stages of plant growth is one of the important factors in reducing the yield of plants all over the world. Salicylic acid is one of the phenolic compounds that is produced by the roots, and by reducing the activities of reactive oxygen species, it increases the resistance of plants to various environmental stresses (Mahmoudi et al., 2019). Salicylic acid not only plays an important role in determining the quality, color and taste of grape fruit (Hajivand & Rahmati, 2018), but also in the plant's response to environmental stresses such as drought (Miura & Tad, 2014), cold (Kosova et al., 2014) salinity (Noreen et al., 2014) and heavy metal stress (Mahmoudi et al., 2019) are effective. Commercial compounds such as plant growth regulators, including antiperspirant and antifreeze substances, are also used to increase cold resistance or delay the breaking of bud stagnation in horticultural crops (Mahmoudzade et al., 2012). Another way to reduce spring cold damage is to use Natural Plant Antifreeze. These materials either act as a mechanical barrier to prevent the formation of ice crystals on sensitive plant tissues or activate cold resistance systems in the plant (Hajivand & Rahmati, 2018).Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of the application of growth regulators, on the cold resistance of the cherry tree variety "Siah Daneh Mashhad", a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 factors of growth regulators each at 3 levels. (salicylic acid: zero, 1.5 and 3 mM), (natural antifreeze Thiofer: zero, 2.5 and 5 per 1000) and (soybean oil: zero, 2.5 and 5 per 1000)} and in 4 repetitions It was performed in a commercial garden located in Serain city in 2018 and 2019.Results and DiscussionThe results of the variance analysis revealed that the three-way interactions of the experimental factors significantly influenced the percentage of healthy pistils and the duration of flowering cessation at the 1% probability level. The highest percentage of healthy pistils, reaching 69.25%, was observed in the treatment involving foliar spray application of salicylic acid (1.5 mM) combined with soybean oil (5/1000) and foliar spraying of Thiofer natural antifreeze (5/1000). Furthermore, the combined effect of salicylic acid and natural antifreeze was found to be the most effective in delaying the onset of flower opening. The highest amount of ion leakage percentage was observed in the control treatment and the lowest amount was observed in the 3 mM salicylic acid foliar treatment along with soybean oil (5 per 1000) Thiofer. According to the data variance analysis table (Table 1), the ion leakage index was affected by the simple effect of salicylic acid, soybean oil and antifreeze and the interaction effect of salicylic acid oil × salt, salicylic acid × soybean oil, and soybean oil × antifreeze. The activity of malondialdehyde was affected by the simple effect of salicylic acid and soybean oil and the interaction effect of salicylic acid × year and year × soybean oil (Table 1). The total phenolic content was also affected by the simple effect of salicylic acid and soybean oil (Table 1). According to Figure 11, increasing the concentration of salicylic acid increased the content of total phenol, so that the highest content of total phenol (53.22%) was obtained in the treatment of 3 mM salicylic acid, while there was no significant difference in the treatment of 1.5 mM salicylic acid. . To adapt to the cold, phenolic compounds accumulate in plants, which are related to the antioxidant capacity of the plant (Mozafari &Yazdan Panah, 2018). A decrease in temperature increases the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the plant and can act as a mechanism to adapt and overcome the oxidative stress caused by low temperature (Balasundram et al., 2007). Balasundram and colleagues (Balasundram et al., 2007) noted that grape plants exhibit an accumulation of phenolic compounds and proteins while maintaining membrane stability at low temperatures. This accumulation leads to reduced production of malondialdehyde, enhancing the plant's adaptability and tolerance to cold temperatures, thereby reducing the risk of freezing. Similar observations of increased phenolic compound levels during cold adaptation have been reported in pistachios (Palonen, 1999) and apples (Huang & Wang, 1982). Chen and Tian (Chan & Tian, 2006) reported an increase in phenolic compound accumulation following enhanced activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes in grapes treated with salicylic acid. From their findings, they concluded that salicylic acid plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and the activation of plant defense genes.ConclusionAccording to the observations of this research, it can be concluded that the use of salicylic acid along with soybean oil and natural antifreeze of Thiofer is a suitable solution in order to delay the opening time of flowers and also to increase the indicators of cherry cold resistance against The tension is cold.
Pomology
Masumeh Jafari; Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Esmaeil Chamani; Akbar Ghavedal
Abstract
Introduction Iron has a significant effect on the quantity and quality of agriculture products. Factors affecting the absorption of this element increase its efficiency. Meanwhile, the pH of the nutrient solution plays an important role in the absorption of iron. Iron is one of the essential elements ...
