Medicinal Plants
Esmaeil Nabizadeh; Masud Haghshenas; Khadijeh Ahmadi
Abstract
IntroductionThe medicinal plant of Balangu Shirazi (Lalemantia royleana Benth) to the Lamiaceae or Labiateae family. This medicinal plant is native to the tropical regions of Asia, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan. This plant is also found in various regions of the Middle East and Europe, especially Turkey, ...
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IntroductionThe medicinal plant of Balangu Shirazi (Lalemantia royleana Benth) to the Lamiaceae or Labiateae family. This medicinal plant is native to the tropical regions of Asia, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan. This plant is also found in various regions of the Middle East and Europe, especially Turkey, Iran and in the Siberian regions of Russia, i.e. in Western Siberia. Due to the presence of high mucilage content, Lallemantia royleana seeds quickly absorb water through the hydration process and produce a sticky, cloudy and tasteless liquid that can be used as a new source of hydrocolloid in food formulations as well. Soil salinity is a growing problem in agricultural ecosystems that endangers the growth and productivity of plants. Salinity causes ionic toxicity, nutritional imbalance, pigment destruction and inhibition of photosynthesis, oxidative and osmotic stress, limited release of CO2 in leaves, changes in metabolic pathways, cell deformation, premature aging and finally cell death in it becomes a plant. Therefore, effective solutions to deal with soil salinity under agricultural management systems can include all kinds of salt-resistant species and biotechnological approaches such as the use of beneficial microorganisms that are able to improve plant tolerance to salt. Mycorrhizal fungi, one of the common soil microbes, can occupy the roots of most terrestrial plant species. Notably, mycorrhizal fungi can improve host plant tolerance to salinity stress by a series of physiological and biochemical mechanisms, including higher water use efficiency, photosynthetic capacity, maintaining ion homeostasis, osmotic protection, maintaining cell ultrastructure and enhancing antioxidant metabolism. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of three mycorrhizal fungi on seed yield, physiological characteristics and mineral elements (N, P and K) of the medicinal plant L. royleana under salt stress conditions. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was factorial based on a completely randomized design including the treatment of mycorrhizal fungi at three levels (R. irregularis, G. versiform, F. mosseae) with the number of spores 5 x 106 per milliliter of inoculum and salinity stress including four level (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m of sodium chloride salt) was done in three repetitions. This experiment was carried out in 2018 in a greenhouse at Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch, day and night temperatures were 25 and 22 degrees Celsius, respectively, with two relative humidity levels of 60 (during the day) and 40 (at night). The percentage and amount of carbon dioxide was about (mMol.mol-1) 500-600. Shirazi Balangu seeds were obtained from Pakan Seed Company of Isfahan with 99% purity and 80% potency. Distilled water was used for zero treatment (control) and pure sodium chloride salt (Merck, Germany) was used to prepare solutions with electrical conductivity of 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m. Balango seeds were sown in the middle of Mehr in pots with an opening diameter of 20 cm and a length of 18 cm containing soil, sand and manure (2:1:1) at a depth of 0.5-1 cm. Three fungi G. versiform, R. irregularis and F. mosseae were used for mycorrhiza inoculation, and there were at least 50 live spores in each gram of soil. The ratio of the inoculant used to the soil was one to nine (by volume) and in layers. In order to prevent any deficiency of nutrients, 10 ml of Hoagland nutrient solution with half the concentration of phosphorus was added to all the pots every week. The traits under study encompassed the seed yield of a single plant, seed oil percentage, antioxidant capacity, proline content, as well as the leakage of ionic substances and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the data using SAS 9.1 statistical software. Mean comparisons among traits were performed utilizing Duncan's test at a significance level of 5%. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the traits evaluated in the present study were affected by mycorrhizal fungus treatments, salinity stress and the mutual effect of fungi in salinity stress. Seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus R. irregularis had the highest seed yield, percentage of oil, proline, antioxidant power and mineral elements compared to the other two strains of mycorrhizal fungus. Salinity stress increased the percentage of oil, proline, and antioxidant power of L. royleana medicinal plant leaves, and increasing the salinity stress from 0 to 8 dS/m decreased grain yield and mineral elements. According to the comparison results of the average effect of fungus interaction in salt stress, the highest amount of seed yield and mineral elements in plant inoculation with R. irregularis fungus was observed in the absence of salt stress, as well as the highest amount of traits of oil percentage, proline and antioxidant power. It was obtained in a tension of 8 dS/m. According to the results of the present research, the use of R. irregularis mushroom strain had the most positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of L. royleana medicinal plant compared to the absence of mushroom inoculation. ConclusionIn general, the results of this study showed that mycorrhizal inoculation had a positive and significant effect on seed yield, antioxidant capacity, oil percentage, proline content and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in L. royleana plant. Also, the results indicated that the use of mycorrhiza in the cultivation of L. royleana can partially prevent the occurrence of element deficiency in saline soils and reduce the high consumption of chemical fertilizers. This assertion has been corroborated by research conducted by other scholars focusing on medicinal plants. Employing mycorrhizal symbiosis in saline soils has been shown to enhance plant resistance to salinity. Therefore, by employing a suitable mycorrhizal strain with salinity resistance, it becomes feasible to mitigate the departure of saline soils from the production cycle, thereby averting consumption-related issues. Furthermore, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to numerous problems, highlighting the need for alternative approaches.
Pomology
Fatemeh Karamnezhad; Norollah Moallemi; Esmaeil Khaleghi
Abstract
Introduction
Nitrogen plays an important role in the uniformity and quality of citrus trees. Several studies previously reported that a low level of nitrogen in citrus trees is generally caused a reduction in yield and fruit quality (Aziz, 1997; Khan et al., 2009). In this regard, applying urea is recommended ...
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Introduction
Nitrogen plays an important role in the uniformity and quality of citrus trees. Several studies previously reported that a low level of nitrogen in citrus trees is generally caused a reduction in yield and fruit quality (Aziz, 1997; Khan et al., 2009). In this regard, applying urea is recommended as the most suitable form of nitrogen for foliar application. The polyamines are included; putrescine, spermidine, and spermine which have been considered as plant growth regulators (Alcazar et al., 2010; Khezri et al., 2010). The role of nitrogen in vegetative and reproductive growth and yield, as well as the correlation between polyamines, flower induction and fruit set in other plants, were proved in previous studies. In this regard, the results of the current study will increase our understanding about the role of polyamines in the morphology of the tree and also the mechanism of regulating the alternate bearing of Kinnow mandarin leading to an approach method to address this problem.
