Breeding and Biotechnology of Plant and Flower
Marzieh Ghorbani; Khosro Parvizi; Mohammad Yazdandoost Hamedani; Darab Hassani
Abstract
Introduction
In our country, walnut tree propagation is traditionally done through seed cultivation, often resulting in seed rot and death due to fungal, bacterial, and viral contamination (MC Granahan et al., 1986; Driver & Kenyuki, 1984; Saadat & Henry, 2002). The traditional method, in addition ...
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Introduction
In our country, walnut tree propagation is traditionally done through seed cultivation, often resulting in seed rot and death due to fungal, bacterial, and viral contamination (MC Granahan et al., 1986; Driver & Kenyuki, 1984; Saadat & Henry, 2002). The traditional method, in addition to low multiplication rates, leads to high variation in resulting seedlings, potential loss of seedlings due to contamination, and reduced efficiency in subsequent stages (Unit, 2012; Kaur et al., 2006). Previous research has mainly utilized concentrations of one milligram per liter of benzyl adenine along with small amounts of indole butyric acid for Iranian walnut growth and enrichment (Rodrigues, 1982; Revilla et al., 1989; Penuela, 1988; Mejzadeh et al., 2010, 1997; Amiri & Qaraati, 2012; Riosleal et al., 2012). This research aims to build upon and optimize previous work, evaluating the effectiveness of different concentrations of two growth regulators, benzyl aminopurine and adenine sulfate, on walnut plantlet regeneration and growth traits in tissue culture.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted to optimize the tissue culture protocol for the "Chandler" cultivar walnut and determine the most suitable culture medium and hormonal composition for micropropagation. Lateral and terminal buds from the current season's branches were sterilized and cultured in DKW medium containing 2 mg/liter of benzyl adenine hormone and 100 mg/liter of indole butyric acid hormone, with polyvinyl pyrrolidine at one g/liter and activated charcoal at 2 g. Two-factorial experiments were used to process and multiply the plant after the establishment phase. The first factor was DKW culture medium containing five levels of adenine sulfate (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/liter), and the second factor was benzylaminopurine plant growth regulator with five hormonal levels containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/liter in combination with 0.01 mg/liter of indole butyric acid hormone. DKW base culture medium without any plant growth regulating substances was considered as control. After two months, growth traits including plantlet weight, stem length, number of leaves, number of buds, and number of leaflets per plantlet were measured in different culture media. The resulting data were statistically analyzed using SAS 9.1 software, and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test with a five percent probability level.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of variance showed that both plant growth regulators, benzyl aminopurine and adenine sulfate, had a very significant effect at 1% probability level on plantlet weight, stem length, number of leaves, number of buds, and number of leaflets. The interaction effect of benzyl aminopurine with adenine sulfate treatment on plantlet weight and stem length was significant at the 1% probability level. However, the interaction effect of benzyl aminopurine with adenine sulfate treatment on the number of leaves, number of buds, and number of leaflets was not significant. The results indicated that an increase in the levels of growth regulators benzyl aminopurine and adenine sulfate led to an increase in plantlet weight. The positive effects of increasing the levels of growth regulating substances in increasing plantlet weight are likely due to their direct effect on nutrient absorption, utilization, and the photosynthesis process. These results align with the research of Hatemzadeh et al. (2017) and Saadat and Henrati (2002). The positive effects of higher concentrations of both growth regulators on the increase in the number of sprouts and the lack of significant difference between the two high concentrations confirm that the use of high levels does not exceed the economic threshold. It can be justified that in excessive and unconventional concentrations, positive effectiveness is not achieved, but it can also impose more costs on the walnut tissue culture program. The appropriate concentration of BAP and adenine sulfate increases the leaf surface through the effect on cell divisions, resulting in receiving more light radiation and increasing the rate of photosynthesis. It seems that the two growth regulating substances in the appropriate concentration intensified each other's effect, affecting the rate of absorption and utilization of materials from photosynthesis, leading to an increase in the fresh and dry weight of the seedling. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the length of the reproduction period in the resulting seedlings and an increase in the efficiency of the seedling production in walnut tissue culture.
