Pomology
Marziyeh Nezami; Mohammad Reza Fatahi Moghadam; Ali Ebadi; Zabihollah Zamani
Abstract
IntroductionStrawberry is known as one of the most important temperate small fruits which is cultivated in the field, greenhouse and high tunnels in the most regions of the world. The role of gibberellin and auxin in increasing fruit size of strawberries have been reported. One of the major problems ...
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IntroductionStrawberry is known as one of the most important temperate small fruits which is cultivated in the field, greenhouse and high tunnels in the most regions of the world. The role of gibberellin and auxin in increasing fruit size of strawberries have been reported. One of the major problems of strawberry production in greenhouse is the fruits malformation which has reduced the market value of the fruit. Gibberellin and auxin have been different effects in vegetative and reproductive of growth stages. The purpose of this research was to improve the vegetative and reproductive indices of the fruit and to control the malformation problem by stimulating the development of seeds on the fruit and stimulating the growth of the fruit receptacle by gibberellin GA3. Materials and MethodsExperiments were conducted in a commercial greenhouse in Karaj, Hashtgerd New City, Phase 7 during 2017-2019. Two separate experiments (spraying hormones on whole plant or immersing individual fruitlets on hormone solution) were designed and implemented in a commercial greenhouse unit. In the first experiment: GA3 was at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 ppm and IBA at concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 ppm in growth stages of 60 and 65 according to BBCH worldwide model. In the second experiment, fruits were immersed in NAA with concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 ppm and GA3 with concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 ppm at fruit growth stages 70 and 73 according to BBCH procedure. After reaching the red stage, the fruits were manually harvested and transferred to the laboratories for additional tests. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated including leaf area, number of leaves, crown circumference, plant height, number of flowers and fruit dimensions. Fruit biochemical characteristics include: total soluble solids, titratable acid content of fruit, anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes activities and content of vitamin C were evaluated. The experiments were designed and implemented in the frame of a randomized complete block design. The data were analyzed by SAS ver.9.4 and SPSS ver. 22 software, the mean data were compared based on Duncan's multi-range test, and the graphs were drawn by Excel 2013 software. Results and DiscussionFoliar spraying with gibberellin had a significant effect on several characteristics, including leaf area, crown circumference, number of flowers, and plant height at the 1% level of significance. However, it did not yield a significant impact on the attribute of leaf number. The increase in vegetative growth could be due to the synthesis of more amino acids in the stimulation of gibberellin treatment. Gibberellin treatments increased the vegetative growth of the plant and increased the number of flowers, but their growth was stopped after fruit formation and no fruits were formed in gibberellin spraying. This can be due to the existence of an antagonistic relationship between vegetative parts and fruit developments. Auxin hormone treatments had a significant effect on increasing fruit size and reducing the percentage of malformed fruits. GA3 at concentration of 50 ppm improved plant vegetative characteristics such as: plant leaf area, plant crown circumference, plant height and number of flowers, while IBA reduced fruit deformity by 40% and also increased the amount of total soluble solids, the titratable acid content of the fruit and the antioxidant content of the fruit. In general, gibberellin at a concentration of 50 ppm in order to increase plant vegetative indices and auxin at a concentration of 60 ppm were statistically effective. In second experiment, it seems that three levels of gibberellin treatment have increased all traits related to fruit compared to auxin and control. GA3 at a concentration of 100 ppm, causing an increase in fruit size, fruit weight and the biochemical properties of the fruit and the deformity decreased by 37/5% while NAA at a concentration of 60 ppm increased the amount of fruit anthocyanin as well as total fruit phenolics and vitamin C content. ConclusionIn the first experiment, gibberellin foliar application at a concentration of 50 ppm had the greatest effect on vegetative growth indicators. Also, in the same experiment, it was found that the use of GA3 in high concentrations has the negative effects on flowering and fruit growth., while it increases the amount of runner production. Also, IBA at a concentration of 60 ppm was the most effective treatment in fruit indices. In the second experiment, gibberellin at a concentration of 100 ppm was the most effective treatment in fruit and its biochemical traits, while NAA auxin in the second experiment showed a lower response to fruit than IBA auxin in the first experiment.
Pomology
Hajali Mohebbi; Ali Ebadi; Mehdi Taheri; Mahboobeh Zarabi; Mohammad Reza Bihamta
Abstract
Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important economic plants in the world including Iran. One of the most basic effective factors of the growth of fruit trees is knowing their nutrition. Micronutrients are as important as Macronutrients for better growth, yield and quantity ...
