Yaser Esmaeilian; Mohammad Behzad Amiri; Sadegh Askari Naeeni; Jalil Moradi Sadr; Farhad Heidari
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient ...
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Introduction: In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in long-term in tropical ecosystems due to the limited ability of low-activity clay soils to retain nutrients. Intensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural systems is also known to have irreversible effects on soil and water resources. Vermicompost is currently being promoted to improve soil quality, reduce water and fertilizer needs and therefore increase the sustainability of agricultural practices in tropical countries. Vermicomposting is a process which stabilizes organic matter under aerobic and mesophilic conditions through the joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. The products of vermicomposting have been successfully used to suppress plant pests and diseases, as well as increase crop productivity. Cow manure is an excellent fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. It also adds organic matter to the soil which may improve soil structure, aeration, soil moisture-holding capacity, and water infiltration. Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help plants' nutrients uptake by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil. They accelerate certain microbial processes in soil which augment the extent of availability of nutrients in a form easily assimilated by plants. Very often microorganisms are not as efficient in natural surroundings as one would expect them to be and therefore artificially multiplied cultures of efficient selected microorganisms play a vital role in accelerating the microbial processes in soil. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a very powerful medicinal plant that is often underestimated. Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw and cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a pungent characteristic, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.), a split plot experiment based on RCBD with three replications was conducted in 2015-2016 growing seasons, in Gonabad University, Iran. Main plot included different organic and chemical fertilizers (1- vermicompost, 2- cow manure, 3- chemical fertilizer and 4- control) and sub plot included plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (nitroxin, biophosphorous and control). In order to determine physic-chemical properties of soil, sampling was performed at the depth of 0 to 30 cm. Before cultivation, 7 and 30 t.ha-1 vermicompost and cow manure were added to the soil, respectively. Nutrient requirement of garlic for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium from the chemical source was considered 40, 50 and 60 kg.ha-1. For application of biofertilizers, bulblets inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for 15 minutes. Distance in and between rows was considered 10 and 20 cm, respectively. Weeds were controlled manually three times. At the end of the growing season, economic yield, biological yield, plant height, shoot dry weight, bulb diameter, bulblet weight per plant, bulblet volume per plant and bulblet number per plant were measured. Analysis of data variance was performed by using SAS software (Ver 9.1).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that simple effect of chemical fertilizer on bulb diameter was not significant but combined application of chemical fertilizer and biophosphorous increased bulb diameter as much as 18% compared to control. Combined application of nitroxin and cow manure increased bulblet weight per plant by 41% compared to single application of nitroxin. Biophosphorous plus vermicompost, cow manure and chemical fertilizer increased biological yield, respectively, by 25, 18 and 15% compared to single application of these fertilizers. The highest economic yield obtained in treatment of nitroxin plus cow manure. Organic and biological fertilizers are among the most significant resources for improvement of agricultural soil quality and increase in the yield of different medicinal plants. It has been reported that these ecological inputs provide favorable conditions for plant growth and development through improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (10, 39), therefore, it can be concluded that improvement in most studied traits in the present study was due to the use of organic fertilizers. Fallahi et al. (22) reported the positive effects of organic and biological fertilizers on the improvement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.).
Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that combined use of organic and biological inputs can improve quantitative characteristics of plant, and thus decrease the environmental risks of chemical inpus.
Saleh Mohammadi; Hamireza khazaie; Ahmad Nezami; Yahya Tajvar
Abstract
Introduction: Among citrus producing provinces in the country, Mazandaran province ranks first with 1.88 million tons yields. Orange is one of the horticulture crop which is sensitive to low temperature stress. Low temperature stress is one of the abiotic stresses that its negative effects is the disruption ...
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Introduction: Among citrus producing provinces in the country, Mazandaran province ranks first with 1.88 million tons yields. Orange is one of the horticulture crop which is sensitive to low temperature stress. Low temperature stress is one of the abiotic stresses that its negative effects is the disruption of the electron transfer process through the thylacoid membrane. Actived oxygen radicals can be reacted with methyl unsaturated fatty acid groups and produce active fatty acid radicals. Very reactive formed radicals are capable of initiating lipid peroxidation chain reactions, which leads to the accumulation of free oxygen radicals that can lead to degradation of plant chlorophylls and membrane peroxidation and disruption of photosynthesis, accumulation of ROS, damage to cell membranes, destruction of plant pigments and nucleic acids. Plants can resist against low temperature stress by water saving and utilization of antioxidant system. The amount of free proline in many plants increases in response to environmental stresses such as cold and drought stress, and this physiological response can affect the resistance of the herbal substance under stress. Due to the diversity of citrus native genotypes in the country, the aim of this study was to determine the tolerance of native genotypes against low temperature stress in north of the country.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted during the years 2015_2016 at the Citrus and Semi-Traditional Fruit Research Center in Ramsar with the aim of determining the low temperature tolerance of six native pseudo orange genotypes at 4 temperature levels (3, 0,- 3,- 6), compared to The test was carried out by Unsho and Sensitive Persian Lime (low temperature stress). Therefore, in this study, the vulnerability to low-stress conditions in controlled environmental conditions was compared with that of temperature treatments (3, 0, _3 and -6 degrees Celsius) in six genotypes of native pseudo-orange (number 1-6) sensitive cultivar (Persian lime) and resistant cultivars (Unsho) were investigated. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The results of analysis of variance showed that temperature, genotype and interaction of these two treatments were significant in lipid peroxidation, proline, antioxidant capacity, ion leakage, hydroxylation, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll content. The temperature of the device began to decrease at a temperature of 6 ° C. The temperature of the device was 1 ° C / hour, after which the samples were kept at the specified temperatures for 3 hours and at the end of this period (3 Clock) sampling was performed to measure the traits. Accordingly, the leaf aquaculture was calculated by calculating the leaf area using a leaf surface gauge device. Ionic leakage measurements were also investigated using the method of the conversation and Meg Donald method. The presence of genotypes under cold stress led to an increase in malondialdehyde. In these conditions, due to increased oxidative activity, the accumulation of antioxidant compounds such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased. The data obtained from this research were based on factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications of analysis of variance and then averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% level using SAS software.
Results: Orange is a low temperature stress sensitive horticultural plant. Therefore, in this study, the vulnerability to low temperature stress in controlled environment (3, 0, 3- and -6 degrees Celsius) in six native poderotal genotypes (No.1-6) sensitive cultivars (Persian Liam) and resistant cultivars (Unsho) were studied. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The results of analysis of variance showed that temperature, genotype and interaction of these two treatments were significant in lipid peroxidation, proline, antioxidant capacity, ion leakage, hydroxylation, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, soluble carbohydrate was only affected by the simple factor of genotype. No effects on chlorophyll b and carotenoid pigments were significant. The highest incidences (99.33%), ion leakage (91.63%) and lipid peroxidation reaction (with a mean of 3.33 μg / kg of fresh leaf weight) were recorded in sensitive lambspeed control at 6 °C. In contrast, the highest amount of proline (32.01 mg / g leaf weight) and antioxidant capacity (73.36%) was recorded in the control group at 3 °C. Among the native pseudo-orange genotypes, in this study, different reactions were also observed under low-temperature stress conditions. Accordingly, after the control of the bird, the native pseudo-orange genotype number one was better than the one under temperature decrease. However, in most of the studied orange genotypes, in most of the destructive traits, the native pseudo-orange genotype number 6 was in the same statistical position or close to the sensitive Peninsula. The presence of genotypes under cold stress led to an increase in malondialdehyde. In these conditions, due to increased oxidative activity, the accumulation of antioxidant compounds such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased.