Conclusion
The use of both studied growth regulators significantly increased plantlet weight, stem length, number of leaves, number of buds, and number of leaflets compared to the control treatment. Plantlet growth was achieved with the use of plant growth regulators, whereas no growth was observed in their absence. All assessed traits increased significantly with the addition of plant growth regulators, with the highest trait values obtained through the simultaneous use of benzylaminopurine and adenine sulfate.
Ornamental plants
Behzad Kaviani; Naser Negahdar
Abstract
IntroductionPoinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) from the family Euphorbiaceae is used as potted and cut flower and has great importance in floriculture industry. Appropriate application of nutrients and plant growth regulators has an important role in increasing the quantity and quality of crops. The ...
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IntroductionPoinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) from the family Euphorbiaceae is used as potted and cut flower and has great importance in floriculture industry. Appropriate application of nutrients and plant growth regulators has an important role in increasing the quantity and quality of crops. The successful application of various nanoplatforms in medicine under in vitro conditions has generated some interest in agro-nanotechnology. This technology holds the promise of controlled release of agrochemicals and site-specific targeted delivery to improve efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant growth. Nanoencapsulation shows the benefit of more efficient use and safer handling of pesticides with less exposure to the environment. Thus, nanofertilizers can be substituted for conventional fertilizers. The role of iron in the activity of some enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome oxidase has been demonstrated. Iron is present as a cofactor in the structure of many enzymes. The results of some studies showed that in the absence of micro-nutrients elements, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes decreased, which resulted in increased sensitivity of plants to environmental stresses. The use of nano-iron fertilizer is an appropriate solution to remove this problem. Some growth retardants such as cycocel, paclobutrazol, bayleton and daminozide reduced the plant growth. Growth reduction in some ornamental plants enhances their overall quality and marketing. Cycocel is one of the most important growth retardants which inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and activity in plant. Today, a range of artificially made growth-reducing compounds are used in the floriculture industry. The effect of plant growth retardants, depends on the time and method of application, concentration, species and varieties type, type of target organ and environmental and physiological conditions. Plant growth retardants reduce the division and elongation of stem cells. These compounds also reduce stem length and growth by having a negative effect on gibberellin structure. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of different levels of nano-iron fertilizer and different concentrations of cycocel on growth and development of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Materials and Methods These experiments were carried out based on a randomized completely block design in three replications to evaluate the effect of various levels of nano iron chelated fertilizer and cycocel on growth parameters of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Cuttings with a height of 15 to 20 cm, each with 3 nodes, were prepared from the mother plant of poinsettia. Cuttings were placed in water within 24 hours for exudation of latex. Then, cuttings were planted in perlite for rooting. After rooting (60-65 days), cuttings were transferred into substrates including cocopeat, municipal compost and soil in ratio of 1:1:1. Poinsettia cuttings were grown in pots. Treatments include nano-iron fertilizer (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 4.5 g.l–1) and cycocel (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 3000 mg.l–1). Application of EDTA-based nano-iron chelate as foliar spray was performed on plants at the beginning of the experiment and 30 days later, as well as the use of cycocel 30 days after the start of the experiment as foliar spray. Stem height, internode length, node number, root length, root number, root volume, leaf number, leaf surface, leaf total chlorophyll content, iron content in leaf and the number and longevity of bracts were evaluated. Results and Discussion Results showed that the lowest plant height and the highest leaf number, root length, root volume, the number and longevity of bracts were obtained in treatments of 1.8 g.l–1 nano-iron chelate without or with the concentration of 1000 mg.l–1 cycocel. In some traits such as root volume and chlorophyll content, the minimum amount was calculated in the maximum of nano-iron chelate and cycocel concentrations. Suitable root characters were severely reduced through the use of 3000 mg.l–1 cycocel. Overall, the most suitable treatment, especially for reduction of stem height and enhancing some vegetative traits (such as leaf number) and flowering (such as bract longevity) was 1.8 g.l–1 nano-iron chelate along with 1000 mg.l–1 cycocel. Research has demonstrated that cycocel application reduces plant height in various species, including ornamental plants, as confirmed by this study. Furthermore, this study reveals a novel effect of cycocel: it alters the weight of both aerial and underground plant parts, alongside influencing leaf iron and chlorophyll content. Notably, plant growth retardants like cycocel are known to increase cytokinin content, which in turn can lead to elevated leaf chlorophyll levels.