Materials and Methods
To conduct this study a 17-year-old uniform of Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) grafted onto Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) rootstock, which grown in a commercial orchard, located in Dezful (Khuzestan Province in Iran). For sampling, the branches which possess leaves and nodes were selected from four sides of each tree, then leaves and nodes were collected at three different time points (one, three, and five weeks post-treatment). Samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen after excision and transported to the Physiology Laboratory of fruit trees within 2h for determining the N fractions and polyamines. The concentration of N in dried leaves and nodes was determined using the colorimetry technique as described by Walling et al. (1989). The experiment was set up as a factorial treatment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effect of different concentrations of urea foliar application (0, 0.75%, 1.5%) on nitrogen and polyamines contents at different time points (Dec 22, Jan 5, Jan 20) followed by evaluating flower characteristics and yield in Kinnow mandarin plant. Data analysis including variance was carried out using MSTATC and SAS software. To compare the mean of polyamines and nitrogen in leaves and nodes, the cut-out method was used, and also for comparison of pistil dimensions, number of flowers, and yields, Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) was performed.
Results and Discussion
Results indicated that polyamines concentration and nitrogen decreased during the period of time and also, in most cases, polyamines concentration was lower in the nodes than the leaves. High levels of polyamines and nitrogen were obtained in leaves and nodes which were treated with the foliar application of 1.5 % urea concentration after Jan 20. The polyamines content in leaves and nodes was greatly dependent on the spraying time and urea concentration used. Spermine (Spm) was the dominant polyamines in leaves and nodes with the highest values of 44.01 nmol/gF.W, 34.41 nmol/gF.W, respectively. Regarding the fact that flower density was higher in trees that treated with urea concentration of 1.5 % after Jan 5 y than other treatments, however, their yield was lower than the trees that treated on Dec 22 with the same urea concentration. This was probably due to the flower abscission as well as the fruit abscission in June. The results of this study showed that the highest yield was obtained with 1.5 % urea concentration after foliar application on Dec 22 compared with other treatments. Regarding the fact that flower differentiation in mandarin occurs during the late January until late February (in Dezful conditions), it can be explained that the foliar application on Dec 22 was performed before differentiation and consequently, the trees have received their required nitrogen. Also, the low-temperature is considered as natural inducer of citrus flowering in the Dezful, likewise, foliar fertilizer application in winter along with the natural factor (low temperature) stimulates flowering in a larger number of buds resulting in increasing the flowering. As nitrogen promotes vegetative and reproductive growth, it can be said that increasing the nitrogen content of leaves followed by transfering to the nodes, increases the number of buds, especially reproductive buds, which leads to an increase in flowering and yield. According to this study, the foliar application of urea in winter with 1.5% concentration can increase yield in Kinnow mandarin trees. Therefore, polyamines can play an important physiological role in flower development of Kinnow mandarin.
Conclusion
In this study, we focused on the effect of the foliar application urea during winter on leaves and nodes of Kinnow mandarin trees and investigated the polyamines, Put, Spm, and Spd contents upon treatments. In conclusion, the application of foliar urea in winter resulted in the significant endogenous increase of polyamines and N in the leaves and nodes of Kinnow mandarin trees. Also, yield, flower density, and pistil diameter were increased by spraying urea. There is a possibility that free polyamines affect on physiological processes.
Mohsen Seilsepour
Abstract
Introduction: Garlic (Allium sativum L) is the second most commonly used herb of alliums after onions. This plant has significant effects on lowering blood pressure, preventing atherosclerosis, reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride and inhibiting platelet aggregation. In recent years, the increase ...
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Introduction: Garlic (Allium sativum L) is the second most commonly used herb of alliums after onions. This plant has significant effects on lowering blood pressure, preventing atherosclerosis, reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride and inhibiting platelet aggregation. In recent years, the increase in the yield of this product has been of interest to manufacturers of this product with respect to the preservation of qualitative characteristics, including the maximum content of nitrate. It has been shown that the absorption of nutrients in the soil affects the yield and yield components of the plant. In this regard, the timely and adequate supply of nutrients such as sulfur and nitrogen has a special role in promoting quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic. Material and Methods: In order to study the effects of nitrogen and sulfur consumption on quantitative and qualitative traits of garlic, this study was conducted with 12 treatments and three replications in the form of a split plot design in two years in Agricultural Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Tehran Province which located in Varamin in Iran. Nitrogen factor was considered at four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and sulfur at three levels (0, 500 and 1000 kg ha-1 with inoculation of Thiobacillus). Before planting, soil samples were taken from the experimental site and physical and chemical characteristics including texture, reaction, organic carbon, lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and iron, manganese, copper, zinc and boron were measured. Dry matter yield, number of bulbs per garlic, single plant weight, garlic weight, plant height, leaf number per plant and leaf area were recorded at the end of experiment. Garlic nitrate content and nutrient concentration in garlic leaves were also measured. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using SAS software. Results and Discussion: The effects of nitrogen and sulfur on the yield of garlic cloves, number of bulbs in cloves, cloves weights, bulbs weights, plant height, leaf area and bulb nitrate were significant as all these traits were improved. Application of 1000 kg.ha-1 of sulfur increased the garlic cloves yield by 31% compared to the control. Nitrogen consumption up to 200 kg.ha-1 increased garlic cloves yield by 58% compared to the control. The highest economic yield of garlic cloves was obtained by 1000 kg.ha-1 sulfur and 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen, which was 104% more than control treatment. Data also showed that the effects of sulfur and nitrogen and the interaction of sulfur and nitrogen on the leaf area of the garlic plant were significant. Consumption of 1000 kg.ha-1of sulfur increased the leaf area of the garlic plant by 42% compared to the control. Nitrogen consumption up to 200 kg.ha-1 increased the leaf area of garlic plant by 39.3% compared to the control. The highest leaf area of garlic plant was obtained from 1000 kg.ha-1sulfur and 200 kg.ha-1nitrogen, which was 104% higher than control. Increase of the growth and yield of garlic was attributed to the main role of nitrogen in increasing meristematic activity, cell division, prolongation of the cell. Sulfur is one of the essential nutrients of the plant, and without sulfur, the plant does not grow and function properly. Sulfur is the fourth essential element after nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus for garlic. This element is needed in production of amine acids, such as methionine and cysteine, which are essential for the production of vitamin A, and the activation of certain enzymes. The results of studies have shown that amino acids directly or indirectly affect the physiological activity of the plant, and positively affect the growth, increase in yield and increase plant tolerance to environmental stresses. The soil reaction was affected by sulfur consumption and decreased. There was a negative correlation between soil reaction as a dependent variable (Y) and consumed sulfur as an independent variable (X), which correlated with linear relation with correlation coefficient of 0.98. Data showed that use of 1000 kg.ha-1of sulfur reduced soil reaction from 7.49 to 7.26 and increased leaf iron concentration by 88% compared to control and increased leaf zinc concentration 110% compared to control treatment. The researchers believe that sulfur oxidation and sulfuric acid production in the soil reduce soil reactions and increase the absorption capacity of phosphorus and microelements. The effect of sulfur on the concentration of leaf phosphorus was significant. The phosphorus concentration was increased significantly with sulfur application into the soil, so that 1,000 kg.ha-1 of sulfur increased the concentration of leaf phosphorus by 63% compared with the control (0.33%). Research results have shown that phosphorus absorption capacity in soil is highly dependent on soil reaction and reducing soil reaction leads to increased phosphorus absorption capacity. Researchers have reported that sulfur consumption and the production of sulfuric acid, as a result of its oxidation, reduce soil reaction and increase phosphorus availability for plants. The effect of nitrogen, sulfur and the interaction of nitrogen and sulfur on the content of garlic nitrate was significant. Garlic nitrate content decreased with application of sulfur and increased with nitrogen addition. Application of sulfur at 1000 kg.ha-1 significantly reduced garlic nitrate content by 35% compared to control. The application of 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen increased the content of garlic nitrate 97, 210 and 308%, respectively in comparison to control. At all levels of nitrogen addition, sulfur consumption reduced the content of garlic nitrate. Garlic nitrate content decreased with application of sulfur and increased with nitrogen addition. Sulfur application at 1000 mg.kg-1 significantly reduced garlic nitrate content by 35% compared to control (mg.kg-1). Garlic nitrate was increased by the amount of nitrogen consumed. There was a positive correlation between garlic nitrate (Y) as a dependent variable (N) and independent nitrogen (X), which correlated with linear relation with the correlation coefficient of 0.99. Researchers have argued that excessive consumption of nitrogen fertilizers is the main factor causing the accumulation of nitrate in a number of vegetables and other plants such as garlic. Conclusion: Based on the results of the experiment, it was concluded that nitrogen and sulfur increase the yield of garlic. Meanwhile, sulfur reduces nitrate accumulation in garlic. Sulfur consumption reduces soil pH and increases the absorption availability of micronutrients and phosphorus in the soil and causes more absorption of these elements by the plant.
Maryam Heidarzade; Gholamreza Zarei; Abolfazl Morowati
Abstract
Introduction: Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H. B. k.) is a valuable medicinal plant because of the essential oils, such as neral and garanial, which are used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and sanitary industries. In different industries, using essential oil of medicinal plants depends on the ...
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Introduction: Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H. B. k.) is a valuable medicinal plant because of the essential oils, such as neral and garanial, which are used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and sanitary industries. In different industries, using essential oil of medicinal plants depends on the chemical composition, which is influenced by environmental factors, harvest time and farming methods.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of urea fertilizer and several iron fertilizers on yield and quality of lemon verbena at Fathabad garden of Kerman in 2017. The plants were planted based on factorial experiment in format of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Different levels of urea fertilizer (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and different sources of iron fertilizers included non-use, iron sulfate, nano iron chelate and ortho-chelate iron, were considered in four levels. The measured traits included plant height, fresh and dry weight of leaf per plant, number of branch, chlorophyll content and essential oil quantity and quality. Essential oil extraction was carried out using water distillation method using Clevenger's apparatus and identification of essential oil compounds was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MAS). The data were subjected to variance analysis using SAS software and means comparison were done with LSD at 5% level.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that different levels of urea and various iron sources had significant effect on all traits. Treatment with 150 kg ha-1 urea had the highest effect on measured traits compared to control. Among the types of iron sources, ortho-chelate iron had highest effect on quantity and quality compared to other iron sources and control. Generally, 150 kg ha-1 urea in combination with ortho-chelate iron produced the highest quantitative and qualitative yield. The same trend was observed in chlorophyll (35 mg/ml) and oil content (1.3%). In this study, a significant positive correlation was observed between chlorophyll content of leaves with vegetative traits and essential oil, which confirmed the positive effect of chlorophyll content on measured traits. Evaluation of quality of the leaves, 20 chemical compositions were detected in essential oils that were more than 85 percent of the total components. The neral and geranial were the predominant compounds in essential oils and the lowest levels of these compounds were observed in control (33.8%) and the highest levels were observed in the combination of 150 kg ha-1 urea with nano iron chelate (44.9%). The essential oils are terpenoid compositions that their constructive units need to NADPH and ATP, thus the presence of nitrogen is essential for the formation of these compounds. Moreover, iron acts as a cofactor for NADPH and ATP activity in nitrogen metabolism. Therefore, the increase in nitrogen and iron absorption by the plant has increased the content of essential oil. Due to the fact that geranial and neral are the most important compounds used in the essential oil of lemon verbena in various industries, especially pharmaceutical industry. The results of this experiment can be used to increase the quantity and quality of lemon verbena.
Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that different levels of urea and various iron sources had a significant effects on all traits. Generally, 150 kg ha-1 urea in combination with ortho-chelate iron produced the highest quantitative and qualitative yield. A significant positive correlation was observed between chlorophyll content of leaves with vegetative traits and essential oil. Twenty chemical compositions were detected in essential oils that the neral and geranial were the most predominant compounds.
Alireza Ladan Moghadam
Abstract
Introduction: One of the main factors in increasing the quantity and quality of crops is increasing soil organic matter. Biochar is a form of material burned in special conditions and added to soil as organic material, which increases soil organic matter and reduces environmental hazards. The increase ...