Pomology
B. Kaviani; M. Jamali; M. R. Safari Motlagh; A.R. Eslami
Abstract
Introduction Pears have a high nutritional and economic value worldwide. One of the major problem in growing pear cultivars is their late fertility on seed bases. To solve this problem, using asexual propagation methods can lead to the production of root trees. Cuttings are commonly used for proliferation ...
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Introduction Pears have a high nutritional and economic value worldwide. One of the major problem in growing pear cultivars is their late fertility on seed bases. To solve this problem, using asexual propagation methods can lead to the production of root trees. Cuttings are commonly used for proliferation either softwood, semi-hardwood or hardwood. Clonal propagation is considered proper in rapid propagation of shrubs and trees species. Adventitious root formation in stem cuttings is a crucial physiological process for vegetative propagation of many plant species. Rooting ability of tree species through stem cuttings is affected by several factors particularly plant growth regulators. Rooting of pear stem cuttings is time consuming. Auxin is effective in stimulating root formation on cuttings. The most widely used auxins in rooting of stem cuttings are indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA). Of these two auxins, IBA is the most widely used root promoting chemical, because it is nontoxic over a wide range of concentrations. Applied concentration is an important factor. Typically, a concentration of 2000 to 4000 ppm will result in good rooting for most shrubs and trees.Materials and Methods In this experiment, pear (Pyrus communis) was used as mother plants. Stem cuttings were used as plant materials in this experiment. The effect of different levels of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was studied on the rooting of pears in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and 4 replications. The experimental treatments included IBA and NAA at the rates of 0, 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg L-1. Rooting percentage, rooting time, root number, root length, root volume, plant height, leaf number and fresh and dry weights of cuttings were measured after about 130 days.Results and Discussion The results showed that the highest rooting (3.56 per seedling) was observed in cuttings treated with 4000 mg L-1 IBA. Also, the highest root number was obtained from the treatment of 1000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA with an average number of 0.16 roots per plant. According to the means comparison for the simple effect of IBA on the rooting time, the highest rooting time was related to the application of 4000 mg L-1 IBA. The results revealed that plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA grew the longest roots. Also, ANOVA showed that among the applied factors, only the simple effect of IBA was significant on root volume. Means comparison for the simple effect of IBA on root volume showed that the highest was related to the application of 2000 mg L-1 IBA. According to the means comparison for the interactive effect of IBA × NAA on cutting fresh weight, the highest fresh weight was, on average, 8.36 g in plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA. As well, means comparison the effect of IBA × NAA on cutting dry weight showed that the highest dry weight was 15.9 g related to the application of 4000 mg L-1 NAA × 2000 mg L-1 IBA. It was also observed that 2000 mg L-1 NAA × 1000 mg L-1 IBA was related to the longest cutting with an average length of 2.82 cm. Finally, plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA produced the highest number of leaves (15.9 g, on average). One of the effective factors in the success of vegetative propagation of plants with stem cuttings, especially woody plants with hard-rooting stems, is the production of more roots in a short time. Plant growth regulators, including auxins, play an important role in this regard. The effect of auxins on the percentage and number of roots produced on stem cuttings has been shown by many researchers on various plants, including plants with hard-rooting cuttings particularly in trees. The most widely used auxins in this regard are IBA and NAA, respectively. The individual or combined effect of auxins for successful rooting depends on a number of factors, including plant type, cuttings type, cuttings size, cuttings age, and the time of year the cuttings were removed. In the present study, the combined effect of IBA and NAA had the greatest effect on most of the measured traits.
Rahmatollah Gholami; Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Hojahatollah Gholami
Abstract
Introduction: Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the drought tolerant ever green fruit trees. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement ...
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Introduction: Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the drought tolerant ever green fruit trees. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry at the near future. Mulch is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. Increasing crop water-use efficiency (WUE) through water conservation in the soil is an important component of dry land farming. Mulching is among the water management practices for increasing WUE. Mulch is referred to as any material that is spread onto the surface of the soil for protection against solar radiation or evaporation. Different materials, such as wheat straw, rice straw, plastic film, grass, wood, and sand, are used as mulches.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation interval and mulch on Pomological characteristics and yield of 11-years old Sevillana olive cultivar. A factorial experiment was carried out in Dallaho Olive Research Station at Sarepole located in Kermanshah province. Field experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors (irrigation interval and mulch) were conducted in 2015. Each experiment unit consists of 4 trees and 108 trees were used. Irrigation treatments period for experiment were 3, 6 and 10 days interval and mulch treatments for experiment were polyethylene, organic materials and non-mulch (control). Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m. The measured tree characteristics were: Fruit Weight, Pulp Fresh Weight, Pulp Dry Weight, Dry matter, Pulp/Pit ratio, Pit Length, Pit Diameter, Fruit Yield (kg/ tree) and Fruit Yield (kg/ hectare). Reproductive traits were determined by the methods of I.O.O.C.(2002). Collected data were analyzed using SAS program.
Results and Discussion: Obtained results showed that mulch and interval irrigation treatments had significant differences in Pomological traits so that mulch and 3 days interval irrigation treatments increased fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare but fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare reduced by drought stress. Mulch application increased fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and fruit yield. Mulch application improved Pomological characteristics such as fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare of olive Sevillana cultivar under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards. In the arid and semi arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential. Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. The proper irrigation interval can play a major role in increasing the water use efficiency and the productivity by applying the required amount of water when it is needed. On the other hand, the poor irrigation interval can lead to the development of crop water deficit and result in lower yield due to water and nutrient deficiency. Early in the season when plants are small, it is beneficial to encourage the roots to explore as much of the soil profile as possible. This maximizes nutrient uptake and stress tolerance later in the season. The effect of mulch on yield and its components have been reported in various studies. The effect of mulch on plant yield through changes in soil conditions that can change the soil temperature and soil moisture that influence on the growth and yield. The effect of mulch can be done through weed control, make favorable conditions of temperature and soil moisture, reduce leaching of nutrients and soil fertility, increase the efficiency of water use, increase availability of absorption of nutrients, increased root growth and control of diseases and pests.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that mulch and interval irrigation had a significant effect on reproductive characteristics. Using mulch improved Pomological characteristics of olive including fruit weight and yield per tree and hactar, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent Under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards.
Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani
Abstract
Introduction: Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is an aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The ground fresh biomass and dried leaves of the plant are used as spice and herbal tea, and cultivated commercially in the entire world. Spearmint oil also has economic importance and is used in perfumery, ...