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Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important economic plants in the world including Iran. One of the most basic effective factors of the growth of fruit trees is knowing their nutrition. Micronutrients are as important as Macronutrients for better growth, yield and quantity in plants. Garden plants suffer from severe zinc deficiency, followed by boron, manganese, iron and molybdenum. Foliar application of fertilizers is a useful tool to increase the nutritional effects of fertilizers or eliminate nutrient deficiencies during the growing season. The aim of this study was to study the nutritional effects of consumption of different compounds of micronutrient fertilizers of zinc chelate, iron and manganese as foliar consumption on the morpho-physiological traits of grape plant.Materials and Methods Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of micronutrients alone and in combination on growth and fruit yield in grape grown at Iran, Zanjan province during 2016-18. Physical and chemical properties of the soil were evaluated before the experiment. During the two years of the research, no organic or chemical fertilizers were used except for the combination of fertilizer treatments of the relevant design. Treatments consist of foliar consumption of micronutrients fertilizers included two levels of EDDHA-Zn (0.1 and 0.3 %), EDDHA-Fe (0.1 and 0.2 %), and EDDHA-Mn fertilizers (0.1 and 0.2 %) and control levels (0 %) for them. This experiment was implemented in a factorial format based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and repeated for two consecutive ys. The measured traits consist of Length of the First inflorescence (X1), Number of Inflorescences per Branch (X2), Number of clusters per branch (X3), Number of Clusters per Plant (X4), Weight of a Cluster (X5), Cluster Size (X6), Berry Size (X7), Number of Berries per Cluster (X8), Weight of single Barry, X10: Leaf Area Surface. Leaf Dry Matter (X11), TSS (X12), Sugar Fruit Juice (X13), Fruit Juice Acidity (X14), Fruit Dry Matter (X15), Fruit Firmness (X16), Yield per Plant (X17), Yield per Hectare (X18). The experiment was performed in factorial format with three factors, each at three levels, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations (g; G) and in each location for two consecutive ys (Y). The analysis of each g was analyzed in the form of factorial experiment design and the effect of location factor was analyzed in the form of factorial-split (time) composite analysis in place. In the statistical model used, time and place factor considered as random and treatment was fixed.Results and Discussion Evaluation of morpho-physiological traits showed that the use of these fertilizers individually or in combination has significant positive effects on all measured traits (18 traits) at different stages of development. The simple effect of the factor of the y was significant only on some of the measured traits and the two and three-way interactions between this factor with the levels of treatment in the majority of traits were not significant; which indicates the probability that the factor of the y has no effect on the measured traits. Based on these results, the treatment combination of Fe 0.2 + Zn 0.3 + Mn 0.2 % EDTA was superior to other combinations, and traits of the number of inflorescence and number of clusters per branch and number of clusters per plant showed the best response than other measured traits. Consumption of micronutrients, especially iron, zinc and manganese, has favorable effects on yield indices, better fruit formation and fruit production per unit area, which affects photosynthetic activities and important metabolic pathways in plants, leading to produce higher amounts of primary metabolites such as higher sugar production in fruit, increase in soluble solids, also increase in growth indices such as leaf area, more yield-related traits such as number of inflorescences and number of spikes per branch and per plant, number and the dimensions of the cube are in clusters. On the other hand, these compounds help to absorb the main nutrients and play an active role in initiating metabolic processes such as cell wall development, respiration, photosynthesis, chlorophyll formation, enzymatic activities, production of growth regulators, and nitrogen fixation and reduction. Accordingly, these compounds were able to show better performance compared to the control level by accelerating the absorption of other nutrients, strengthening biochemical pathways and growth indices.Conclusion According to these results, the application of three fertilizers of zinc, iron and manganese EDTA individually or in combinations of two or three of them, especially at high concentrations simultaneously, is superior in comparison. And the treatment composition of 0.3% zinc + 0.2% iron + 0.2% manganese EDTA and then 0.3% zinc + 0.2% iron + 0.1% manganese EDTA has more significant and positive on measured traits and therefore as fertilizer compositions are recommended in vineyards in the form of leaves.
Asma Abbasi Kashani; Ali Ebadi; Mohammadreza Fattahi; Majid Shokrpour
Abstract
Introduction: Grape (V. vinifera L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and Iran, and play a major role in the export income. According to World Food Organization statistics, the area under global cultivation has been seven million hectares and Iran ranks seventh in the world with 316,000 ...