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Introduction Iron has a significant effect on the quantity and quality of agriculture products. Factors affecting the absorption of this element increase its efficiency. Meanwhile, the pH of the nutrient solution plays an important role in the absorption of iron. Iron is one of the essential elements for plant growth and plays an essential role in chloroplasts. Due to iron deficiency, the activity of several enzymes such as catalase, cytochrome and oxidase and ferroxin is significantly reduced. The amount of iron in the soil is high, but plants only absorb two-capacity of soluble soil, which is negligible compared to the total iron. Soil environmental conditions affect the amount of iron by the plant, so it is difficult to control the uptake of iron by the plant. It has the highest ability to absorb iron and manganese at pH less than 6. For this reason, acetic acid was used to stabilize the pH of the solution. Acetic Acid is a polar solvent and an organic compound. The use of inexpensive organic acid and citric acid in agriculture, despite its positive effects on calcareous soils and their reasonable price is still not common in Iran. Acetic acid has a carboxylic group and therefore has all the properties of an acid.Materials and methods This experiment was carried out in the form of double split-split plot in a completely randomized block design on a strawberry plant of diamant cultivar in the research station of Mohaghegh Ardabili University during the years 2015- 2017. Factors included Acetic Acid (0, 1, 2 and %3), iron in two levels (Sequestrin 25gr and Nano 1gr) along with two levels of agricultural soap agents (0 and % 7/5) as foliar spraying. Foliar application of pH nutrient solution from the three-leaf stage of plant (mid-April) to the end of May a total of five times 10 days apart in both years. Two weeks after the last foliar application (June of the second year) plant growth indices including, total chlorophyll, number of fruits per plant, fruit pH, total acidity, soluble solids, fruit volume, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, and leaf iron content and fruit yield per plant was measured.Result The results of this study showed that the three-way interaction of foliar application of Acetic Acid with iron with agricultural Soap on the average concentration of leaf iron and number of fruits at the probability level was %5 and in total chlorophyll at the %1 probability level was significant, the best result in the mentioned traits was the combination of treatment of Acetic Acid %2 with Sequestrin iron with soap Moyan (%7/5). The interaction effect of Acetic Acid and iron type on traits of fruit pH, fruit volume, fruit fresh and dry weight at %5 probability level and in yield at %1 probability level were significant. Fruit volume, fruit fresh weight and fruit dry weight and yield showed the best results due to treatment combination of %2 Acetic Acid with Sequestrin iron fertilizer. But for fruit pH trait, the best results were related to the treatment of Acetic Acid %3 on the leave of Sequestrin iron. The Interaction of the iron and agricultural Soap was significant on the amount of soluble solids at %5 probability level and the total acidity strawberries fruit was significant at %1 probability level. In the case of soluble soild and Acidity, Sequestrin iron treatment and agricultural soap had the best results. According to the results of this study, the combination %2 Acetic Acid with of iron fertilizer Sequesterin in combination with agricultural soap Moyan (%7/5) due to the reduction in leaf area tensions improves the obsorption of iron and the quantitative and quality characteristics strawberries.Conclusion Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that Acetic acid %2, has better result on the absorption of iron fertilizer, along with agricultural soap (% 7/5) application than other treatments and qualitative traits of strawberry fruit. In treatment %2 Acetic acid most measured traits such as total chlorophyll, leaf iron, fresh weight, fruit dry weight and yield has shown a significant increase. Acetic acid by reducing the pH of the cell sauce and increasing the activity of the reductase enzyme increase the iron solubility and easily provides the iron to the plant. Due to the pH alkalinity of most soils in Iran, the use of Acetic acid in iron nutrient solution on the absorption of iron Sequestrin in combination with % 7/5 of agricultural soap due to having a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic with %40 to %50 increase in effective of foliar fertilizers. As a result, with more absorption it can be an advanced approach to better absorption of iron by plant and increase the quantity and quality in the product.
Pomology
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Somayeh Mohammadi Shevir; Shahriyar Einizadeh
Abstract
Background and Objectives
Fulvic acid has a relatively low molecular weight and contains a large number of oxygen and carbon-rich functional groups. Many of the beneficial effects of fulvic acid spray include stimulating plant metabolism, increasing the activity of transaminase and invertase enzymes, ...