Ornamental plants
Ali Sahari Moghaddam; Behzad Kaviani; Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand; Vahid Abdossi; Ali Reza Eslami
Abstract
IntroductionYew or English yew (Taxus baccata L.) from the family of Taxaceae is an ornamental shrub that is used in various industries. Root induction and formation process at the base of stem cuttings of yew is slow. This species is in danger of extinction. Stimulation of rooting in cuttings causes ...
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IntroductionYew or English yew (Taxus baccata L.) from the family of Taxaceae is an ornamental shrub that is used in various industries. Root induction and formation process at the base of stem cuttings of yew is slow. This species is in danger of extinction. Stimulation of rooting in cuttings causes the plant to grow faster. Polyamines are a group of plant growth regulators that play a variety of roles, including cellular differentiation and development and stimulation of adventitious root production. Some yew habitats have been destroyed because of neglect, destruction, livestock and ineffective exploitation. The yew is propagated by seeds or through cutting and grafting. Propagation of yew through seed is difficult and obtained plants show non-uniformity. Therefore, vegetative propagation is used to produce plants similar to the mother plant. The proliferation of the plant through leafy stem cutting is one of the most famous and the best propagation methods due to the preservation of the genetic structure and uniformity. Increasing the rooting capacity of trees and shrub cuttings is being carried out with a variety of plant growth regulators around the world. Putrescine has shown a better response in compare with other polyamines. The stimulation effect of exogenous application of polyamines, especially putrescine, was shown on the rooting of several plants’ cutting. Literature evaluation showed that there is not any study on the effect of polyamines on the rooting of the yew stem cuttings. Therefore, the aim of this research was to improve the rooting conditions of difficult-to-root cuttings with different concentrations of putrescine (a type of polyamine). Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of different concentrations of putrescine, an experiment was performed based on a completely randomized block design with 4 replications. Treatments included 0 (as a control), 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg.l–1 of putrescine concentrations. In October, 25 cm of the end of the shoot of 5-years-old mother plants were cut and used as hardwood cuttings. The cuttings diameter was 2.5-3 mm. The lower ends of the shoot cuttings were kept at different concentrations of putrescine for 10 seconds and then placed in the cultivation bed. In this study, root percentage, number of roots, root length, stem length, shoot number, leaf number and survival percentage of cuttings were measured. Cuttings cultivation bed was perlite, cocopeat and peat moss. To prevent possible contamination, the bottom of the cuttings were immersed in a 2/1000 fungicide solution of Berdofix a week befor cutting preparation. Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that different concentrations of putrescine on all traits were significant at 1% probability levels. The results of mean comparison showed that the largest number of roots (6.50 per plantlet) and the highest root length (7.70 cm per plantlet) were observed in cuttings treated with 500 mg.l–1 putrescine. The highest number of shoots (5.50 per plantlet) and the highest rooting percentage (97.50) were obtained in cuttings treated with 2000 mg.l–1 of putrecine. The maximum number of leaves (41.25 per plantlet) was counted in cuttings treated with 3000 mg.l–1 of putrescine. Yew can be propagated successfully by stem cuttings. Natural conditions propagation and in vitro propagation beside cryopreservation are effective approaches to conserve plants particularly those putted in the red list. Plant growth regulators have an effective role in increasing the rooting of difficult-to-root cuttings of trees and shrubs. The exogenous use of polyamines as a new group of hormones stimulated root production in some cuttings. Peach × almond hybrid cuttings treated with 2 mM putrescine for 5 min showed the highest rooting percentage, root number and root length with the best quality. Putrescine is capable to influences on other plant growth regulators and has less toxicity than most of them. Polyamines stimulate cellular division in dissection place cells of cuttings such as cambium and phloem. The exogenous application of these compounds, especially putrescine during the root formation phase resulted in an increase in endogenous putrescine, endogenous auxin and peroxidase enzyme activity. In the cutting of the leafy stem of Corylus avellana L., the use of putrescine stimulated rooting. The study, like the present study, confirmed that putrescine can be useful for increasing rooting percentage and root quality. Putrescine had an effective role in the rooting of the stem cuttings. The present study revealed that the lowest root number was counted in cuttings that were not treated by putrescine (control). Polyamines (spermine, spermidine and putrescine) increased rooting percentage and root growth by stimulating root cell division (increased mitotic index of tip root cells) in regenerated pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) seedlings. Polyamine biosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes activity were increased during root induction and formation. The exogenous application of spermidine in the apple (Malus prunifolia) stem cutting stimulated rooting by changing the