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Introduction: Grape (V. vinifera L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and Iran, and play a major role in the export income. According to World Food Organization statistics, the area under global cultivation has been seven million hectares and Iran ranks seventh in the world with 316,000 hectares. Grape production is about 77.5 million tons and Iran is ninth in the world with production of about 2.5 million tons. Fars province is in the first place with 75,000 hectares of fertile vineyards. Qazvin, Khorasan Razavi, West Azarbaijan, Hamadan and East Azarbaijan provinces are also ranked next. Cold stress is one of the constraints on the cultivation of grapes, so prevention of frost damage is one of the important points in the world's grape areas. This damage could be due to early autumn cold and late spring in the temperate region, such as winter frost of 2007, early autumn frost of 2015 and late spring frost of 2014 and 2017. Protecting plants against the harmful effects of low temperatures in agriculture is considerable. One way to prevent frost damages is using plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid. It seems that salicylic acid plays a role in the resistance to the cold stress, and it probably contributes to the activity of antioxidant enzymes and hydrogen peroxide metabolism, so it reduces cold stress damages and increases the plant tolerance to frost. The role of salicylic acid against cold stress have been reported in various plants such as lemon, pistachio, peach, pomegranate, apricot and walnut. Studies have shown that application of salicylic acid on grape seedlings increased the resistance to thermal stresses by reducing ion leakage and decreased the peroxidation of the cell membranes. Also, SA increased the proline and soluble carbohydrates in Plukenetia volubilis seedlings. In the present study, the effects of salicylic acid was investigated on the reaction of potted seedlings of some grape varieties under the spring frost. Then shoot burn percentage, recovery, ion leakage and peroxidation of membrane lipids of seedlings were investigated after cold application. Therefore, the changes in the amount of some osmotic regulators such as proline, soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidants such as phenolic compounds were evaluated by salicylic acid and cold treatments. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in greenhouse of Department of Horticulture Engineering of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in spring 2017 on two-year potted seedlings. It was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid on reducing the damage of spring frost in some grape varieties such as Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. Salicylic acid was sprayed at 0, 0.5 and 1 mM in E-L=11 on two year-old potted. After 24 hours, cold treatment was applied at 0 and -2 °C and normal temperature (as control) for 8 h. Control was in the greenhouse with natural temperature. Potted plants were transferred to the greenhouse and after 72 hours, the burn percentage was calculated. Also, recovery of the seedling was determined 20 days after the cold. Other parameters were measured such as ion leakage, malondialdehyde, soluble carbohydrates, proline and phenolic compounds. Statistical analysis and mean comparison of the results was done by SPSS and LSD test. Results and Discussion: According to the results, salicylic acid and cold treatments had significant effects on some characteristics of Vinifera species such as Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. The results showed that with increasing the cold stress to -2 °C, the burned shoot percentage was increased and the grown buds percentage was decreased compared to control, and electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde were increased at same temperature. Salicylic acid 1 mM reduced the damage to shoots and increased the recovery of seedlings. The lowest amount of electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde were observed in 1 mM salicylic acid treated seedlings compared to non-treated. According to the results, application 1mM salicylic acid increased osmotic regulators and antioxidants such as proline, solution carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. There was a significant difference between Vinifera and Riparya species at -2 °C in some parameters such as burned shoot, recovery, ion leakage and malondialdehyde. Also, there were significant differences between Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species at -2 °C and 1 mM in proline, solution carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. It has been reported that salicylic acid plays a role of osmotic regulation for the cell and it can reduce the damage of frost by stimulating the hydrolysis of insoluble carbohydrates or proteins and enhancing compounds such as soluble carbohydrates, so it led to reduce the freezing point of the tissue. Increasing in soluble carbohydrates have been reported in grapes and lemon by salicylic acid spraying. Conclusions: Spring frost has damaging effects on grapevine and can lead to a lot of economic damage to gardeners. Therefore, it can be prevented by some plant regulators such as salicylic acid. The results of the present study showed that the damage caused by cold treatment in control seedlings was more than the plants that were treated with salicylic acid and concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid at 2°C had a positive effect on reduction of morphological damage severity as well as reduction peroxidation of the cell membrane. Cold tolerance of seedlings may be due to the role of salicylic acid in increasing antioxidant substances such as phenolic compounds, as well as in increasing osmotic regulators such as proline and soluble carbohydrates, thereby increasing cell sap concentration and tissue freezing point. This reduced the negative effects of low temperature and reduced cell membrane damage and electrolyte leakage and improved the recovery ability of two-year-old potted seedlings of Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. So, it can be concluded that among different tested species, Riparia had the lowest percentage of shoot burn and highest recovery ability than the cultivars of Vinifera. Among the genotypes of Vinifera species, Bidaneh Sefid was the most proline and soluble carbohydrate compared to Perlette, indicating a higher adaptation to cold conditions.