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Background and Objectives
Fulvic acid has a relatively low molecular weight and contains a large number of oxygen and carbon-rich functional groups. Many of the beneficial effects of fulvic acid spray include stimulating plant metabolism, increasing the activity of transaminase and invertase enzymes, increasing bioavailability and nutrient uptake, as well as increasing crop growth and yield. Fulvic acid spraying solution helps to transfer minerals to metabolic sites within plant cells. Fulvic acid at certain stages of plant growth can be used as a major method to maximize plant production capacity. Due to the fact that calcium transfer is difficult, although the soil is rich in this element, so its foliar application is recommended. In addition, calcium deficiency leads to a decrease in root growth and leaf loss, but also leads to the production of poor quality fruits. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of investigating the use of fulvic acid and calcium as a spraying solution on growth and yield of Quince ‘Haj Agha Kishi’.
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effects of fulvic acid concentration and chelated calcium on quality and quantity of fruit indices of Quince ‘Haj Agha Kishi’ an experiment was conducted during 2017-2018 in kosar city, Ardabil province. The experiment was performed as a factorial in based on the randomized complete block design with four levels of fulvic acid application with concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3 per thousand and three levels of application of chelated calcium with concentrations of 0, 1.5 and 3 per thousand in three replications. The treatments were applied to six-year-old seedlings. The treatments were applied on the trees as a spray solution and applied three times: after fruit set, one and two months after fruit set. In this study, leaf chlorophyll content index was measured by Arnon method. The leaf area of the plant was measured with a level gauge, model AM300, In this study 10 leaves were randomly selected from each tree branch, the average leaf area was multiplied by the number of main and secondary branches, and the leaf area of each treatment was recorded as average. In order to determine the length, diameter and average weight of fruit, ten fruits were randomly harvested from treated trees, then the diameter and length of the fruits were measured with a caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Also, the weight of the fruits was determined with a scale of model GF800, made in Japan with an accuracy of 0.01 grams. Yield was calculated by measuring the total weight of the crop in each tree. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS 9.2 statistical software. Means were compared based on LSD lest at 1 or 5% and charts were drawn using EXCEL 2013 software.
Results
The results of data analysis of variance showed that the effects of chelated calcium and fulvic acid on leaf area, length, diameter, wet weight and fruit yield were significant (P<0.01). Based on the results, fulvic acid had a significant (P<0.05) effect on chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of leaf. The interaction of calcium ×fulvic acid treatments had a significant (P<0.01) effect on leaf area and fruit length. The highest total chlorophyll content of 1.20 mg.g-1 was obtained by using 3 per thousand concentration of fulvic acid and the lowest rate was 0.79 mg.g-1 in the control. The highest (5481.69 mm2) leaf area was obtained with the simultaneous use of 3 per thousand concentration of chelated calcium and 3 per thousand concentration of fulvic acid, which was significantly different from other levels. The lowest leaf area was also observed in control. Comparison of the means showed that the treatments of 3 per thousand concentration chelated calcium and 3 per thousand concentration of fulvic acid had the highest fruit yield with 167.63 and 135.30 kg, respectively. The lowest yield was recorded for control trees.
Conclusion
Increasing yield and quality is the most important goal in agricultural production. Due to the fact that biostimulants do not have adverse effects on soil and water. In order to maintain sustainable production should be used in the production program. Folic acid, as a biostimulant, improves plant metabolism and facilitates the absorption of elements. According to the findings of this study, application of fulvic acid and chelated calcium at 3 per thousand concentrations is recommended for Quince ‘Haj Agha Kishi’ to improve leaf efficiency and fruit yield.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Farzad Letafatti; Bahram Fathi Achachelooee; Ali Asghari; Robab Olfatti
Abstract
Introduction: Grape is a non-climacteric fruit. Its ripening is associated with increased sugars, decreased acidity and development of color and flavor. Edible films and coatings could be used as a selective protection method to extend storage life of fruits. Edible coatings reduce the absorption amount ...