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Introduction: One of the main factors in increasing the quantity and quality of crops is increasing soil organic matter. Biochar is a form of material burned in special conditions and added to soil as organic material, which increases soil organic matter and reduces environmental hazards. The increase in organic matter improves the physical, and chemical properties of the soil, and ultimately increases the absorption of the elements by the plant. Biochar is one of the methods for increasing organic matter in the soil, which is produced by burning in low oxygen conditions. There are many studies that show that the use of coke can be beneficial for plant growth. Fragaria ananasa is an important plant in nutrition of human that cultivated extensive area of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of biochar produced from wheat and rice straws on some of the characteristics of strawberry cv. Kurdestan.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each block contained 15 pots and 45 plants were planted in each pot. The treatments included 1.5 and 3% of the two types of straw, wheat and rice residues, along with three levels of chemical fertilizer containing zero, 50 and 70 % of the plant requirements. In order to prepare the biochar, wheat and rice straw separately put in a special container made for this purpose and were placed in an electric furnace at 550 °C for 2-2.5 hours. In this research, yield, fresh weight of the plant, number of fruits were measured by conventional methods. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron elements in two parts of the fruit and shoot were measured by Kjeldahl method, spectrophotometry, flame photometric sulfuric acid digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively.
Results: The results showed that the highest fruit yield was obtained in 70 % of fertilizer application and 3% of wheat straw (83.3 g per plant). Reason of increasing yield was to provide elements and improved conditions of soil. The results showed that the increase in the amount of chemical fertilizer and biochar significantly increased the plant yield. The greatest effect of biochar was observed when the chemical fertilizer has been sufficiently provided. The results showed that in the treatment of 70% of fertilizer requirement, using wheat and rice straws, nitrogen content increased to 0.7 and 0.5 g/100g of dry matter, respectively. The results have shown that the use of biochar has led to an increase in the fresh weight of the aboveground of the strawberry plant. The amount of phosphorus was 0.31 g/100g of fruit in the absence of chemical fertilizer and biochar. By increasing the requirement to 70% of chemical fertilizers plus 3% of rice straw the amount of phosphorus in the fruit reached to 0.37 g/100g . Results showed that the highest amount of iron in the fruit is found in 70% of fertilizer and 3% of biochar, equal to 13.5 mg/100g in the fruit. Also, the highest amount of iron in the aboveground obtained at the same treatment with 14.8 mg/ 100g.
Discussion: The burning of plant remains naturally induced a lot of damages on the farm, causing soil degradation and reduces plant yield. The results of this study and other researchers show that the use of biochar is an appropriate method for converting plant debris into useful material. The increase in the amount of biochar will improve the absorption of the elements needed by the plant. As a result, providing the nutrients needed for the plant will perform better. In general, the results showed that use of both types of biochar has a very beneficial effect on strawberry plants, and the biochar derived from wheat straw have better effect than rice straw on the plant quality and quantity properties. The fruits have been improved by using biochar and chemical fertilizer. This indicates the basic role of the chemical fertilizers that cannot be completely eliminated and should only reduce their consumption.
Nasrin Gharaei Masjedi; Mohammad Hossein Shamshiri; Mohammad Reza Dehghani
Abstract
Introduction: Pistachio (Pistacia vera), as one of the most important horticultural products of Iran, has been embraced as one of the main commercial products. Rafsanjan is an important area of pistachio production in the world. High production is primarily dependent on the ability of the trees to produce ...
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Introduction: Pistachio (Pistacia vera), as one of the most important horticultural products of Iran, has been embraced as one of the main commercial products. Rafsanjan is an important area of pistachio production in the world. High production is primarily dependent on the ability of the trees to produce large amounts of photoassimilates during the growing season. Nitrogen is the primary nutrient element needed in the greatest quantities for plant growth and physiology. The greatest impact of nitrogen is in relation to photosynthesis. Therefore, the rate of CO2 assimilation has been closely related to leaf nitrogen status. Nitrogen deficiency leads to the reduction in the activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis and consequently a decrease in the rate of CO2 assimilation. Regarding the key role of nitrogen in metabolic activities, especially photosynthesis, this research was conducted to investigate the effects of repeated foliar applications of urea on photosynthesis parameters of “Kalleh-ghuchi” pistachio cultivar.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted to assess the effect of repeated foliar applications of urea on photosynthetic parameters of pistachio trees in different stages of fruit growth, as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with five replications. In this experiment, urea was applied at the rate of 0.5% at three different stages of fruit growth including initiation of embryo growth, rapid growth of embryo and during flower bud abscission with two weeks interval. Measurement of photosynthesis parameters (including photosynthesis (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)) were done by used a portable photosynthesis system, after measuring photosynthesis parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and PII) were recorded by using a Chlorophyll Fluorometer. Leaf nitrogen content was determined by the kjeldahl method. Leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids content were measured according to porra (2002). Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was calculated as the ratio of photosynthesis to foliar nitrogen content. All above parameters was performed in two times, one day after the last spraying and 10 days after the first stage of measurement. The experimental data was analyzed by SAS software and the significant differences among the treatment were tested by Duncan test.
Results: The results showed that photosynthesis and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were increased in urea treated trees compared to control in both sampling dates, while intercellular CO2 concentration was decreased by urea application. Three times applications of urea caused a 20% increase in photosynthesis rate compared to control trees. Leaf nitrogen content was also increased by repeated urea application in two sampling dates, as three times application of urea resulted in a 65% increase in leaf nitrogen concentration compared to the control , while photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency decreased by urea application. Fv/Fm and PII were improved by repeated urea applications in two sampling dates. The results also indicated that chlorophyll pigments were increased by urea application. Generally, results showed that the maximum of photosynthesis and related parameters were obtained with three applications of urea at second date of sampling.