Zahra Falati; Mohammadreza Fattahi; Ali Ebady
Abstract
Introduction: Plums (Prunus spp.) as one of the most popular stone fruits, have low calories and high nutritional value. Over the past decades global production of European and Japanese plums reached from 6,110,870 tons in 1990 to 11,528,337 tons in 2013. In the same period plum production in Iran reached ...
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Introduction: Plums (Prunus spp.) as one of the most popular stone fruits, have low calories and high nutritional value. Over the past decades global production of European and Japanese plums reached from 6,110,870 tons in 1990 to 11,528,337 tons in 2013. In the same period plum production in Iran reached from 118,936 tons to 305,262 tons. Great variety of plum fruits caused differences in chemical composition as well. Plum fruits are rich in bioactive compounds or biochemicals such as vitamins (A, C and E), anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds which have high antioxidant activity.
Materials and Methods: This research was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Horticultural Research Station at College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Tehran University in 2013-2015. Fruit quality characteristics such as vitamin C content, color traits of the fruit skin and flesh, the content of carotenoids, anthocyanins, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of 16 plum and prune cultivars and genotypes were evaluated.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed significant differences in terms of all measured factors. The highest L* index (brightness) of fruit skin was observed in 'Tanasgol" and "Compooti" and then in "Golden Drop" and "Shams" cultivars and the lowest level of that was measured in "Sugar" and "Gogeh Sabz" cultivars. "Black Star" and "Gogeh Germez" Showed the highest brightness of fruit flesh among examined cultivars and the lowest brightness of fruit flesh was investigated in "Sugar". A* color index of skin and flesh of fruit also showed significant differences among investigated cultivars and the highest level of that in "Ozarak" cultivar was observed. "Gogeh Sabz" and "Golden Drop" also had the lowest level of this index. "Gogeh Germez" had the highest of a*color index of fruit flesh and "Japanese" cultivar was in second place. The lowest level of this index was measured in "Ozarak" and "Shams" cultivars. "Tanasgol" and "Compooti" had the highest fruit skin b*color index among cultivars and "Santarsa", "Sugar," "Stanley" and "Bukhara" showed the lowest of that. "Black Star" and after that "Tanasgol" and "Dargazi" had the highest b*color index of fruit flesh. "Japanese" had also the lowest b* color index of fruit flesh. The intensity or color purity varied among cultivars and the highest of that was observed in "Tanasgol" and "Compooti" and then in "Ozarak". "Black Star" had the highest chroma of fruit skin and the highest fruit flesh color intensity. The lowest of this index in the fruit flesh was observed in "Santarosa", "Sugar" and "Japanese" cultivars. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content varied in investigate cultivars. "Gogeh Germez" and "Japanese" had the highest vitamin C content and "Stanley" was showed the lowest amount of vitamin C. "Golden Drop ","Santarosa" and "Compooti" showed the highest total carotenoid among examined cultivars and "Gogeh Germez" had the lowest total carotenoid. "Gogeh Germez" and "Compooti" had the highest and lowest amount of anthocyanin index respectively. The highest total phenol and antioxidant activity was measured in "Ozarak". The lowest total antioxidant capacity was in"Gogeh Sabz". The results showed that There was high correlation (r= 0.93) between antioxidant capacity and a* fruit skin color index. High correlation (r= 0.83) between phenol content and antioxidant capacity of fruits was also observed. Between a* color index of fruit skin and phenolic content was observed high correlation (r= 0.89). As well as between anthocyanin and phenolic content and between anthocyanin and a* fruit skin color index, respectively (r= 0.86) and (r= 0.59) high correlation was detected.
Conclusions: "Ozarak" in terms of antioxidant activity and total phenol component was superior. The highest amount of anthocyanin related to the "Gogeh Germez". "Golden Drop"," Santarosa" and "Compooti " had the highest total carotenoid and "Gogeh Germez" and "Japanese" had the highest vitamin C content among investigated cultivars. By identification of superior cultivars In terms of phytochemical compounds, these cultivars can be used in breeding programs to improve these nutritional quality of fruits. The results showed that the major phenolic compounds were gathered on the skin of plum fruits. Hence the "Ozarak" cultivar having the highest a*color index of fruit skin had the highest total phenol and antioxidant capacity among the investigated cultivars but "Gogeh Germez" by having the highest a*color index of fruit flesh and anthocyanins content higher than "Ozarak" cultivar, had low phenolic content and antioxidant capacity compared to the "Ozarak".