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Introduction: Grape is a non-climacteric fruit. Its ripening is associated with increased sugars, decreased acidity and development of color and flavor. Edible films and coatings could be used as a selective protection method to extend storage life of fruits. Edible coatings reduce the absorption amount of brine, osmotic solution and frying oil into foods, improve mechanical properties, facilitate displacement and storage strengthen food structure, reduce spoilage and increase its shelf-life. The coatings provide a protective layer for fresh fruits and act as like as modified atmosphere packaging, change the composition of internal gases, and increase the storage-life of fruits by reducing respiration rate. Zein, is an important protein in corn seed and consists about 45 - 50% of the corn proteins. This protein contains a group of Prolamines found in the corn endosperm. Zein has unique properties for preparing edible films and coatings in comparison to other plant proteins due to its high percentage of nonpolar amino acids. Gluten is an insoluble in water protein of wheat that its disulfide bonds play an important role in the establishment of gluten films. Prepared films from wheat gluten are pure and transparent, but commercial gluten produces an opaque film due to gelatinization of its existing starch. Wheat gluten-based films have satisfactory mechanical resistance and very low oxygen permeability. Gluten can encapsulate flavors, colors, or medicines, providing slow-release materials. Bacteria, fungi, or other pest- or weed-control agents can be encapsulated in gluten granules that are then coated with oil to slow drying and maintain vitality. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of gluten and zein coatings on postharvest quality of grape cultivars in a factorial arrangement based on randomized completely design with application of corn’s Zein coating treatments at four levels (control, 2, 4 and 6% w/w) and also wheat gluten at four levels (control, 2, 4 and 6% w/w) were performed in the grape cultivars (Meshkin cultivar). Grape fruits were harvested from the gardens of Meshkin city and moved to the laboratory in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Then, after applying the treatments, fruits were kept at 0° C and humidity of 90-95% in cold storage. In this study, pH, total soluble solids, total acidity, starch, anthocyanin, firmness, taste, fruit storage-life, TSS/TA, weight loss, appearance and vitamin C content of fruits were measured in 30 days after applying the treatments. Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that using of zein as grape coating had significant effect on total soluble solids, vitamin C, taste and weight loss (p < 0.01) and on the TSS /TA attribute (p < 0.05).The use ofgluten also had a significant effect on total soluble solids, anthocyanin, weight loss and vitamin C (p < 0.01) and also on the fruit starch (p < 0.05). Interaction effect of gluten and zein treatments were significant on total soluble solids, vitamin C (p < 0.01) and fruit weight loss (p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, the highest starch content, anthocyanin, maturity index and taste were achieved by using of gluten at 4 and 6% and the lowest amount of these substances was related to control treatment. A higher amount of anthocyanin (2.45 mg / 100 g) was retained in 6% gluten treatment, Moreover, in the fruit ripening index, the best result (41) was obtained from 6% zein treatment. The taste of the fruit was also more attractive in the 6% zein treatment without gluten consumption with a score of 8.5. Also, the best results in preservation of vitamin C (17.9), soluble solids (24 brix), fruit appearance (9.5 points) and the least weight loss of fruit (6.5%) were obtained from the combination of gluten and 6% zein treatment. Comparison of the means showed that vitamin C and soluble solids were better preserved by combined using of 4 and 6% gluten with 6 and 4% zein in storage period. These results showed that vitamin C and soluble solids had the lowest stability under control conditions. Also, the control treatment had the highest weight loss and the lowest score in the fruit preservation index. In overall, the best results in most of the studied parameters were obtained from the treatment combination of 6% gluten and zein. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, gluten and zein coatings in comparison to control treatment at levels of 6%, had significant positive effects on post-harvest quality and storage of grapes.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Ali Asghari; Hadi Mahmoodi
Abstract
Introduction: Kiwifruit (Actinidia Sp) is one of the fruits that it is considered as an appropriate food source, because it is rich in vitamins, especially vitamins c, E, A, B1 and also in the form of potassium. Humic substances are contained nutrients that improve the soil nutrients and are increases ...
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Introduction: Kiwifruit (Actinidia Sp) is one of the fruits that it is considered as an appropriate food source, because it is rich in vitamins, especially vitamins c, E, A, B1 and also in the form of potassium. Humic substances are contained nutrients that improve the soil nutrients and are increases the availability of food and therefore plant growth and yield. Studies have shown that adding certain amount of humic acid fertilizer can improve the growth of root, stem and leaves of plants and enhances yield and quality of products and increases the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer consumption. According to pervious findings, recent research was performed aimed to achieving the best combination of humic acid and its application method for improving yield and organic fruits production in Kiwifruit cv. Hyvard.
Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effects of humic acid concentration and application method on nutrient uptake and quality and quantity of fruit indices, of Kiwifruit CV Hyvard an experiment based on complete block design with four replications was conducted during 2015-2016 in Talesh city, Gilan province. Experimental treatments included soil drenching method and foliar spraying of different levels (control, 2, 4 and 6 kg. ha-1) of humic acid. In this study traits such as absorption indexes of nutrient elements consisting nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron content of leaves and quantitative and qualitative traits of fruit (yield, Tissue firmness, vitamin C, total soluble solids of fruits and leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content) were measured. Phosphorus was measured by spectrophotometer at 430 nm and potassium was measured by flame photometer. Atomic absorption was used to determine the amount of calcium (at wavelength of 422.7 nm) and magnesium (at wavelength of 285.2 nm). Nitrogen was also measured by Kjeldahl method. Micro elements were determined by flame atomic absorption method. Standard samples and treatments were cloudy with a blue acetylene flame and the adsorption of iron, manganese, zinc and copper were read at wavelengths of 243/3, 288.5, 213.9, 327.7 nm, respectively. This study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments (0%) and application of humic acid at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 kg.ha-1 as spraying on leaves and soil application on Hayward cultivar with four replications. Data from this study were analyzed by using Jmp statistical software and graphs were drawn using Excel 2013 software.