concentration of some hormones. Spermidine regulated the expression of genes involved in the production of auxins. The study aimed to investigate the cellular-molecular effect of polyamines on the structure and development of roots in Arabidopsis showed that these organic compounds adjusted the size of the root meristematic zone during the effect on both symptomatic accumulations of hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The same and different results are presented with the present findings by some other researchers. The main cause of these different results is the difference in the amount and balance of endogenous hormones, including polyamines in different species. Plant genotype, type of cuttings, cutting age, environmental factors, nutritional status especially type and amount of carbohydrates in the plant, the transfer rate of these carbohydrates from leaves to roots, the presence and the amount of phenolic compounds, nitrogen compounds, phonological stages and cutting season also play an effective role in these differences.
Pomology
Behzad Kaviani; Maryam Jamali; Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh; Ali Reza Eslami
Abstract
Introduction Pears have a high nutritional and economic value worldwide. One of the major problem in growing pear cultivars is their late fertility on seed bases. To solve this problem, using asexual propagation methods can lead to the production of root trees. Cuttings are commonly used for proliferation ...
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Introduction Pears have a high nutritional and economic value worldwide. One of the major problem in growing pear cultivars is their late fertility on seed bases. To solve this problem, using asexual propagation methods can lead to the production of root trees. Cuttings are commonly used for proliferation either softwood, semi-hardwood or hardwood. Clonal propagation is considered proper in rapid propagation of shrubs and trees species. Adventitious root formation in stem cuttings is a crucial physiological process for vegetative propagation of many plant species. Rooting ability of tree species through stem cuttings is affected by several factors particularly plant growth regulators. Rooting of pear stem cuttings is time consuming. Auxin is effective in stimulating root formation on cuttings. The most widely used auxins in rooting of stem cuttings are indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA). Of these two auxins, IBA is the most widely used root promoting chemical, because it is nontoxic over a wide range of concentrations. Applied concentration is an important factor. Typically, a concentration of 2000 to 4000 ppm will result in good rooting for most shrubs and trees.Materials and Methods In this experiment, pear (Pyrus communis) was used as mother plants. Stem cuttings were used as plant materials in this experiment. The effect of different levels of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was studied on the rooting of pears in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and 4 replications. The experimental treatments included IBA and NAA at the rates of 0, 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg L-1. Rooting percentage, rooting time, root number, root length, root volume, plant height, leaf number and fresh and dry weights of cuttings were measured after about 130 days.Results and Discussion The results showed that the highest rooting (3.56 per seedling) was observed in cuttings treated with 4000 mg L-1 IBA. Also, the highest root number was obtained from the treatment of 1000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA with an average number of 0.16 roots per plant. According to the means comparison for the simple effect of IBA on the rooting time, the highest rooting time was related to the application of 4000 mg L-1 IBA. The results revealed that plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA grew the longest roots. Also, ANOVA showed that among the applied factors, only the simple effect of IBA was significant on root volume. Means comparison for the simple effect of IBA on root volume showed that the highest was related to the application of 2000 mg L-1 IBA. According to the means comparison for the interactive effect of IBA × NAA on cutting fresh weight, the highest fresh weight was, on average, 8.36 g in plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA. As well, means comparison the effect of IBA × NAA on cutting dry weight showed that the highest dry weight was 15.9 g related to the application of 4000 mg L-1 NAA × 2000 mg L-1 IBA. It was also observed that 2000 mg L-1 NAA × 1000 mg L-1 IBA was related to the longest cutting with an average length of 2.82 cm. Finally, plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA produced the highest number of leaves (15.9 g, on average). One of the effective factors in the success of vegetative propagation of plants with stem cuttings, especially woody plants with hard-rooting stems, is the production of more roots in a short time. Plant growth regulators, including auxins, play an important role in this regard. The effect of auxins on the percentage and number of roots produced on stem cuttings has been shown by many researchers on various plants, including plants with hard-rooting cuttings particularly in trees. The most widely used auxins in this regard are IBA and NAA, respectively. The individual or combined effect of auxins for successful rooting depends on a number of factors, including plant type, cuttings type, cuttings size, cuttings age, and the time of year the cuttings were removed. In the present study, the combined effect of IBA and NAA had the greatest effect on most of the measured traits.