Maryam Karimi Alavijeh; Ali Ebadi; Amir Mousavi; Alireza Salami
Abstract
Chilling is an important environmental stress that influences the yield and quality of many agricultural crops. Different plants use different systems to endure this stress and minimize its effects. One of these systems is enzymatic reaction. To find out more about responses of different grapevine species ...
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Chilling is an important environmental stress that influences the yield and quality of many agricultural crops. Different plants use different systems to endure this stress and minimize its effects. One of these systems is enzymatic reaction. To find out more about responses of different grapevine species and cultivars to the low temperature conditions, their enzymatic changes were evaluated in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete design with 3 replication during different periods after chilling stress. Leaf samples of plants under cold stress had been taken and maintained in -80 °C until enzyme extraction. Low temperature around 4 °C is sufficient to induce genes that produce chilling acclimatization proteins. In the present study, leaf samples were collected from the plants that were kept at 4 °C during different time intervals, and then total proteins as well as two main antioxidant enzymes (catalase and guaiacolperoxidase) activities were measured. Results showed that as temperature decreased, enzymatic activities were increased in six Iranian grapevine cultivars (‘Atabaki’, ‘Khalili-Danedar’, ‘Shahroodi’, ‘Rajabi-Siah’, ‘Askari’ and ‘Bidane-Sefid’) as well as ‘Riparia’, an American species. The highest enzymatic activities of catalase and ceroxidase were recorded in ‘Khalili-Danedar’ and ‘Riparia’. However,the lowest activities were recorded in ‘Rajabi-Siah’, ‘Bidane-Sefid’ and ‘Shahroodi’. For all studied cultivars, peroxidase showed its highest activity at 12 h after chilling stress, then remained constant, while, the highest activity of catalase were recorded at 8 h. In addition, cold stress increased the total protein content for all studied cultivars, in which ‘Khalili-Danedar’ had the highest protein content amongstudied cultivars. Also, the highest proteins content were recorded at 12 h after exposing plants to cold.
Mostafa Aalifar; Ali Ebady; Mohammadreza Fattahi
Abstract
Seedlessness is the most important trait in table grape and raisin industry which has attracted breeders from long ago. Breeding grapes by traditional methods result in low number of seedless progenies and their selection requires long time. Therefore, marker-assisted selection (MAS) can overcome the ...
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Seedlessness is the most important trait in table grape and raisin industry which has attracted breeders from long ago. Breeding grapes by traditional methods result in low number of seedless progenies and their selection requires long time. Therefore, marker-assisted selection (MAS) can overcome the selection difficulty and would decrease high cost of progeny maintenance for several years. In this study, SCC8 marker was employed to evaluate its efficiency in early discrimination of seedless progenies as well as the status of sdI gene in seedless and seeded important Iranian grape cultivars. To do so, 11 progenies which were realized as seedless by panel test, were evaluated Scar marker Scc8. According to the results, Scar marker Scc8 could identify 10 of them as homozygous seedless and just one as homozygous seedless. This marker could also identified 'Muscat of Hamburg', 'Dastechin', 'Shahani', 'Sahebi', 'Khalili', 'Alibaba', 'Qhezel Ozum', 'Dizmari' and 'Shirazi Qermez' as homozygous seeded cultivars whereas 'Atabake', 'Shahroudi' and 'Toloqhi' were found to be heterozygous seeded ones. It can be concluded that Scar marker SCC8 could discriminate seedless progenies as well as cultivars and their sdI gene status correctly in most cases (87.5%).
Ali Ebady; Amir Jamal Mahmood; Masud Mirmasoomi; Mansur Omidi
Abstract
Abstract
To produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, whole flower explants were collected at two sampling stages of I, III. To produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, MS medium supplemented with 5 and 10µm 2,4-D and 2µm BAP were used. For embryo differentiation, MS medium with 0.5mg/l ...