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Introduction: Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is an aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The ground fresh biomass and dried leaves of the plant are used as spice and herbal tea, and cultivated commercially in the entire world. Spearmint oil also has economic importance and is used in perfumery, confectionary and pharmaceutical preparations. Major components in cultivated spearmint oil are carvone, limonene, and 1,8-cineole. Essential oil compositions of aromatic plants depend on their genetic structure, the climatic factors and the agronomical practices as well as harvest and post-harvest managements. A climate with adequate and regular rainfall and good sunshine during its growing period ensures a good yield. Climatic condition is one of the most important factors influencing the growth and accumulation of active ingredients that its effect is concealed at the harvesting time of plants. In addition, harvest time (cut) and phonological stages can affect herbage yield and oil content and composition of perennial medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Plant materials were harvested from a farm in Safiabad city, Khuzestan province, Iran. Five samples from each ecotype of spearmint (Kashan and Shushtar) were collected during growth season at the beginning of flowering stage, from May to the end of November. Plants were hand-harvested by cutting the herbage at 5 cm above the soil. Then the plants were dried at room temperatures (approximately 40 °C). Spearmint essential oil was extracted via steam distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The distillations were carried out on a sample size of 50 g of dry aerial parts with a distillation time of 180 min. The oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and was kept in a refrigerator until further analysis. The essential oil’s chemical composition was analyzed by GC and GC/MS.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that temperature and humidity conditions prevailing in the area at the time of harvest had significant effect on plant growth and ultimately leaf dry weight, oil content and composition. The highest leaf dry weight of the Kashan (250.67 g.m-2) and the Shushtar (290.23 g.m-2) were observed at the third and fifth harvest time, respectively. There was no significant difference between the first to fourth harvest times of the Kashan and the first, third, fourth and fifth harvest time of the Shushtar. The highest (3.33%) and the lowest (1.72%) amounts of essential oil of the Kashan ecotype were obtained from the third and the first cuts, respectively. The Shushtar ecotype had lower oil than the Kashan ecotype. The second harvest time of the Shushtar ecotype had the highest (2.53%) amount of essential oil and the lowest (1.36%) amount was observed at the first harvest time that had no significant difference with the third and fifth harvest times. The highest amount of oil yield of the Kashan (8.34 g.m-2) and the Shushtar (4.89 g.m-2) ecotypes was recorded at the third and the fourth cuts, respectively. It seems that plants during the second to the fourth harvests encouraged with hot stress and they produced more essential oil in response to high temperature. Limonene, cis-dihydrocarvone, carvone and caryophyllene were the main oil components at five harvest times. Both ecotypes were similar in regards of main oil components but the Shushtar had more oil composition than the Kashan. In the Kashan ecotype, limonene was at the lowest amount (12.22%) and reached to the maximum amount (20.55%) at the second harvest time. In contrast, cis-dihydrocarvone decreased from 4.95% to 2.34% at the second harvest time and finally the maximum amount (11.14%) was recorded at the fifth harvest time. Carvone content was 68.94% at the first harvest and after that increased to the highest level (74.21%) and finally decreased to the minimum level (65.15%) at the fifth harvest time. In the Shushtar, limonene increased from the first until the fourth harvest and ultimately declined in the last cut. The maximum amount of carvone (72/67%) was observed in the first harvest and then was relatively constant during the second to fourth harvests, and reached to the lowest level (56/58% ) at fifth harvest. The Kashan ecotype had more carvone than the Shushtar ecotype. The fluctuation of carvone and cis dihydrocarvone were in opposite of each other and it seems that lower temperatures in the fifth harvest caused to carvone convert to cis-dihydrocarvone. However, the amount of carvone was more than 50 % at all harvest times.
Conclusion: Although harvest times had a significant effect on the traits, both ecotypes showed a good oil content and yield at five cuts. Oil composition was also changed during different harvest times. Nevertheless, Carvone content was up to 50% at all harvest times and it seems that we can recommend harvesting of plants from May to the end of November.
Pomology
M. Fattahi; Sh. Pourmoghadam
Abstract
Introduction
Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is considered to be able to tolerate drought stress fairly well during all stages of growth. Water shortages are very frequent in many countries, and, together with the rising demand for the industry, the growth of the human population, climate change and ...
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Introduction
Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is considered to be able to tolerate drought stress fairly well during all stages of growth. Water shortages are very frequent in many countries, and, together with the rising demand for the industry, the growth of the human population, climate change and specifically the trend towards irrigated agriculture, have led to widespread problems of water scarcity in most countries. Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected morphological and physiological parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in different studies. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence, produced by the Chl a molecule after excitation by light, is a non-invasive and rapid biomarker for the assessment of stress (microbial and environmental) effects on PSII, as well as its structure and function. Fluorescence induction patterns and derived indices have been used as empirical diagnostic tools in stress physiology. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in two almond genotypes. It is known that the kinetics of fluorescence transients are polyphasic when plotted on a logarithmic time scale labeled as OJIP. This curve rises from an initial low-value F0 (minimal fluorescence) to FJ (fluorescence value at 2 ms) and FI (fluorescence value at about 20–30 ms) and a peak of fluorescence FP (maximal fluorescence or Fm).
Materials and Methods
The Experiment was carried out under a completely randomized design with split arrangement having three replications. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined by the method of Lichtenthaler (1986). Fresh leaves (1 g) were triturated in 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extracts was measured at 645, 663, and 470 nm using a spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured 40 days after the start of drought treatment. Full expanded leaves were selected from each plant for measurements. They were measured with a portable photosynthetic efficiency analyzer model (Hansatech, United Kingdom). Calculations were made with computer-assisted analysis using the SPSS 25 software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the maximum total fresh and dry mass was recorded in the Mamaei cultivar. The drought stress caused a significant reduction in a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in Rabie (R) as well as Mamaei (M) cultivars but in general, M plants had higher content of pigments in comparison with R plants under drought stress. In both of cultivars, the potential efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was reduced with an increasing drought intensity. The reduction of Fv/Fm was accompanied by a decline in Fv and Fm. The VJ, relative variable fluorescence at J step (2 ms), was increased with increase in drought levels. Plants response to drought depends on PSII ability to respond to this stress. It has been reported that water limitation reduces the quantum yield of PSII electron transport, which in turn decreases the amount of light energy reaching the reaction centers. PSII plays a pivotal role in mediating oxygen evolution activity. In our study, we observed an interaction between cultivar and drought treatment, particularly evident in parameters such as Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, and PI. Additionally, our findings revealed a robust correlation between the Pi index and total chlorophyll content (0.647), as well as the fresh (0.685) and dry (0.695) weight of plants. Furthermore, our results indicate that drought stress significantly impairs the growth of cultivars grafted on GN15 rootstock. This may be the outcome of the inhibition of water shortage on the photosynthetic apparatus. The results discovered that carotenoids were higher in M cultivar than R cultivar, carotenoids protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photooxidative damage. Protection is afforded by quenching of the triplet state of chlorophyll, thereby preventing the formation of harmful oxidative species. We also found the performance index is the parameter that better reflects the responses of the studied cultivars to progressive drought stress.
Conclusion
We applied chlorophyll fluorescence as a biomarker to assess the growth response and PSII behavior and performance of two almond cultivars to different drought levels. In conclusion, Mamaei was less affected by drought stress in terms of total Chl, Fv/Fm, PI, and total fresh and dry weight followed by Rabie. Differential responses among cultivars under drought stress treatments were observed regarding their capacity to induce PSII activity. Parameters derived from the JIP test proved effective in characterizing the degree of response to drought stress, with PI serving as a particularly responsive multi-parametric expression.
Hossein Afshari; Ali Reza Talaie; Gholamreza Sadeghi
Abstract
Abstract
To study the effects of xenia and methaxenia on the pistachio Nut, 4 male genotypes from among all male genotypes provided by Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute were selected. The flowering period of the chosen genotypes was the same as 3 female cultivars of Kalleghoochi, Ohadi, and Ahmadaghaii. ...
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Abstract
To study the effects of xenia and methaxenia on the pistachio Nut, 4 male genotypes from among all male genotypes provided by Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute were selected. The flowering period of the chosen genotypes was the same as 3 female cultivars of Kalleghoochi, Ohadi, and Ahmadaghaii. By using Split plot in the Form OF completely randomized blocks design, we conducted various experiments during 2005 and 2006. Only total fruit weight and blankness have Been affected by the pollen type. Highest fruit weight Were related to fruits of kalleghuchi cultivar (3.4gr) and lowest fruit weight belonged to fruits of ohadi(2.2gr). Highest percent of blankness in the first year WAS related to ahmadaghaii fruits (27%) and r27 pollens Had the highest percent of blankness in both years (33%,25%). By the way, highest fruit weight and lowest blankness was established by male genotype’s pollen of N16. The highest percentage of fat was found in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (52.92%) and the lowest in Kalleghoochi (45.48%). From among different factors and their interacting effects, only the effect of pollen and cultivar type on the fat content of the fruit was significant only at 5% level. Thus R27 and N16 pollen produced the highest fat content in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (58.7 and 57.7%). The most common simple unsaturated fatty acid found in the kernels of all cultivars was oleic acid and the most important compound unsaturated fatty acid in fruit kernels was lynoleic acid. Pollen type was only effective on the amount of meristoleic and palmitoleic fatty acids. The amount of macro and micro elements measured in kernels and hulls of 3 pistachio cultivars had a significant difference. The interactive effect of pollen and cultivar type affected the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, iron, and bore in fruit kernels at 1% level, but had no effect on hull elements.