Discussion: Any increase in photosynthesis with urea application indicates that more nitrogen maybe allocated to the enzymes of the carbon assimilation. Thus, more CO2 could be used by the plant, therefore increases in CO2 assimilation was accompanied by a decrease in the Ci due to nitrogen application. In the present study, nitrogen application increased stomatal conductance of pistachio trees. Application of nitrogen can influence stomatal opening, and thus transpiration rate. Increased chlorophyll content with applied nitrogen indicates paramount role of nitrogen in determining of chlorophyll synthesis. Increasing photosynthesis rate is always accompany with chlorophyll fluorescence reduction that is in agree with our results. Differences in PNUE are mainly brought about by differences in photosynthetic capacity or foliar nitrogen allocation either within the photosynthetic apparatus or to non-photosynthetic pools (e.g. cell walls, nitrate).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that urea application can improve photosynthesis capacity by increasing nitrogen content of pistachio leaves. In this experiment, repeated foliar applications of urea in different stages of fruit growth had positive effects on photosynthesis and other dependent parameters which may be effective in reduction of alternate bearing in pistachio trees. On the other hand, the effect of nitrogen application on photosynthesis was continued for more than a month after application, compared to control.
Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Ali Asghari; Hadi Mahmoodi
Abstract
Introduction: Kiwifruit (Actinidia Sp) is one of the fruits that it is considered as an appropriate food source, because it is rich in vitamins, especially vitamins c, E, A, B1 and also in the form of potassium. Humic substances are contained nutrients that improve the soil nutrients and are increases ...
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Introduction: Kiwifruit (Actinidia Sp) is one of the fruits that it is considered as an appropriate food source, because it is rich in vitamins, especially vitamins c, E, A, B1 and also in the form of potassium. Humic substances are contained nutrients that improve the soil nutrients and are increases the availability of food and therefore plant growth and yield. Studies have shown that adding certain amount of humic acid fertilizer can improve the growth of root, stem and leaves of plants and enhances yield and quality of products and increases the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer consumption. According to pervious findings, recent research was performed aimed to achieving the best combination of humic acid and its application method for improving yield and organic fruits production in Kiwifruit cv. Hyvard.
Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effects of humic acid concentration and application method on nutrient uptake and quality and quantity of fruit indices, of Kiwifruit CV Hyvard an experiment based on complete block design with four replications was conducted during 2015-2016 in Talesh city, Gilan province. Experimental treatments included soil drenching method and foliar spraying of different levels (control, 2, 4 and 6 kg. ha-1) of humic acid. In this study traits such as absorption indexes of nutrient elements consisting nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron content of leaves and quantitative and qualitative traits of fruit (yield, Tissue firmness, vitamin C, total soluble solids of fruits and leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content) were measured. Phosphorus was measured by spectrophotometer at 430 nm and potassium was measured by flame photometer. Atomic absorption was used to determine the amount of calcium (at wavelength of 422.7 nm) and magnesium (at wavelength of 285.2 nm). Nitrogen was also measured by Kjeldahl method. Micro elements were determined by flame atomic absorption method. Standard samples and treatments were cloudy with a blue acetylene flame and the adsorption of iron, manganese, zinc and copper were read at wavelengths of 243/3, 288.5, 213.9, 327.7 nm, respectively. This study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments (0%) and application of humic acid at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 kg.ha-1 as spraying on leaves and soil application on Hayward cultivar with four replications. Data from this study were analyzed by using Jmp statistical software and graphs were drawn using Excel 2013 software.
Results and Discussion: Results of analysis of variance showed that different concentration of humic acid had significant effect on nutrient uptake and quality and quantity of fruit indices at 1% probability level. Results of this research indicated that using of humic acid caused increasing in nutrient elements uptake and improving the quality and quantity of fruit in Hyvard cv. of Kiwifruit. Comparison of means showed that the highest value of nitrogen (1.8%) of foliar application of 2 kg.ha-1 and 4 kg.ha-1 to soil of humic acid, phosphorus (0.3%) obtained by foliar application of 2 and 4 kg.ha-1, calcium (3.5%) by foliar and soil application of 4 kg.ha-1. The highest value of potassium (1.92) with soil application of 6 kg.ha-1, manganese (0.33%) and copper (12.8 Mg.Kg Dw-1) of foliar application of 4 kg.ha-1,iron (226 Mg.Kg Dw-1) of soil application 6 kg.ha-1 humic acid and the highest value of magnesium (34.7 Mg.Kg Dw-1) uptake index obtained from adding 6 kg.ha-1 humic acid to soil. The results indicated that foliar spraying of 2 kg.ha-1 humic acid had higher efficiency for zinc uptake (21.7 Mg.Kg Dw-1). Comparison of means showed that the lowest value of measured elements obtained in control treatment. Based on the results, the concentration of four kilograms per hectare of humic acid with soil and leaf application methods had the highest effect on quantitative and qualitative indices of kiwifruit.
Conclusion: Results showed that application of humic acid caused increasing in absorption of nutrients and improving the quality and quantity of fruit in Hyvard CV of Kiwifruit. Comparison of meanings showed that the application, soil application of 4 kg.ha-1 of humic acid, was more effective in absorption indices of nitrogen elements, phosphorus, calcium and quantitative and qualitative indices of kiwifruit. Treatment of 6 kg.ha-1 soil increased the adsorption of manganese and iron elements and soil treatment of 2 kg ha-1 humic acid had the highest absorption of magnesium. Data analysis showed that zinc and copper elements were more adsorbed in humic acid by 2 and 4 kg.ha-1 in spray application. In this study the lowest value of measured elements obtained in control trait.
Ali Reza Imani; Mousa Arshad
Abstract
Introduction: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a herbaceous, biennial, monocots and cross pollination and one of the most important vegetables around the world. This plant contains vitamin B, vitamin C, carbohydrates and a small amount of protein. Onions with substances such as fructans, flavonoids and organic ...
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Introduction: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a herbaceous, biennial, monocots and cross pollination and one of the most important vegetables around the world. This plant contains vitamin B, vitamin C, carbohydrates and a small amount of protein. Onions with substances such as fructans, flavonoids and organic sulfur has many medicinal properties. One of the factors increasing the onion growth is the application of a desirable quantity of foliar for the cultivation of this plant. With respect that nitrogen is one of the main ingredients of amino acid and chlorophyll, accelerating the rate of growth of this plant and increasing protein and activity of the plant, it is more effective for the plant. Nitrogen is a component of pigments, secondary metabolites and the main components of proteins and in other biological important biomolecules such as ATP and nucleic acids can also be found. Lack of nitrogen reduces the activity of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase and glutamine dehydrogenase. The relevant application of fertilizer has positive effect on the soil quality but also on the preservation of nitrogen and other soil ingredients and decreases a need for the fertilizers. Phosphorus plays an important role in plant metabolism, such as root development, photosynthesis, nutrient transport within the plant, meiosis, growth and development of reproductive organs is responsible. In this regard, the use of micro-organisms will help to reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizers is expensive. Biological fertilizer has an important role in the dissolution of some elements such as phosphorus can be influenced in combined with phosphorus fertilizer. Since in our country due to drastic changes in pH, the amount of soluble phosphorus in rhizosphere is limited. Therefore use of bio-fertilizers releasing phosphorus for a large extent can be balanced difficult to absorb this nutrient, and the absorption of other nutrients in plants is effective as a quantitative measure.