Results and Discussion: Results of analysis of variance showed that different concentration of humic acid had significant effect on nutrient uptake and quality and quantity of fruit indices at 1% probability level. Results of this research indicated that using of humic acid caused increasing in nutrient elements uptake and improving the quality and quantity of fruit in Hyvard cv. of Kiwifruit. Comparison of means showed that the highest value of nitrogen (1.8%) of foliar application of 2 kg.ha-1 and 4 kg.ha-1 to soil of humic acid, phosphorus (0.3%) obtained by foliar application of 2 and 4 kg.ha-1, calcium (3.5%) by foliar and soil application of 4 kg.ha-1. The highest value of potassium (1.92) with soil application of 6 kg.ha-1, manganese (0.33%) and copper (12.8 Mg.Kg Dw-1) of foliar application of 4 kg.ha-1,iron (226 Mg.Kg Dw-1) of soil application 6 kg.ha-1 humic acid and the highest value of magnesium (34.7 Mg.Kg Dw-1) uptake index obtained from adding 6 kg.ha-1 humic acid to soil. The results indicated that foliar spraying of 2 kg.ha-1 humic acid had higher efficiency for zinc uptake (21.7 Mg.Kg Dw-1). Comparison of means showed that the lowest value of measured elements obtained in control treatment. Based on the results, the concentration of four kilograms per hectare of humic acid with soil and leaf application methods had the highest effect on quantitative and qualitative indices of kiwifruit.
Conclusion: Results showed that application of humic acid caused increasing in absorption of nutrients and improving the quality and quantity of fruit in Hyvard CV of Kiwifruit. Comparison of meanings showed that the application, soil application of 4 kg.ha-1 of humic acid, was more effective in absorption indices of nitrogen elements, phosphorus, calcium and quantitative and qualitative indices of kiwifruit. Treatment of 6 kg.ha-1 soil increased the adsorption of manganese and iron elements and soil treatment of 2 kg ha-1 humic acid had the highest absorption of magnesium. Data analysis showed that zinc and copper elements were more adsorbed in humic acid by 2 and 4 kg.ha-1 in spray application. In this study the lowest value of measured elements obtained in control trait.
Mahrokh Rostami; Ali Akbar Shokouhian
Abstract
Introduction: Strawberry fruit is soft and has a variety of vitamins, especially vitamin C and minerals. Parus is one of the most important short-day cultivars and suitable for the fresh produce market. Nitrogen is involved in vegetative and reproductive growth of most horticultural crops and excessive ...
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Introduction: Strawberry fruit is soft and has a variety of vitamins, especially vitamin C and minerals. Parus is one of the most important short-day cultivars and suitable for the fresh produce market. Nitrogen is involved in vegetative and reproductive growth of most horticultural crops and excessive use of itdecrease yield and quality of products and increasing pollution of the environment. Humic substances are contained nutrients that improve the soil nutrients and increases the availability of food and therefore plant growth and yield. Studies haveshown that to adding a certain amount ofhumic acid fertilizer with nitrogen can improve the growth of roots, stems and leaves and enhances the yield and quality of products and increases the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer consumption. On this basis, this research was performed aimed at achieving the best combination of treatments of humic acid and its application method and nitrogen in improving strawberry vegetative and reproductive growth cv. Paros.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Mohaghegh Ardabili at during 2015-2016. In early september, land preparation was carried out, and then were calculated base fertilizers 150 and 50 kg.ha-1 of potassium and phosphorus, respectively plus forty tons per hectare of manure. Stacks was prepared to dimensions of 1.5 × 1 m and the distance of rows was 40 cm. Strawberry seedlings were planted with distance of 25 cm on the row (10plants m-2)in late November.