Key words: Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi, Kaleghoochi, Xenia,Methaxenia,Fatty acid
Hossein Afshari; Ali Reza Talaie; Mehdi Mohammadi Moghadam; Bahman Panahi
Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the effect of elements in early splitting and the effect of phenolic compounds and Gallic acid in control of aflatoxin, an experiment was conducted in Rafsanjan pistachio research station. At harvest, from the trees of 3 pistachio’s varieties( Ahmadaghaii, Kalehghuchi, Ohadi) ...
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Abstract
In order to study the effect of elements in early splitting and the effect of phenolic compounds and Gallic acid in control of aflatoxin, an experiment was conducted in Rafsanjan pistachio research station. At harvest, from the trees of 3 pistachio’s varieties( Ahmadaghaii, Kalehghuchi, Ohadi) 15 clusters in each variety collected as randomized and phenolic compounds and Gallic acid in hulls were determined. From all varieties, many fruits of each type such as early split, cracked and true fruits collected and their hulls examined for macro and micro elements. These experiments were performed in 1385 according to complete randomized design and results analyzed in 3 replications by Duncan test with SAS and Sigma plot soft wares. Highest rate of Nitrogen (2.15%) in the intact fruit hulls and lowest rates was in early split and cracked fruit hulls (1.94 & 1.97%). Highest rate of Mg (0.13%) was in the intact fruit hulls and lowest rates were in early split pistachio hulls (10%). Maximum rates of phenolic compound determined in the fruit hulls of Ohadi variety (1398mg/100gr) and the minimum rates measured in the fruit hulls of Ahmadaghaii 1131 mg/100g. Results showed that increase rates of phenolic compound caused to reduction or prevention of aflatoxin in the pistachio’s fruits.
Key Words: Aflatoxin, Pistachio, Hull, Phenolic compound, Gallic acid
Keramatollah Saeedi; Reza Omidbaigi
Abstract
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of south-west climatic conditions on quantitative and qualitative of fatty acids in dog rose (Rosa canina L.) seeds collected from five regions including: Semirom (Isfahan Province), Kiar and Gerdbishe (Charmahal and Bakhtiari Province), Yasuj ...
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Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of south-west climatic conditions on quantitative and qualitative of fatty acids in dog rose (Rosa canina L.) seeds collected from five regions including: Semirom (Isfahan Province), Kiar and Gerdbishe (Charmahal and Bakhtiari Province), Yasuj and Meymand (Kohgiluye and Boyer Ahmad Province). Oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus; the fatty acid composition of oil was characterized and quantified using GC. The highest and lowest oil percentage obtained from Meymand (11.05%) and Kiar (8.15%), respectively. The results confirmed the presence of five dominant fatty acids in seeds of dog rose, including: linoleic, oleic, linolenic, palmitic and stearic acid, respectively. Results showed that differences between fatty acids quantity in regions under study was significant (P
Haniyeh Hadizadeh; Ali Tehranifar; Mahmood Shoor; Seyyed Hossein Nemati
Abstract
Abstract
Paclobutrazol is one of the most important triazolic compounds which are used as growth retardants in some crops. In this study, the effect of application methods and concentration of Paclobutrazol on plant height of tuberose and possibility of pot production was investigated. In the first ...
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Abstract
Paclobutrazol is one of the most important triazolic compounds which are used as growth retardants in some crops. In this study, the effect of application methods and concentration of Paclobutrazol on plant height of tuberose and possibility of pot production was investigated. In the first experiment, tuberose bulbs were soaked in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg.l-1 paclobutrazol for 10, 20 and 30 minutes and then planted in pot. The experiment was conducted using a factorial experiment in completely randomized block design with 4 replications. In the second experiment, plants (20 cm hight and fully expanded leaf) were sprayed with 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mg.l-1 Paclobutrazol using completely randomized design with 5 replications. In each experiment, the control treatment consisted of untreated bulbs. Results indicated that the tallest plants (54.54 and 60.40 cm in soaking and spray experiment respectively) were control plants. The earliest flowering (107.3 days after planting) also was seen in control plants whereas flowering was delayed to 122.2 days using 100 mg.l-1 paclobutrazol. Shoot length, rachis length and floret number were affected by concentration of paclobutrazol using in preplant bulb soak and spray methods. Our results showed that paclobutrazol could control plant size in relation to pot size.
Keywords: Polianthes tuberose L., Paclobutrazol, Application method
Maryam Hojjati; Nematollah Etemadi; Bahram Baninasab
Abstract
Abstract
Growth retardants are new chemical organic compounds that increase period of flowering, leave chlorophyll, lateral shoot number, flower number and decrease vegetative growth. They also increase dry, cold and heat tolerance. Paclobutrazol and Cycocel are examples of these compounds. This ...
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Abstract
Growth retardants are new chemical organic compounds that increase period of flowering, leave chlorophyll, lateral shoot number, flower number and decrease vegetative growth. They also increase dry, cold and heat tolerance. Paclobutrazol and Cycocel are examples of these compounds. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Paclobutrazol and Cycocel on some quantitative and qualitative traits of Rudbeckia. Plants transplanted at Horticulture Department Farm, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. The experiment was conducted based on randomized completed block design with 3 replications. Traits were studied included height, leaf and flower number, lateral shoot number, flower diameter, lateral shoot length, leave chlorophyll, the period of flowering , root fresh and dry weight, leaf area, root number, diameter and length, root and shoot carbohydrate. Results showed that Paclobutrazol 30 ppm reduced leaf number. Cycocel 2000 ppm produced the most leave chlorophyll, the period of the flowering and root diameter. Paclobutrazol 5 ppm and Cycocel 500 ppm reduced flower number. All treatments except Cycocel 500 ppm significantly reduced leaf area. There were no significant difference between treatments related to height, lateral shoot number, lateral shoot length, flower diameter, root fresh and dry weight and root and shoot carbohydrate.
Keywords: Rudbeckia, Paclobutrazol, Cycocel, Vegetative growth, Flowering
Seyyed Hosein Nemati; Ali Akbar Esmaili; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Mohammad Farsi
Abstract
Abstract
The quantative and qualitative yield comparison of three cucumber F1 cultivars including' Sina, Amyral, and Negin was evaluated using 3×3×3 factorial experimental design with six replication. Three types of pruning treatments were applied; cutting down all branches on main stem (b1), leaving ...
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Abstract
The quantative and qualitative yield comparison of three cucumber F1 cultivars including' Sina, Amyral, and Negin was evaluated using 3×3×3 factorial experimental design with six replication. Three types of pruning treatments were applied; cutting down all branches on main stem (b1), leaving one node and the leaf next to it on all branches (b2), leaving two node and the leaf next to them on all branches (b3) and three plant spacing levels (a1: 1.8 plant / m², a2: 2.1 plant / m², a3: 2.4 plant / m²) were studied. The effect of different pruning treatment on yield related traits was highly significant. The average yield with different plant density showed highly significant differences. The interactive effect of pruning and cultivars on yield related traits was also significant. The highest yield per m² and production per plant were found in third pruning treatment (leaving two nodes and the leaf next to them on all branches) with 16.2 kg/m² and 7.75 kg /pl., respectively. On the other hand, spacing of 2.4 plant /m² was the highest yield of 15.6 kg/m². The effect of cultivar on all studied traits in this experiment was significant differences except for number of diformed fruits per plant. The resalt showed that negin cultivar produced the highest yield per m² and production per plant with 15.2 kg/m² and 7.27 kg/pl. respectively. The number of diformed fruits was higher on lateral branches than those on main stems. The fruit on main stems were also found heavier than those on lateral branches.