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Abstract
To produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, whole flower explants were collected at two sampling stages of I, III. To produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, MS medium supplemented with 5 and 10µm 2,4-D and 2µm BAP were used. For embryo differentiation, MS medium with 0.5mg/l IBA, MS medium without any plant growth regulators, MS medium with 2mg/l IBA and 0.2mg/l BAP, MS medium with 5µm 2,4-D and 1µm BAP and finally MS medium with 2mg/l BAP were used. At embryo germination stage, MS medium with 1mg/l BAP and NN medium and cold treatment for 2 weeks were used. Results showed that in all studied cultivar, collection of whole flower explant at first sampling time resulted in highest percent of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo production. Response of explant to media were affected by Genotype, as Yaghouti, Bidaneh Sefid and Flame Seedless in MS medium supplemented with 5µm 2,4-D and 1µm BAP produced highest percent of somatic embryogenic callus. However, Shahroodi did better in MS medium supplemented with 5 or 2µm BAP, and Askari respond well to MS medium supplemented with 10µm 2,4-D and 2µm BAP. Once again, at embryo differentiation stage, each cultivar produced highest percent of somatic embryo in particular medium. For embryo germination and plantlets production, MS medium supplemented with 1µm BAP without chilling was best for Bidaneh Sefid, Yaghouti and Shahroodi, whereas Askari and Flame Seedless did best embryo germination and plantlet regeneration in MS medium supplemented with 1µm BAP accompanied by chilling treatment.
Keywords: Grapevine, Embryogenic callus, Somatic embryo, Plantlet
Ali Momenpour; Ali Ebady; Ali Imani
Abstract
Abstract
Almond is an important nut tree which is cultivated in many Mediterranean countries. This study was carried out to study some vegetative and reproductive traits as well as qualitative and quantitative characteristics and their correlation in some self-compatible and self-incompatible genotypes ...
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Abstract
Almond is an important nut tree which is cultivated in many Mediterranean countries. This study was carried out to study some vegetative and reproductive traits as well as qualitative and quantitative characteristics and their correlation in some self-compatible and self-incompatible genotypes obtained from crossing between Touno (male parent) and Shahrood 12 (female parent). Quantitative traits were analyzed in Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 12 replication using SAS program. The mean was separated by Duncan Multiple Range test. The results showed that genotypes together were significant difference in all traits measured except Double kernels percentage. The results showed that genotypes No. 6 and 23 are very late blooming and self-compatible with had medium size and moderate quality fruits. However, genotypes No. 15 and 24 were classified as late to very late blooming and self-compatible. They produced large size and good quality fruit. The results correlation between traits showed that kernel weight had significant positive correlation with nut weight and fruit weight. In-shell/kernel ratio had also significant positive correlation with shell softness and suture opening of the shell. Kernel taste had significant correlation with kernel to shell ratio, percentage of empty seeds, color intensity of kernel and smoothness of kernel. Therefore, the smoother, clearer and low percentage of empty seeds resulted in sweet and good quality kernel.
Keywords: Almond, Vegetative and generative traits, Correlation
Azam Seyyedi; Ali Ebady; Mesbah Babalar; Behrooz Saeedi
Abstract
Abstract
Strawberry is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. In this study, effect of different plant densities were studied on yield and fruit quality of strawberry 'Selva' in greenhouse and laboratories of university college of agriculture and natural resources during 2002-2003. Uniform ...
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Abstract
Strawberry is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. In this study, effect of different plant densities were studied on yield and fruit quality of strawberry 'Selva' in greenhouse and laboratories of university college of agriculture and natural resources during 2002-2003. Uniform stolens of strawberry were planted in holes of plastic column according to Factorial in Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications. In each column, 16 or 24 stolens were planted and space among columns was 75 or 100 cm. according to statistical design. Results showed that number of plants in each column had significant effect on each plant yield. However, different space among columns had significant effect on each plant and each column yield in a way that yield was higher when 16 stolens were planted in each column and distance among columns was 100cm. In each column, stolens in top of plastic column had higher yield compared with those in bottom of plastic column (each plant at the top 50 cm. of plastic top had 50gr more yield which ended up to 300gr more yield for that part of column). In spite of higher yield for above-mentioned treatment, plant density of 24 plants per column and distance of 75cm. among columns produced more fruits per unit (m2) of greenhouse. The above-mentioned treatments had some effects on most qualitative characteristics of fruits such as length and diameter of fruits, vitamin C content, pH, TSS, TA, TSS/TA, which generally were higher for treatment of 16 plant/column and distance of 100cm. among columns. However, these differences did not reach significant level.
Keywords: Strawberry, Selva, Plant density, Vertical system, Yield, Quality