The experiment was carried out as a split split plot based on complete randomized block design with the application of foliar and soil treatments of Humic acid levels (control, 2, 4 and 6 kg.ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer (50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) with three replications. Nitrogen levels were placed in the main plots and the type of humic acid application in sub plots and humic acid concentrations in the sub- sub plots. Half of N(urea fertilizer) was used at the time of planting and 25 %on the early may and 25 %on the early June. To apply foliar and soil treatments, humic acid was used (Humaster tob with 85% of humic and fulvic acid, Yazd Golsangkavir Company) with the start of the growing season at the intervals of every 10 days once (four times total). In the soil method, humic acid is measured based on the desired treatments and then dissolved with deionized water and added to irrigation water. In the foliar method, after irrigation thehumic acid powder was solutioned with a certain amount of deionized water and it was sprayed on the plants in equal measure. In addition, only irrigation water and deodorizing water were applied to the control of soil and foliar treatments, respectively. Traits were as: leaf number and area, number of runners, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, root volume, number of flowers and fruits, fruit weight average and yield per plant. Data analysis were performed by using SAS 9.1 and comparison of data by the LSD test at the 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion: All results due to different concentrations of nitrogen, humic acid and methods of its application and their interaction on most traits were significant at 5% probability level. The highest values in the leaf number (17.91) and area (1304.34 cm2) obtained in 6 kg.ha-1 drench application of humic acid. Also,the most number of flowers (13.27) was observed in 100 kgN.ha-1combined with foliar application of humic acid and the highest number of runners (22.34) was obtainedin 150 kgN.ha-1with drench application of humic acid. The most flowers (17.55), fruits (14.5) number and yield (104.43 g.plant-1) observed in 100 kgN.ha-1with 4 kg.ha-1humicacid. The results trilateral interactions of nitrogen,humic acid and application methods showed that the highest values of fresh weight (48.32 g.plant-1) and volume (44.13 cm3.plant-1) of root, dry weight of shoot (21.08 g.plant-1) and root (16.28 g.plant-1) obtained infoliar application of 4 kg.ha-1humic acid.The most of shoot fresh weight (77.7 g.plant-1) also observed in drench application of 4 kg.ha-1humic acid and highestfruit weight average (11.68 g) obtained in foliar application of 2 kg.ha-1humic acid with 100 kgN.ha-1.
Conclusion: Results showed that the majority of evaluated traits, the highest values have been achieved of 100 kgN.ha-1with foliar application of 4 kg.ha-1humic acid. On this basis, combined application of chemical and biological fertilizers can be the best strategy to achieve sustainable agriculture and reducing the pollution of soil and water resources along with increasing the product.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Shahriyar Einizadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Insemination combined Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the plant ecosystem can improve photosynthesis and yield of fruit plants. The useful microorganisms contained in effective microorganisms (EM) mix include photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonaspalustris, Rhodobactersphacrodes), lactic ...
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Introduction: Insemination combined Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the plant ecosystem can improve photosynthesis and yield of fruit plants. The useful microorganisms contained in effective microorganisms (EM) mix include photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonaspalustris, Rhodobactersphacrodes), lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus), yeasts (Saccharomyces spp.), actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.) and fermentation fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium).When EM applied with the soil or sprayed on the plant will be expanded, the population of photosynthetic bacteria and nitrogen stabilizer. Optimal nitrogen consumption not only causes delays old age it will also change the appearance of the plant. The availability of nitrogen to the roots especially in the early stages of growth causes elongation of the aerial parts of the plant. Proper use of nitrogen has a positive effect on flower number and the beginning of flowering in pepper but high consumption of this element has caused a delay in the formation of flowers and increase plant growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Effective Microorganisms by two methods of soil application and foliar application in different nitrogen levels on yield and morphological characteristics of strawberry cv. Paros
Materials and Methods: In order to study the impact of effective microorganisms (EM) on morphological characteristics and yield of strawberry cv. Paros a split-split-plots experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with foliar and soil treatments of effective microorganisms, each in four levels (control, one, two and three percent) and nitrogen treatment in the form of urea fertilizer in three levels (50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1of the net nitrogen) with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2014-2015 years. Land was prepared in late August and potassium and phosphorous fertilizers were added as 150 and 50 kgha-1, respectively. Strawberries were planted in early November 2014 in double rows on beds covered with black polyethylene foil.Nitrogen levels in the main plots, methods of application of EM in the subplots, the concentration of effective microorganisms in the sub-sub plots were placed.Half of the amount of nitrogen at planting time, 25 percent in the April and 25 percent in the May was given with irrigation water to plants.Treatments of EM, after the start of growth seedlings weekly basis a period of two months, were applied. In soil treatment with irrigation water and foliar Treatments be applied after the irrigation (control plants with distilled water). In this study were measured traits leaf and root dry weight, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll a, band total leaf and yield. Data were analyzed by SAS ver9.3 software and means were compared by LSD test (P≤0.05).