Breeding and Biotechnology of Plant and Flower
Nima Javaheri; Behzad Kaviani
Abstract
Introduction
Lily, a member of the genus Lilium, belonging to the Liliaceae family is one of the most important commercial pot and cut flower species and one of the three major bulb crops in the commercial market because of its large, colorful and fascinating flowers. Lily hybrids are the most ...
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Introduction
Lily, a member of the genus Lilium, belonging to the Liliaceae family is one of the most important commercial pot and cut flower species and one of the three major bulb crops in the commercial market because of its large, colorful and fascinating flowers. Lily hybrids are the most economically important plants with varied flowers. Hybrid Eastern lily (Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Casablanca’) is a perennial bulbous plant that its propagation by bulb in natural condition is time-consuming, so produces 1–2 bulblets per bulb scale in one years’ time which is not sufficient for large scale cultivation of this plant. One of the most important and best methods for vegetative propagation and breeding of lilies is in vitro bulb scale culture. In vitro adventitious bud regeneration from scales of Lilium rely on many factors like cytokinin and auxin concentrations such as BA and NAA. The successful use of tissue culture techniques for rapid propagation of some species of the genus Lilium including L. ledebourii, L. orientalis, L. longiflorum, L. japonicum, L. speciosum, L. concolor, L. nepalense, L. regale, L. oriental hybrid, L. Asiatic hybrid has been reported. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of BA and NAA on in vitro proliferation of Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Casablanca’ using bulb scale as explant to establish a suitable protocol.
Materials and Methods
Effect of various concentrations of 6-benzyle adenine (BA; 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg l–1) and ɑ-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg l–1) were evaluated on in vitro proliferation of L. ‘Oriental’. Bulb scale as explant and MS basal medium as culture medium were used. Activated charcoal was applied to inhibit the browning of the culture medium and explant. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized design (CRD). The 16 treatments were applied, each treatment had 4 replications and each replication had 4 individuals. Therefore, in these experiments, a total of 192 bulbs were used. Traits including total plantlets fresh weight, leaf length, leaf number, bulblet weight, bulblet diameter, bulblet number, survival percentage, root length and root number related to in vitro proliferation were measured. All the statistical analyses were done by using SAS and Tukey’s test. Arcsin software was used for changing percent data.