Keywords: Greenhouse cucumber, Pruning, Plant spacing, Cultivar, Yield
Fatemeh Nematollahi; Ali Tehranifar; Majid Azizi; Gholamhossein Davarynejad
Abstract
Abstract
Reduction of post harvest losses in cut flowers and increasing their vase life, with consideration to high expenses of production is very necessary. One of the effective factors is presence of flowers near each other. This study was performed to investigate the interaction of some important ...
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Abstract
Reduction of post harvest losses in cut flowers and increasing their vase life, with consideration to high expenses of production is very necessary. One of the effective factors is presence of flowers near each other. This study was performed to investigate the interaction of some important cut flowers on their post harvest characteristics in vase solution (in combination or alone) in 2007- 2008 at post harvest physiology lab of horticulture department of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In the first experiment the effects of gerbera and tuberose and in the second one the effects of daffodil, carnation and gillyflower on their post-harvest characteristics were investigated. Results of the first experiment showed that the presence of tuberose and gerbera in a vase solution caused significant reduction of gerbera vase life, but the effect of this factor is not significant on other gerbera characteristics. In addition the effect of gerbera on tuberose was caused significant reduction on tuberose fresh weight. Results of the second experiment showed that presence of gillyflowers near daffodils was caused significant reduction of daffodils vase life but the other flowers have not any effect on their vase lives. In the first day, the diameter of carnations flower was also reduced significantly when they were near daffodils in one vase solution. Treatments had not significant effects on fresh weight train. Vase solution turbidity was higher for those vases for two flowers than one flower. But this difference was significant only about the vase solution of daffodil + carnation. The highest solution pH was observed in the solution of daffodil and carnation alone and they had significant difference with the others.
Keywords: Post-harvest, Cut flower, Gerbera, Tuberose, Daffodil, Carnation, Gillyflower, Vase solution
Shahram Amirmoradi; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam
Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the effect of density and time of nitrogen application on morphological, phenological characteristics, yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L) a field experiment was conducted at Chenaran in Khorasan Razavi Province in 2005 growing season. Three nitrogen ...
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Abstract
In order to study the effect of density and time of nitrogen application on morphological, phenological characteristics, yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L) a field experiment was conducted at Chenaran in Khorasan Razavi Province in 2005 growing season. Three nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) application times (1- control 2- at 4-6 leaves stage 3-preblooming 4-complete flowering) and three plant densities (150, 250, 350 plant m-²) were compared in a split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications. Studied components were stem branch, capsule weight, seed weight/capsule weight, ratio number of capsules per plant, number of seeds in each part of capsule and phenological characteristics. Results showed that nitrogen fertilizer application times had significant effects on number of capsules per plant, capsule weight, stem branch, number of seeds in each part of capsule. Densities had significant effects on capsule weight, seed yield and distance of the first branch from soil surface. Results showed that 250 plant m-² and nitrogen application at 4-6 leaves stage had the highest seed yield (588 kg/ha) in this region.
Keywords: Black cumin, Density, Nitrogen application, Morphological characteristics, Phenological growth stage
Somayeh Gholamnejad; Hossein Arouiee; Seyyed Hossein Nemati
Abstract
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of different ratios of cocopeat and vermicompost as a cultural media on seed emergence and some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of sweet pepper transplant (cv. Colifornia wonder). The treatments include: vermicompost + cocopeat (3:1), vermicompost ...
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Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of different ratios of cocopeat and vermicompost as a cultural media on seed emergence and some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of sweet pepper transplant (cv. Colifornia wonder). The treatments include: vermicompost + cocopeat (3:1), vermicompost + cocopeat (1:3), vermicompost + cocopeat (1:1) (V/V) and normal soil of transplant. The treatments conducted on basis of completely randomized design with three replications on each treatments. The result showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, stem diameter, internode number, leaf area and height of transplant were obtained in vermicompost + cocopeat (3:1).
Keywords: Emergence, Substrates, Sweet pepper, Transplant
Maazzam Hassanpour Asil; Mohammad Reza Hassani
Abstract
Gladiolus is one of the flowers that used on cut flower and garden plants. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of chemical treatments on the vase life of gladiolus cut flower cv. ‘Rose supreme’ with ten chemical treatment using complete randomize design with 3 replications. Gladiolus ...
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Gladiolus is one of the flowers that used on cut flower and garden plants. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of chemical treatments on the vase life of gladiolus cut flower cv. ‘Rose supreme’ with ten chemical treatment using complete randomize design with 3 replications. Gladiolus cut flower was harvested when the 2-3 lowest bud had start showing color then cut flower were treated by different preservative solution as: sucrose (4%), 8-hydroxy quinoline citrate (100, 200, 300 mg L-1), citric acid (150 mg L-1), gibberellic acid (50, 100, 150 mg L-1), aluminum sulfate (100, 200, 300 mg L-1) and distilled water (control) for 24 h then transferred in distilled water and kept in the temperature of 22 ºC. Effect of applied treatment was evaluated by different characteristic like vase life, water uptake, chlorophyll content, floret diameter, total soluble solid of petal, floret opening, and fresh weight of flower. Results showed that treatment of sucrose + citric acid + 8-hydroxy quinoline citrate extend the vase life (2.79 day than control), water uptake, flower diameter, total soluble solid of petal, floret opening, fresh weight and and treatment of sucrose + citric acid + gibberellic acid maintain chlorophyll content of leaf and improve vase life of gladiolus.
Reza Shahhoseini; Reza Omidbaigi; Davood Kiani
Abstract
Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most popular medicinal plants that containing essential oil. Essential oil of this plant has been utilized extensively in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of biological ...
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Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most popular medicinal plants that containing essential oil. Essential oil of this plant has been utilized extensively in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of biological fertilizers of biosulfur, nitroxin and super absorbent polymer and their interactions on the growth and essential oil content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the randomized complete block design (RCBD). Aerial parts of plants were harvested at full bloom and evaluated their yield index. All material were air-dried in the shade and subjected to hydrodistillation by Clevenger type apparatus. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference among the treatments in terms of dry herbage weight at 1% level. The highest yield was obtained in (biosulfur+nitroxin+super absorbent). There was no significant difference in essential oil content according to v/w, but there was the significant difference between treatments in terms of w/w. The highest oil content (w/w) was observed in biosulfur+nitroxin treatment. These differences are probably due to variation in the constituents and specific gravity of the oils.
Hojatollah Rostami; Seyyed Jalal Tabatabaie; Fariborz Zare Nahandi; Jafar Hajilou
Abstract
Boron toxicity is one of the most important disorders for plant cultivation in the arid and semi-arid regions. Boron accumulation usually occurs in deeper soil layers due to leaching and therefore improvement of such a soil in this situation is difficult. An experiment was conducted to find out the effect ...