Materials and Methods: Due to the importance of nutrition with bio-fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer, its effects on yield and yield components of onion in city Malekan climatic conditions were evaluated. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and bio-phosphate fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics Azarshahr red onion, factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two separate experiments were conducted in the crop year 2015-2016. First experiment included nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (0, 60 and 120 kg per hectare) and spraying bio-phosphate fertilizer (Barvar 2) on three levels (control, 1 and 2 per thousand) and the second experiment, nitrogen fertilizer at mentioned and inoculation seed with -bio-phosphate fertilizer (Barvar 2) in three levels (non-inoculated, 1 and 2 per thousand), respectively. Data from tests using SPSS software were analyzed and mean comparisons of data were performed using Duncan's multiple range test, finally required tables and charts using Excel software were drawn.
Results and Discussion: The analysis of data variance at first experiment indicated that the effect of nitrogen on all of studied traits without sugar content and bio-phosphate fertilizer (Barvar 2) on the plant height, average weight onion, yield, sugar compounds and protein rate without amount of nitrate and chlorophyll index were significant. On the other hand, effect of nitrogen was not significant for the average weight of onion and chlorophyll index. The effect of 2-bio-phosphate on the average weight of onion and sugar ingredient was significant. In the first experiment, the highest performance bulbs (18/98 T/h), average bulb weight (127/51 g), plant height (50/96 cm) and chlorophyll index with 120 kg per hectare nitrogen and yield bulbs, average bulb weight, height and amount of protein in the foliar concentration of 2 per thousand phosphate fertilizer 2 was observed. In the second experiment, most of these traits obtained from 120 kg of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer 2 inoculated seeds with a concentration of 2 per thousand, respectively.
Conclusion: In this survey, the utilization of the fertilizing bio-phosphate (Barvar 2) through two ways as diffusing and inoculating of solution causes the height of bushes, average eight , function, glucose composition and level of protein of onion to be increased. But the use of the biological phosphate through diffusing significantly decreases the amount of the stored nitrate in onion. This is one of the main and effective factors in the consumer's health. Despite that the application of nitrogen increases the effectiveness of onion, the amount of nitrate increases accordingly. The concurrent application of nitrogen and the fertilizing bio-phosphate (Barvar 2) will have more effect on onion. In the meantime, the leaf-application of the fertilizing bio-phosphate (Barvar 2) inclines the increasing effectiveness of Nitrogen on the amount of Nitrate.
Saba Nejatie Zadeh; Saeid Malekzadeh Shafaroudi; Ali Reza Astaraei; Nasrin Moshtaghi
Abstract
Introduction: An emerging field of nanotechnology in recent years is the use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in agricultural systems which is due to their excellent mechanical, electrical, optical, surface properties, crop protection and nano-fertilizers. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a class of nanoparticles ...
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Introduction: An emerging field of nanotechnology in recent years is the use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in agricultural systems which is due to their excellent mechanical, electrical, optical, surface properties, crop protection and nano-fertilizers. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a class of nanoparticles which widely used in the food industry, cosmetics, papers, pharmaceuticals, plastics and industrial raw materials. The widespread industrial application of TiO2 is due to its white pigment, ultraviolet blocking property, and chemical features commonly used to alleviate pollutants concentration in water, soil and air. Owing to its increasing use in the industry, a large part of TiO2 residues are released into the environment, and currently, TiO2 nanoparticles are being considered an emerging environmental contaminant. However, there have been a number of studies reporting beneficial effects of TiO2 on growth and physiological traits of crops. It has been postulated that the TiO2-induced improvement of crop growth is not merely related to the promotion of photosynthesis; other biochemical processes especially nitrogen metabolism are also involved in this event. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a widely used as a chelating agent, i.e., the chemical is able to sequester metal ions such as Ca2+ and Fe3+. EDTA is used as nitrogen source for doping of TiO2 nanoparticles which improves TiO2 photocatalytic features. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and EDTA on growth indices and biochemical parameters in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). For detailed evaluation of treatment effects, different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles were sprayed on spinach leaves and the samples were collected in a time course.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was carried out in the form of completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Soil samples were taken before cultivation of spinach (S. oleracea) seeds (Var VIROFLAY) and analyzed for nutrients’ concentration. Treatments include different levels of TiO2 (T1=0, T2=0.05mg/l and T3=0.1mg/l) and two concentrations of EDTA (E1=0 and E2=130mg/l) sprayed on spinach plants in research greenhouse of agriculture faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Aqueous solutions of nanoparticles were treated by ultrasound for 10 min to enhance homogeneity. The solutions were sprayed on the plant at six- leaves stage. The plant samples were taken before reproductive phase for measurement of biochemical parameters. Nitrogen content of plant samples was measured by PDV 500 Macro- Kjeldahl device; Potassium content was determined by 310c flame photometer; phosphorus concentration in plant samples was measured by spectrophotometer model 2100. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured by the method proposed by Lichtenthaler (1978). For analysis of growth parameters, plant samples were taken a week after TiO2 treatments and leaf area, shoot fresh/dry weight, stem length, internode length, root area, root fresh/dry weight and total root diameter were measured.
Results and Discussion: Application of 0.05mg/l of TiO2 nanoparticles without EDTA resulted in 13.5% and 9.48% increase in nitrogen and protein; respectively, however by increasing nanoparticles to 0.1mg/l, nitrogen and protein content in the treated plants were respectively reduced to 21% and 19.57% of those of control group (p
Hosein Nazari Mamaqani; Seyyed Jalal Tabatabaie
Abstract
Introduction: The N source used in commercial hydroponic culture of vegetables is mainly NO3-N. The rate of NO3- uptake is usually high, particularly in leafy vegetables and it can be markedly increased when the NO3- supply in the environment is high. An abundant N supply leads to a high NO3-N absorption ...