Results and Discussion
The interaction effect of BA and NAA was significant for all measured traits. Results showed that the maximum number of bulblet (8.66) and root (5.36) were obtained in culture medium enriched with 0.5 mg l–1 BA together with 0.4 mg l–1 NAA. Culture media supplemented with 0.5 mg l–1 BA together with 0.2 mg l–1 NAA and 1 mg l–1 BA together with 0.1 mg l–1 NAA with induction of 7.33 bulblets per explant were suitable media. The largest number of leaf (4.33) was measured in culture medium containing 1 mg l–1 BA together with 0.1 mg l–1 NAA. The highest bulblet weight was measured in culture medium supplemented with 1 mg l–1 BA along with 0.2 mg l–1 NAA. The greatest survival rate (100%) was observed in medium enriched with 0.5 mg l–1 BA together with 0.1 mg l–1 NAA. Survival rate (90%) in explants treated with 2 mg l–1 BA along with 0.4 mg l–1 NAA was high. Obtained results revealed that the presence of both BA and NAA in culture media for enhancement of most traits is necessary and critical. Plantlets were transferred to a growing medium containing cocopeat, peat moss and perlite in identical proportion for acclimatization following proliferation. Approximately, 90% of regenerated plantlets survived and were morphologically similar to the mother stocks. This study will help the producers and breeders for commercial and improvement purposes. The effective role of the simultaneous presence of both auxin and cytokinin in the culture medium in effective organogenesis was shown in the present study. Similar findings were reported for some lilies such as L. ledebourii (Baker) Bioss., L. longiflorum and L. regale. Auxin was effective in stimulating bulb production and growth of the aerial part of the eastern lily, and its presence along with cytokinin is essential for leaf induction. Some studies have reported similar results. The type and optimal concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the culture medium for suitable in vitro propagation varies in different species. Genetic variations (species type), differences in the amount of endogenous production of PGRs and their interaction with each other are among some reasons for this difference. The proper ratio of auxin and cytokinin in the culture medium is effective for inducing cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis and finally for achieving a complete plant. Root production with appropriate quantity and quality leads to the suitable survival of seedlings resulting from the growth of cultured explants under in vitro conditions and adapted plants. Current study showed that the presence of both BA and NAA is better than the presence of one of these two PGRs for induction and growth of root. Some similar findings were reported, however in most studies, the presence of auxin as individual PGR has been found to be more suitable for root induction.
Maryam Hashemi; Seyyed Hossein Mirdehghan; Homayon Farahmand; Hossein Dashti
Abstract
Gerbera (Gerbereajamesonii) cut flower has magnificent economical value in international cut flower industry. Due to sensitivityto ethylene and to gray mold, it has a short postharvest life. In this research, the effects of pulsing treatments with Salicylic Acid (100 and 200 mg/L) and Methyl jasmonate ...
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Gerbera (Gerbereajamesonii) cut flower has magnificent economical value in international cut flower industry. Due to sensitivityto ethylene and to gray mold, it has a short postharvest life. In this research, the effects of pulsing treatments with Salicylic Acid (100 and 200 mg/L) and Methyl jasmonate (25 and 50 mg/L) for 24h on quality and vase-life of gerbera cut flower were assessed. Distilled water + Sucrose (4%) was applied as control treatment. Afther treatment application, the flowers were taken out and kept in distilled water + sucrose (4%) solution at 25±2.C˚The highest vase-life was obtained in salicylic acid 200 mg/L (9.91 day) followed by methyl jasmonate 25 mg/L (9.66 day), compared to control (7.49 day). Among the treatments, salicylic acid (200 mg/L) decreased flower petal wilting, preservative pH, and microorganism growth and subsequently increased the absorption of preservative solution, soluble solids, cut flower stem diameter and vase-life,therefore it can be choose as best treatment in this experiment.
Shima Alaei; Enayatollah Tafazoli
Abstract
Salinity is a limiting factor for plant growth and crop production. A study was conducted to determine the salt tolerance of olive (Olea europaea cv. Roughani) and its effects as combined with application of kinetin and cycocel plant growth regulators on Na and K distribution. The experiment was carried ...
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Salinity is a limiting factor for plant growth and crop production. A study was conducted to determine the salt tolerance of olive (Olea europaea cv. Roughani) and its effects as combined with application of kinetin and cycocel plant growth regulators on Na and K distribution. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangements with four replications. Accumulation of Na and K in aerial parts and roots of plants were determined. The results indicated that increasing salinity level caused a increase in Na content but a decrease in K/Na ratio. Sodium concentration was higher in roots. At 200 mM salinity leaf and shoot Na and increased significantly at 5% level. Also at 100 and 200 mM salinity, Leaf K decreased significantly at 5% level. K/Na ratio at 50,100 and 200 mM salinity level decreased. Application of 250 mg/l kinetin at the 200 mM salinity increased leaf Na that was significantly different at 5% level ,DNMRT. Application of 500 and 1000 mg/l cycocel, decreased shoot K (at the 100 mM salinity) and leaf K (at the 0 and 50 mM salinity). The decrease was statistically significant (p