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Boron toxicity is one of the most important disorders for plant cultivation in the arid and semi-arid regions. Boron accumulation usually occurs in deeper soil layers due to leaching and therefore improvement of such a soil in this situation is difficult. An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of boron on the vegetative and physiological aspects of olive trees. Six concentrations of boron (0.2, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l) and two cultivars (Amygdalia and Konsevolia) were used in this experiment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that with increasing levels of boron dry weight of leaves, stems and roots compared with controls in both cultivars declined. Amygdalia cultivar in the high concentration of boron was unable to grow and decrease in the production of new leaves was significant but Konsevolia cultivar high concentrations of boron also could grow, although the growth of this cultivar was as well significantly reduced. Efficiency of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm) in both cultivars decreased with increasing boron levels. However, Amygdalolia showed a more reduction than Konservolia. Boron toxicity symptoms appeared 45 days after the start of the experiment in concentrations (30, 40 and 50 mg/l) in Amygdalolia cultivar. However, 75 days after the Amygdaloia cultivar symptoms were observed at concentrations 40 and 50 mg/l. The results showed that olive can have a good resistance to boron toxicity, although much of this resistance is largely dependent on the cultivar.
Atefeh Beiranvand; Mohammad Khaledi; Mohsen Shoukatfadaei
Abstract
In this paper different channels of pomegranate marketing in Lorestan province are identified and the economic evaluation of these path ways is discussed. For this purpose, the different marketing margins, the share of marketing agents of final price of product, marketing cost coefficient and marketing ...
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In this paper different channels of pomegranate marketing in Lorestan province are identified and the economic evaluation of these path ways is discussed. For this purpose, the different marketing margins, the share of marketing agents of final price of product, marketing cost coefficient and marketing efficiency in each channel was calculated. The necessary cross-sectional data and information was collected through in terview and 100 questionnaires by simple random sampling at 2010.According to the results, the producers, processors and consumer route has the highest marketing cost coefficient (99.81) and marketing margin (139740 Rials). Moreover, the producer share is the lowest in this route (1.85). The results indicated that the export routs is the best marketing route with highest total efficiency (0.68) and price efficiency (0.69) in Lorestan province.
Majid Azizi; Hoda Ahmadi; Hossein Arouiee
Abstract
Introduction: Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is a relatively new oilseed crops with high value which its oil is the most important source of gamma linolenic acid. In this study, seed of Evening primrose was stored in different temperature and packaging materials to improve the content and quality ...
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Introduction: Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is a relatively new oilseed crops with high value which its oil is the most important source of gamma linolenic acid. In this study, seed of Evening primrose was stored in different temperature and packaging materials to improve the content and quality of its oil.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the effect of packaging, storage temperature and storage period on Evening primrose seed oil properties, a split-plot in time experiment was conducted on the basis of completely randomized design at 32 treatments and three replications. Treatments included four levels of storage period (3, 6, 9 and 12 months) as main plot, four levels of packaging (Paper with 0.15 mm, Aluminum with 0.12 mm, PolyVinylChloride (PVC) with 0.09 mm and Cellophane with 0.07 mm thickness) and two levels of temperature (4 °C and Ambient temperature (20 °C)) as sub plots. Seed packages of 100 grams stored in plant physiology laboratory of horticulture department of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad from May 2014 to May 2015. After each period of storage seed oil (extracted by soxhelet) acid and peroxide value were examined as oil quality index. The statistical analysis was performed using the JMP software version 8 and data means were compared using LSD test’s in 5% level of probability. Acid and peroxide value were measured according to standards of EEC REG 2568/91 and AOCS cd 8-53, respectively.
Results and Discussion: Based on the results, the simple effect of temperature, packaging material and storage time was significant on all the properties of evening primrose oil. Before storage, seed oil content was 16.45% (w/w) but after three months of storage the oil content increased to 19.75% w/w. From third month of storage until 9th a sharp decline was observed, and the oil content was 12.71 % w/w at the end of 9th months. Finally the seed oil content slightly increased until 12thmonth. Before storage, acid and peroxide value were reported 1.16 (mg KOH/g oil) and 2.4 (meq O2/Kg oil), respectively. During storage, acid value showed descending trend so that at the end of 6 and 12 months storage obtained 1.08 and 0.96 mg KOH/g oil, respectively. Oil peroxide value after third months reached to 3.14 (meq O2/Kg oil) and its maximum (9.82 meq O2/Kg oil) was detected at the end of storage period. Ambient temperature in terms of oil content and 4 °C in terms of oil quality were optimum condition for Oenothera seed storage. Seeds samples which packed in paper and cellophane material showed the most oil content (17.29% and 16.75%, respectively). Cellophane packaging in terms of acid (0.89 mgKOH/g oil) and peroxide value (5.05 meq O2/Kg oil) was diagnosed the best packaging material to preserve the quality of the oil during storage. Interaction between storage temperature and storage period on oil percentage was significant at 1%. The highest oil percentage (59/22%) was detected after three months of storage at ambient temperature. Interaction between packaging and storage temperature on acid value of evening primrose seed oil was significant at 1% as aluminum packaging at ambient temperature and paper packaging in both temperatures had the highest acid value (1.15 and 1.11mg KOH/g oil, respectively). The lowest acid value (0.82 mg KOH/g oil) was detected in cellophane packaged seeds at 4°C temperature. Interaction between packaging material and storage period on acid value of evening primrose seed oil was significant at 1%. The highest acid value (1.24 mg KOH/g oil) obtained after six months in paper packaged seeds and seeds samples which packed in cellophane material had the lowest acid value (0.72 mg KOH/g oil) after nine months of storage. Interaction between storage temperature and storage period on acid value of evening primrose oil was significant at 1%. The highest acid value (1.11mgKOH/g oil) was detected after 12 months of storage at ambient temperature. At the end of 12th months at 4 °C temperature, the lowest acid value (0.81mg KOH/g oil) was reported. Interaction between packaging material, storage temperature and storage period on acid value of evening primrose seed oil was significant at 1% as paper packaged seeds after six months of storage at 4°C temperature and cellophane packaged seeds after 12 months of storage at ambient temperature showed the highest acid value (1.34 mg KOH/g oil). The end of 9th months in cellophane packaged seeds at both temperature, the lowest acid value (0.72 mg KOH/g oil) obtained. Interaction between packaging material and storage period on peroxide value of evening primrose oil was significant at 1% as paper packaged seeds after 12 months of storage had the highest peroxide value (11meq O2/Kg oil). Seeds samples which packed in PVC and cellophane material after three months showed the lowest peroxide value (2.15 and 1.85 meq O2/Kg oil, respectively). Interaction between storage temperature and storage period on peroxide value of evening primrose oil was significant at 1%. The highest peroxide value (10.01meq O2/Kg oil) was detected after 12 months of storage at ambient temperature. After three months of storage at 4°C temperature the lowest peroxide value (2.65 meq O2/Kg oil) obtained. Interaction between packaging material, storage temperature and storage period on peroxide value of evening primrose seed oil was significant at 1% as paper packaged seeds after 12 months of storage at 4°C temperature had the highest peroxide value (12 meq O2/Kg oil). The lowest peroxide value (1.60 meq O2/Kg oil) was detected in cellophane packaged seeds after three months of storage at 4 °C temperature.
Conclusion: Overall, evening primrose seed storage in paper and cellophane packaging during three months at ambient temperature to improve the content of oil was desirable. Seed storage in paper packaging at ambient temperature after12 months, reduced oil quality. Seeds samples which packed in PVC and cellophane material at 4°C temperature preserved the quality of evening primrose oil.
Seyyed Ali Mousavizadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Information on nature and magnitude of present variability in a population is an important pre-requisite for starting any breeding program. Moreover, the knowledge about correlations among various characters and further partitioning them into direct and indirect effects is a rational approach ...
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Introduction: Information on nature and magnitude of present variability in a population is an important pre-requisite for starting any breeding program. Moreover, the knowledge about correlations among various characters and further partitioning them into direct and indirect effects is a rational approach to understanding such a relationship which is helpful for multiple trait selections. The present study was undertaken to determine the genetic variability and heritability of important economic characters, interrelationships among them and their direct and indirect effect on yield in Iranian onion landraces.