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Introduction: The N source used in commercial hydroponic culture of vegetables is mainly NO3-N. The rate of NO3- uptake is usually high, particularly in leafy vegetables and it can be markedly increased when the NO3- supply in the environment is high. An abundant N supply leads to a high NO3-N absorption and accumulation in plants. When NO3- rich vegetables are consumed, various harmful effects on human health may occur such as met-hemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) and cancer. Keeping levels of NO3- below limits of FAO seems to be impossible without changing conventional fertilizer application techniques. The suitability of urea for the cultivation of field crops has been well documented. Urea is used as the main source of N fertilizer for crops grown in soil. Its use as N source for crops grown under the hydroponic system has yet to be evaluated. To hydrolyze urea, the enzyme urease requires Ni as a component. Substitution of urea for commonly used N03-N fertilizers in hydroponic culture of vegetables would not only enable to avoid excessive accumulation of N03- in plants but would also reduce the cost of production. Leafy vegetable crops, such as lettuce and spinach, contain large amounts of N03-N. Therefore, it is important to reduce N03- concentrations in hydroponically grown with lowest negative effects on yield.
Materials and Methods: The experiments were carried outin greenhouse hydroponicsResearchFaculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in randomized complete block designwithtwo factors ureaatfivelevels of 0,25, 50, 75and100milligrams perliter(U0, U25,U50, U75, U100)andnickelattwo levels of0and2mg per liter (Ni0, Ni2)ofnickelsulfate(NiSO4)in4replicatesusinglettuce(Lactuca sativa cv. Siyahoo). Plants fed with the modifiedHoagland solutionorhalf theconcentration. Treatments added to nutrient solution when plants were in four leaf stage. Plants were harvested 50 days after treatment. Different organs (leaves, stems and roots) were separated and each separate simultaneous freshweight wasmeasured. Dry weight of organs wasmeasured afterit was oven-dried at 80ºCfor 72h. Leavesoven-dried andthenpowdered, and weredigested(usingacid) tomeasure theelements. Extracts from thedigestionmethodwere used for determination ofnickelusingDimethylglyoximemethod.Spectrophotometer used to cover the wavelength at 530nm. Potassium was measured by Flame Photometer410.Totalnitrogenwas measuredbyKjeldahlmethod.Thehomogeneouspowders of dried leaves with hot water were extractedwithnitratemeter(Horiba, Japan)and they were used to measuretheirnitrate content. Analysis was performed usingthe Software Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) v. 16.0. Individual treatment means were compared with a Duncan’s test to determine whether they were significantly different at the 0.05 probability.
Results and Discussion: U50treatedwith 1.8 fold increasecompared with thecontrol groupshowed thehighestfresh weight. The yield increased with increasing concentration to 50 mg/l urea, butat higher urea concentrations, 50 mg/l,yieldsignificantlydecreased, althoughitwas significantlyhighercompared to control. .Enhanced growth and yield in two levels of U25 and U50were coerced. It was duo tohydrolysis urea with the help nickel stored in seed endosperm and also contamination application of nickel fertilizers in nutrient solutionsthat led to release of urea nitrogen.The highestandthelowest concentration ofnickelinleaveswith11-fold increase,were observedatconcentrations ofU50andU100, respectively. Dilution phenomenon occurred with increasingurea concentrationmore than U50.Nickelconcentration inleaveswassignificantlyincreased that this is theopposite offresh weightanddry weight. In U50 treated K concentration was 1.6-fold higher compared to control. With increasing urea concentration more than U50,K concentration decreased. Applyingthe Ni, 8 percent decreased K concentration in leaf tissues. With increasing urea innutrientsolution, totalnitrogenconcentration of leaf tissuealsoincreased,so that theplantsU100 have 1/1-foldmoretotalnitrogencomparedwithU25plants. Theinteractions betweenthe treated also showed that plantsU0Ni2compared to control(U0Ni0), have 1.2-fold moretotalnitrogen. Concentration ofnitrateinplantsleavesthat showednickelwas 1.2 fold highercompared to the plants withoutnickel.Interactive effectofureaconcentration andapplication ofnickelalso showedthat treated plants hadU0Ni0 2.6-fold more nitratethanU0Ni2plantsleaftissues.
Conclusion: Urea was hydrolyzed in low and middle concentrations (U25 and U50) and led to increasing yield. An inhibition of NO3- uptake can result from the action of Ni on H+- ATPase pump, though it can also affect the carrier of H+/NO3symport. Moreover, proteins of the NO3- uptake system contain -SH groups, and due to that they are sensitive to heavy metals including Ni.
Tayebeh Taher; Ahmad Golchin; Saeid Shafiei
Abstract
Introduction: In Iran, tuberose is ranked the forth after gladiolus, rose and carnation. These flowers are known as high quality products among which maximum exportation belongs to tuberose and gladiolus. In plant cultivation and development, adequate provision of nutrients is of crucial importance. ...
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Introduction: In Iran, tuberose is ranked the forth after gladiolus, rose and carnation. These flowers are known as high quality products among which maximum exportation belongs to tuberose and gladiolus. In plant cultivation and development, adequate provision of nutrients is of crucial importance. Tuberose needs plenty of nutrients to obtain the desirable quality and flowering. Hence, tuberose balanced nutrition can play an important role in increasing the yield and quality of its flowers. Nitrogen is a deciding factor for the plant growth and physiology. This nutritional element contributes to the formation of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular components that are required for the construction of new cells. Bio fertilizers containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria (bacillus and pseudomonas) have microorganisms which are beneficial to the soil; these bacteria are conducive to the production of biological materials and as a consequence to plant development. According to a report by Rawia Eid et al., (2009) the application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased the growth rate of matthiola cut flower and improved its quality. In another study on soybean, it was observed that the application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria led to a rise in the plant dry matter content. Considering the contributory role of nitrogen and phosphorous in increasing the yield and quality of ornamental plants, the aim of this research was to examine the impact of different nitrogen levels and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on the yield and qualitative properties of tuberose cut flower.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in a greenhouse in the city of Zanjan in Iran in 2011 through a factorial-form experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and twelve treatments performed on tuberose double cultivar. The treatments included bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria at three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1) and nitrogen at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1) taken from urea source. Before cultivation, the bulbs, which were supposed to be inoculated with the mentioned bacteria, were placed in dense suspension (4gL-1) containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria for some minutes. After germination of the bulbs and formation of the actual leaves, the first stage of nitrogen consumption was performed during the growing season. The second stage of N consumption began 20 days after the first stage. At the end of the experiment, such parameters as flower vase life, Leaf area per plant, percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, relative water content percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, plant biomass, dry matter percentage and leaf nitrogen and phosphorous percentages were measured. For means comparison, data variance analysis was carried out by SAS software and Duncan’s multiple-range test.