Results: Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different levels of effective microorganisms at the level of 1% probability were observed significant difference in the characters fresh and dry weight of root, root length, number of runner, total chlorophyll, leaf area and yield and in the probability level 5% is significant on the characters fresh and dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll aand b. Based on the results the effect of different methods of application of EM and interaction effects were not significant differences in any of the studied indicators.According to the analysis of variance,using of nitrogen had significant effect on the fresh weight yield root, root length, number of runner, chlorophyll A, B and total leaf area and yield at1% probability. The treatments had also significant effect on fresh and dry weight of leaf and root traitsat 5%,probability. Based on the results of this study the concentration of 1% and 3%of effective microorganisms and 100 kgNha-1 have positive effects on the parameters compared to the control.The results indicated that 2% EM was treated with a maximum of 185 g, and control treatment with 136 g had the lowest yield per plant.Fruit yield in plant with nitrogen application at 100 kg ha-1had the highest production (188 g) among nitrogen levels.
Conclusion: According to the results of this review, the best result was in treatment 2% of EM and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Method used of EM in this study had no significant difference; accordingly method of consumption has no impact on the traits mentioned.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Ali Tehranifar; Ali Imani; Ali Rasoulzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: One of the microbiological preparations used for this study was Effective Microorganisms (EM), being a commercial mixture of photosynthesizing bacteria, Actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and fermenting fungi. The microbiological composition of the EM concentrateincludesStreptomyces ...
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Introduction: One of the microbiological preparations used for this study was Effective Microorganisms (EM), being a commercial mixture of photosynthesizing bacteria, Actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and fermenting fungi. The microbiological composition of the EM concentrateincludesStreptomyces albus, Propioni bacterium freudenreichil, Streptococcus lactis, Aspergillus oryzae, Mucor hiemalis, Saccharomycescerevisiae and Candida utilis. Moreover, EM also contains an unspecified amount of Lactobacillus sp. Rhodo pseudomonas sp. and Streptomyces griseus. Effective Microorganisms have a positive effect on the decomposition of organic matter, limiting putrefaction, increasing nitrogen content in the root medium of plants, phosphorus, improving soil fertility and as a result contributing to the growth and development of the root systems of plants.
Selection of almond vegetative rootstocks for water stress tolerance is important for almond crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. The study of the eco-morphological characteristics that determine the success of a rootstock in a particular environment is a powerful tool for both agricultural management and breeding purposes. The aim of this work was to select the new rootstocks for water shortage tolerance, impact of water stress as well as Effective Microorganism (EM) on morphological characteristics of almond rootstocks.
Materials and Methods: In order to select the new rootstocks for water shortage tolerance, impact of water stress as well as EMonmorphologicalcharacteristics of almondrootstocks were studiedin thedepartment ofHorticulture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2011-2012. The experiment was carried out with four replications in a completely random blockdesign to study the effects of two concentrations of EM (0 and 1%), three irrigation levels (normal irrigation 100%-control-and irrigation after depletion of 33 and 66% of available water), and four almond rootstocks including GF677 and selected natural hybrid of peach × almond (H1and H2), and almond vegetative rootstock (local control).In this study,EMtreatments for 60 days before stress treatments were applied so that in each irrigation, EM solution to a concentration of one percent was given to half of the experiment pots. Other pots were irrigated equally with normal water. Stress levels were applied from July as follow: full irrigation, watering after unloading 33% and 66% soil moisture availability. In order to evaluate the performance, seedling survival, plant growth, number of leaves, leaf area, root fresh and dry weight and leaves and root length were measured.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that between rootstock levels across all treatments were significantly differences at 0.01 level of probability. Comparison of means showed that the highest fresh and dry weight and leaf are awere observed forGF677and H1.Rootstockannualgrowth rate was also different. Most of the growth was related to the H1 Rootstocks. Thes urvival ratewas significantly different from the Rootstocks ofGF677,andH1showedthe highestpercentage of survival. The degree of adaptation to drought in varieties of almonds is different. The results showed that changes ingrowthparametersinGF677and H1were observed less often than other rootstocks. Because of strong roots,GF677and H1continue to attract more minerals under stress conditions.
Analysis of variance showed that the between irrigation levels for all treatments were significantly different at 0.01 level of probability. Comparison of means showed that among the study traits, the highest amount was obtained from complete irrigation, while irrigationat66 percenthad the least amount. Water stress may directly affect photosyn thesis, through leaf photochemicalprocessorindirectly,byclosing stomata, reducingleaf area and growth.
The results showed that the levels of(EM) on the leaf surface, leaf number, annual growth, root dry weight and volume were significantly different (p
Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Ali Tehranifar
Abstract
Introduction: Potential almond rootstock and thus main genetic sources for the breeding of its new rootstocks are almond itself, peach and plum, and these species cross-breeds Almond is a source of resistance to limestone and to drought because of its roots, which reach deep layers of soil; it is also ...