Materials and Methods: Seeds of twenty landraces were planted using a randomized complete block design with three replications in East Azarbayjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center for two years. Thirty plants were selected at random in each plot to record the observations on yield/plant, leaf length, number of leaves/plant, bulb length, bulb diameter, number of centers, number of edible layers, bulb dry matter and shape index. Broad-sense heritability, expected genetic advance, genetic variability, correlation coefficient, and path coefficient analysis calculated.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed significant effects for all studied traits. Therefore, sufficient genetic variability exists among the onion landraces.
The bulb yield per plant had the utmost phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) (27.81% and 24.27%, respectively). This shows the prevalence of greater genetic variability among the genotypes which offers good opportunities for crop improvement through selection. Medium PCV and GCV were displayed in bulb diameter, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, number of center and shape index. But number of edible layers and bulb dry matter showed low GCV and PCV indicating less scope of selection as they are under the influence of environment.
The estimates of phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than their corresponding genotypic coefficients of variation for all the traits. That might be due to interaction of genotype with environment to the same degree or other denoting environmental factors influencing the expression of these traits. A high degree of disparity between PCV and GCV for most of the traits showed their susceptibility to environmental fluctuations.
In present study, the estimates of broad-sense heritability ranged from 16% for number of edible layers to 88% for shape index. Heritability estimates were very high for bulb diameter, leaf length, and number of centers and shape index, indicating the possibility of success in selection. Heritability estimates were relatively high for yield/plant, bulb length and number of leaves/plant. In addition, moderate heritability estimate was observed for bulb dry matter. On the other hand, low heritability estimates was also observed for number of edible layers indicating the limited scope for improvement of this trait through selection.
The expected genetic advance expressed as a percentage of the mean by selecting the top 5% of the accessions, varied between 1.6% for number of edible layers to 43.55% for yield/plant. Genetic advance as percentage of mean was maximum for yield/plant followed by number of centers, shape index, leaf length, bulb diameter, number of leaves/plant and bulb length. Genetic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance were high in yield/plant. Therefore, yield/plant could be useful basis for selection.
In most traits, the genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients which indicated the inherent association among various characters independent of environmental influence.
Bulb-yield/plant showed significant positive correlation with leaf length, leaf number, bulb diameter and bulb length at phenotypic and genotypic levels. So, improvement of leaf length, leaf number, and bulb diameter and bulb length traits could improve the capacity of the plants to synthesize and translocate photosynthates to the bulb.
The path analysis showed that bulb diameter has the largest positive direct effect on bulb-yield/plant. The indirect effect of length of leaves on onion yield through bulb diameter was considerable. Accordingly, selection of plants with larger leaf length and bulb diameter could be suitable for breeding onion for higher yield. The presence of negligible residual effect (0.06) indicated that most of the important traits contributing to yield were included in the path analysis.
Conclusions: Results showed that potential of onion landraces with high genetic diversity in selection for development of cultivars with favorable agronomic and market traits is high. The high genetic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance were found in yield/plant. Therefore, yield/plant could be useful basis of selection. In addition, the path analysis showed that selection of plants with larger leaf length and bulb diameter could be suitable for breeding onion for higher yield.
Postharvest physiology
A. Sharafshah Rostami; B. Kaviani
Abstract
Introduction
Carnation (Dianthus caryphyllus L.), from Caryophyllaceae family, is one of the most important cut flowers in the world that its short vase life reduces the economic value. Postharvest longevity of cut flowers can be prolonged using carbohydrates (sugars) in a vase jar. Cut flowers ...
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Introduction
Carnation (Dianthus caryphyllus L.), from Caryophyllaceae family, is one of the most important cut flowers in the world that its short vase life reduces the economic value. Postharvest longevity of cut flowers can be prolonged using carbohydrates (sugars) in a vase jar. Cut flowers undergo some physiological and biochemical changes that often lead to an early senescence. To delay the aging process in cut flowers, it is necessary to evaluate many aspects of preparation for storage conditions, especially preservative solutions that affect the quality and longevity of these flowers. Many flowers are harvested before they are fully developed, to ensure a long postharvest life and to minimize mechanical damages that might occur during handling. The growth and development of flower buds on cut flowers require food (especially carbohydrates), which is stored in the leaves and stems. These stored carbohydrates can be mobilized for the flower bud to use but maybe they are insufficient when the buds are harvested at a tight-bud stage. To maintain metabolic activities, including respiration, even for cut flowers that have reached full development, it is necessary to provide adequate reserves to achieve acceptable postharvest life. When stored materials are low, leaves and flowers age faster and the petals fade. Under these conditions, supplements can be provided to the flowers by adding sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose to the vase solutions. However, it is important to note that a sugar solution is also suitable for the growth of microorganisms, so that an antimicrobial agent should be added to the vase solution as well. Many researches were carried out on prolonging the vase life of cut carnation flowers with different preservative solutions together with an antimicrobial agent. Studies on postharvest longevity of cut carnation flowers using sugars as preservative solutions is low. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) and application time on vase life and some physiological parameters of carnation cv. ‘Yellow Candy’ cut flowers.
Materials and Methods
A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design in three replicates was performed in order to investigate the effect of different levels (0, 50 and 100 g/L) of three types of sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and two sugar application times (the first and second 24 h, on 2019) on vase life of carnation cv. ‘Yellow Candy’ cut flowers. Some other traits such as water uptake, dry mater, relative fresh weight, protein and carotenoid of petal, leaf chlorophyll, POD and SOD enzymes activity and MDA were also measured. The statistical analysis of data was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v 16.0. Least significant difference (LSD) test at P < 0.05 was used to find out the significance of differences among the mean values.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the effect of different levels of sugars on all evaluated traits was significant. Each three levels of sugars at each two applied times caused to increase vase life and relative traits. Maximum vase life (18 days) was obtained in 50 g/L glucose at the first 24 h with no statistically significant differences with the 100 g/L sucrose and fructose at the first 24 h. The highest water uptakes and dry matter, the lowest POD and SOD activity and minimum MDA were obtained in treatment of 50 g/L glucose at the first 24 h. The study found that the highest levels of petal protein content, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll were achieved in carnation "Yellow Candy" cut flowers treated with 50 g/L glucose after 24 hours of harvesting. The application of sugars at the first 24 hours after harvesting had a greater impact on improving the vase life of the flowers compared to the second 24 hours. Therefore, the use of glucose as an external holding solution, preferably within the early hours of harvesting, is recommended to prolong the postharvest life of carnation "Yellow Candy" cut flowers. The study also revealed that the use of external holding solutions, particularly sugars combined with antimicrobial agents, can have a positive effect on prolonging the vase life of cut flowers. The concentration of sugar required in the holding solution varies depending on the type of flower being treated, with most flowers requiring a concentration of 2% sugar. However, some flowers may require higher concentrations, up to 4-6%, while others may be damaged if treated with concentrations higher than 1%. The application of sucrose has been shown to increase glucose and fructose levels in petals, further supporting the use of external holding solutions containing sugars for extending the vase life of cut flowers. Therefore, it is important to examine each flower before treating it to determine the optimal concentration of sugars. Sugars are a source of energy and carbon for cut flowers and play an important role in decreasing the protein degradation and ethylene production, maintenance of osmotic balance, increasing water uptake, and finally delaying in senescence process
Medicinal Plants
V. Akbarpour; M. Motaharinezhad; M. A. Bahmanyar
Abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, spraying method is used in plant nutrition to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers and reduce environmental hazards. With the foliar solution, the elements are quickly transferred to the plant and delivered to the branch, leaf, or fruit. Surveys show that increase performance ...