Results and Discussion: According to data variance analysis, different levels of nitrogen had a significant impact on all properties except for flower vase life and leaf P percentage at the probability level of 1℅. Also, phosphate solubilizing bacteria left a significant effect on all properties except for flower vase life and leaf N and P percentages at p=1℅. The interactive effect of nitrogen and the bacteria on such traits as percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, flower vase life, dry matter percentage and plant biomass was significant at p=1℅. Also, with rise in N levels and in bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria, there occurred an increase in leaf area, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf N percentage, dry matter content and plant biomass as well. The results showed that a rise in the application of nitrogen up to 200 kg ha-1 led to an increase in leaf area in bush, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf N and P percentages, biomass per plant and the percentage of bulb dry matter as well. In contrast, it led to a decline in flower vase life, percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets and leaf P percentage. Maximum values for these properties were obtained when nitrogen was consumed at the level of 50 kg ha-1. The treatment of bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria at the level of 10 kg ha-1 resulted in an increase in leaf area, relative water percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf P percentage, plant biomass in bush and plant dry matter percentage. According to the results from this work, a consumption of 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen accompanied by 10 kg ha-1 bio fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria is recommended.
In their study on matthiola cut flower, Rawia Eid et al., (2009) showed that a rise in nitrogen level caused a reduction in the percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets, which is in accordance with our results. After examining the effects of N and P levels on tuberose single cultivar, Patel et al., (2006) reported that an application of 200 kg ha-1 P2O5 fertilizer and 400 kg ha-1 nitrogen resulted in a maximum production of plant biomass. The presence of nitrogen and phosphate solubilizing bacteria in bio fertilizers is crucial for the production of a desirable biomass and for the attainment of maximum economic yield. Sirvastava et al., (2005) conducted a research on the impact of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on gladiolus cut flower and showed that high concentration levels of the bacteria reduced the percentage of simultaneous opening of the florets
Fatemeh Rakhsh; Ahmad Golchin
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and copper on yield and nutrients concentrations and nitrate in broccoli head, an experiment was conducted based on a factorial combinations of five levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha) and three levels of copper (0, 2.5 and ...
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In order to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and copper on yield and nutrients concentrations and nitrate in broccoli head, an experiment was conducted based on a factorial combinations of five levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha) and three levels of copper (0, 2.5 and 5 kg/ha) that were applied to soil as ammonium sulfate and copper sulfate respectively, in three replications in greenhouse of Zanjan University in 2010. Results showed that application of nitrogen and copper increased head yield and quality of broccoli. The application of 300 kg N + 2.5 kg Cu/ha resulted in highest yield of broccoli head. The highest concentration of nitrogen in broccoli head was measured in treatment with 400 kg N+ 2.5 kg Cu/ha. The highest concentration of nitrate in broccoli head was measured in treatment with 300 kg N/ha and without use of copper. Also, application of higher amount of copper decreased nitrate concentration in broccoli head. The highest concentrations of potassium and calcium in head were obtained with application 300 kg N + 2.5 kg Cu/ha. The results showed that application of nitrogen and copper in Optimum levels increased head yield and nutrients concentrations in broccoli head.
Reza Baradaran; Mohsen Shokhmgar; Gholamreza Mosavi; Elyas Arazmjo
Abstract
To study the effects of irrigation interval and nitrogen level on yield and yield components of Fenugreek medicinal plant, an experiment in split plot arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications conducted at the Azad University of Birjand in 2009. Treatments included; irrigation ...
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To study the effects of irrigation interval and nitrogen level on yield and yield components of Fenugreek medicinal plant, an experiment in split plot arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications conducted at the Azad University of Birjand in 2009. Treatments included; irrigation intervals (4, 8 and 12 day) as main plot and nitrogen fertilizer (none fertilizer, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) as subplot. Results showed that the difference between 4 and 8 days of irrigation intervals for seed yield wasn’t significant, but the highest amount of forage yield achieved from irrigation after 4 days. Rising of nitrogen level led to increase of yield and yield components and the difference between 100 and 150 kg/ha nitrogen for seed and forage yield wasn’t significant. Irrigation interval has a considerable effect on all yield components except of pod length. Nitrogen also has a significant effect on plant height and number of pod per plant but it was insignificant on number of seed per pod, seed weight and pod length. Interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen indicates that in 4 and 8 days of irrigation intervals, amounts of 100 and 150 kg/ha nitrogen have the highest effect on yield and yield components, but with increase of irrigation intervals to 12 days, 100 kg/ha nitrogen have the highest effect on all traits.
Mohammad Ali Khalaj; Behzad Edrisi
Abstract
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is one of the most important cut flowers in tropical and subtropical areas. This flower has forth order in cut flower and second order in bulbous plants production in Iran. Plant spacing and nitrogen necessity are the most important factors for tuberose quality and quantity. ...
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Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is one of the most important cut flowers in tropical and subtropical areas. This flower has forth order in cut flower and second order in bulbous plants production in Iran. Plant spacing and nitrogen necessity are the most important factors for tuberose quality and quantity. In this study, field experiment carried out as factorial design in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) format whit 3 replications. Different level of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg/ha) in ammonium nitrate was the first factor. Second factor was different plant spacing (10x10, 15x15, 20x20 and 25x25 cm×cm). Plant space (25×25 cm) has significant effect on flower stalk height, stem diameter, spike length, floret diameter, vase life and also nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake as well. Nitrogen usage as 200 kg/ha N could improved significantly growth indices and yield of tuberose as flower stalk height, stem diameter, spike length and nitrogen uptake.