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Introduction: Potential almond rootstock and thus main genetic sources for the breeding of its new rootstocks are almond itself, peach and plum, and these species cross-breeds Almond is a source of resistance to limestone and to drought because of its roots, which reach deep layers of soil; it is also more resistant than peach to Na and Bo. Asexual or vegetative propagation is a hereditable characteristic and this paper is a review of sources available on this character for almond rootstock breeding. The bibliographic reference regarding this species, vegetative propagation is very poor. Stem cutting is considered the most simple and economical method of propagation. It is important, particularly in horticulture for mass production of improved material within a short time and to perpetuate the characteristics of the parent plant.
Materials and Methods: In this study the effects of different concentrations of indole-3- butyric acid (IBA) and medium type on rooting of hardwood stem cuttings of two rootstocks natural hybrids of almond × peach and the clone of G.F.677(as control) was investigated in plastic greenhouse with bottom heat, In this research 4 levels of IBA (0.3000,6000 and 9000 mg/l) and three levels of bed (perlait, cocopeat and, mixtures of 2 perlite + 1cocopeat) on rooting of hardwood cuttings of two almond × peach natural hybrids and control was used in a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Hardwood cuttings were prepared in Department of Horticultural Sciences of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad at January 2011. The basal one inch of cuttings was treated with IBA solution for five seconds at 3000, 6000 and 9000 ppm. the following components were determined, the rooting percentage of cuttings, number of root, length of roots, roots fresh and dry weight and volume of roots
Results and Discussion: Results showed that effects of different concentrations of IBA, on the rooting percentage of cuttings were significantly different at the %1 level compare with control. In this case were observed the highest of rooting percentage (40.9) at concentration of 3000(mg/l) and the lowest percentage (12.7) in control. The observations showed that treating almond hardwood cuttings with 3000 ppm IBA gave the highest significant rooting percentage compared with other treatments. Furthermore, results of many investigations indicated that, IBA increased rooting percentage, number of roots/cutting, length and fresh weight of roots. Also on the trait there were significantly differences in the %1 level between the growing Medias. Rooting percentage of cuttings expanded by bed of perlait. Results showed that effects of different rootstocks on the rooting percentage of cuttings were significantly different at the %1 level. In this trait observed the highest of rooting percentage at G.F.677 and there was no significant difference between the two other rootstocks.Treated with control rootstock with IBA at 3000 mg/l and Perlait resulted in the highest rooting percentage ،the maximum number of roots and root length. In the traits rooting percentage, number of roots and root length was interactions between, concentrations × bed × rootstocks significantly different at the %1 level. The result was better than Gf677× 3000 ppm of IBA × perlite bed. Also effect of treatments concentrations on root volume was significant at the %5 level. Highest root volume obtained in a concentration of 3000 mg/l of IBA.
Conclusion: From our preliminary results, it could be inferred that there is a correlation between types of rootstock, concentrations of IBA and media in rooting ability of hardwood cuttings rootstocks of almond × peach. In this study, the desired result was obtained from the interaction between treatments concentration of 3000 mg per liter of IBA in perlite media and GF677 rootstock.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Ali Tehranifar; Ali Rasoulzadeh
Abstract
The base of nut production in almond is flower buds set with best quality and quantity. Although the process of flower buds set is controlled by genetic characteristics, however it affected with inside and outside diverse factors. To understand relationship between these factors for achieve to annual ...
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The base of nut production in almond is flower buds set with best quality and quantity. Although the process of flower buds set is controlled by genetic characteristics, however it affected with inside and outside diverse factors. To understand relationship between these factors for achieve to annual and regular nut production economically. An experiment was conducted in order to evaluate effects of effective microorganisms (EM) under water stress conditions on bud flower formation in two genotypes of almond trees in Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2011. In this research effects of two different concentrations (0 and 5%) of EM and three levels of aridity stress treatments (100, 66, and 33% of FC) on number of flower buds in two genotypes (H1and H2) of almond was evaluated. This experiment was arranged as a factorial experiments based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Results showed that the EM increased amount of leaf area, chlorophyll, storage protein, N, K and P in leaves. In this research, effects of different genotypes, EM and irrigation levels on number of flower bud set were significantly different at the %1 level. Number of flower bud formation increased by treatments of EM application, H1 genotype and irrigation level of FC% 100. There was significant interaction between treatments for this trait at %1 level. The best result was obtained from interaction between H2 genotype and irrigation using level of FC% 100 and EM application.