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Introduction
Nowadays, spraying method is used in plant nutrition to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers and reduce environmental hazards. With the foliar solution, the elements are quickly transferred to the plant and delivered to the branch, leaf, or fruit. Surveys show that increase performance per unit area is one of the most important things that has attracted the attention of many researchers. The first requirement for high performance is high dry matter production per unit area. Some experiments have shown that increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air can increase yield, accelerate flowering and accumulate carbohydrates in plants. One of the solutions to increase carbon dioxide concentrations in plants is to use compounds such as ethanol and methanol. Therefore feeding plants with alcohols such as ethanol and methanol as carbon sources is one of the appropriate methods to increase their quantitative and qualitative properties.
Materials and Methods
Due to the importance of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in the production of valuable secondary metabolites, and also the effect of ethanol and methanol on some morphological and physiological parameters of this plant, a pot experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Shahed University in 2018. Foliar treatments included different concentrations of 0, 15, 30 and 45% ethanol, methanol and combine them that was done in three stages. The studied traits were plant height, number of leaves per plant, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield and protein percentage. Data analysis was performed using SAS statistical software (version 9.2) and mean treatments were compared by LSD test. Also charts were drawn by excel software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the simple effects of ethanol and methanol on plant height, biological yield, flavonoid content, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield and protein percentage were significant but their interactions were not significant. Ethanol 45% had the most effect on percentage and yield of essential oil and protein percentage. But the use of 15% ethanol treatment had the highest value in other traits (plant height, total phenol and flavonoids), which was at a statistical level with 45% methanol treatment. Also interaction between ethanol and methanol on leaf number per plant, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid was significant at 1% probability level. The highest number of leaves per plant and chlorophyll a (29.55 µg/g fresh leaf weight) was observed in the combination of 15% ethanol and 15% methanol, while the highest amount of chlorophyll b (20.86 µg/g fresh leaf weight) and total chlorophyll (49.85 µg/g fresh leaf weight) was related to the combined application of 15% ethanol and 45% methanol.
Conclusion
Foliar spraying is one of the methods of fertilization and supply of nutrients to plants that due to high absorption rate nutrients can be made available to plants in the shortest time. The results of this study showed that all the studied traits were significantly affected by one or more of the ethanol and methanol treatments. Therefore, the foliar application of ethanol and methanol as carbon sources has an important role in improving the qualitative and quantitative parameters of peppermint.
Abdollah Hatamzadeh; Raziyeh Akbari; Reyhaneh Sariri; Davoud Bakhshi
Abstract
Interaction of floral pigments with metal ions can alter the final color of the petals. Metal ions can affect stability of flowers final color by altering vacuolar pH and activity of enzymes involved in biosynthesis, destruction, accumulation and transition of pigments. In this study, contents of metal ...
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Interaction of floral pigments with metal ions can alter the final color of the petals. Metal ions can affect stability of flowers final color by altering vacuolar pH and activity of enzymes involved in biosynthesis, destruction, accumulation and transition of pigments. In this study, contents of metal ions of petal tissue and their relationships with parameters of petal color analyzed and compared in stage of full blooming in six varieties Gerbera with different colors. Investigation on metal ion contents in different varieties didn't show statistically significant difference in Cu2+ content. Results showed that enhancement of Fe2+ content in petals increased a* and C* parameters and decreased L* value. Also, reduction of Zn2+ amounts in petal tissue increased h* value. Unlike Ca2+, a positive significant difference observed between Mg2+ contents and parameters of C* and a*, also a negative significant difference between Mg2+ content and L* value. Ions of Fe2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ presented more effective relationship with flower color parameters. Concentration of Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in petal tissue were ranged to 0.0076-0.012, 0.0035-0.004, 0.0017-0.003, 0.0021-0.0032, 2.18-2.97, 1.45-1.79 mg g-1 FW, respectively.
Sepideh Taghizadeh; Hossein Sadeghi; Mehdi Hadadinejad
Abstract
Introduction: Influx of Siberian cold air masses into the northern parts of Iran causes severe decrease in temperature, heavy snowfall and freezing of citrus every few years. Depending on the temperature drop, in some years only fruits and in some years, citrus trees suffer severe damage too. One of ...
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Introduction: Influx of Siberian cold air masses into the northern parts of Iran causes severe decrease in temperature, heavy snowfall and freezing of citrus every few years. Depending on the temperature drop, in some years only fruits and in some years, citrus trees suffer severe damage too. One of the sudden drops in temperature was in January 2007, when the temperature dropped from -7 degrees Celsius to -13 degrees Celsius. Consecutive damage to citrus trees and crops in the north of the country has caused citrus gardeners to despair of its economic viability and to refrain from rehabilitating destroyed orchards. The mechanisms of frost resistance and relative tolerance to cold in citrus include physiological adaptation and metabolic changes. These changes will lead to the production of various cellular osmolytes, the accumulation of soluble substances, changes in lipid metabolism (with an increase in unsaturated fatty acids), an increase in supercooling temperature, and ultimately an increase in plant resistance. The use of passive and active methods can also partially prevent frost damage or reduce the severity of the injury, but spraying with compounds that may provide physical protection of trees against freezing or spraying chemicals that reduce the freezing point of the cellular fluid by altering the concentration of the cell sap could be more promising.
Materials and Methods: Experimental factors include freezing temperatures at three levels (-5, -8 and -11° C) and spraying with two types of experimental material including carnauba wax in two concentrations of zero and four percent (manufactured by Orange Saft SL, Spain) and glycol potash in two concentrations of zero and 10% (prepared by Pooshesh sabze Company, Iran), carnauba + glycol potash (carnauba wax in 4% concentration and 10% glycol potash concentrate) and control (distilled water solution).
Results: Electrolyte leakage is the uncontrolled leakage of organic ions from the cell membrane due to stress and damage to the membrane. The lowest electrolyte leakage was observed at -5° C and the highest one was at -8° C. As a messenger molecule, proline is effective in regulating mitochondrial activity, cell proliferation, and cell death. Proline also expresses certain genes that are essential for improving plant conditions under stress. Proline concentration increased with decreasing temperature but it decreased again at -8 ° C. Using carnauba wax at -5 ° C has reduced the concentration of total soluble sugars (66.92 micro g / g by weight) but did not significantly differ from the control treatment (83/23) and -11 ° C. Frost tolerance and frost resistance vary in different organs of citrus trees. Young shoots and twigs are very sensitive to cold and frost, so their tissues change color due to the cold. If the intensity of cold and frost increases, it will cause the shoots to dry out. freezing temperature has a significant effect on Shoot dying back, so that the highest dryness of the shoots was observed at -11 ° C (91.66%) and the lowest at -5° C (10.41%). The highest percentage of leaf abscission was observed at -11 and the lowest with significant difference at -5° C. Symptoms of freezing such as leaf abscission and tree Shoot dying back are not seen up to -5 ° C but they are well visible at -8 ° C. Experimental treatments also failed to prevent shoots from drying out at -11° C.
Conclusion: Thomson navel orange young trees do not suffer much damage up to -5° C, but as the temperature decreases, the damage caused by frost increases in the form of leaf abscission and Shoot dying back of branches. Carnauba wax has a positive role in this experiment by preventing leaf abscission at -8 ° C, but glycol potash has a negative role by increasing leaf abscission and Shoot dying back. Increasing leaf potassium levels through potash glycol not only did not increase cold resistance but also increased susceptibility to frost. Potassium must be supplied from other sources. The results of this experiment showed that the use of carnauba wax up to 48 hours before the possible cold, which is announced through meteorology, with a concentration of 4%, can keep it alive up to -8 ° C, which normally destroys the plant, but with passing through this temperature, for example at -11 degrees Celsius, is not able to maintain the plant.
