Research Article
Medicinal Plants
B. Kaviani; R. Mohammadipour; D. Hashemabadi; M.H. Ansari; R. Onsinejad; A.R. Berimavandi
Abstract
IntroductionDamask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is used as a multi-purpose species. The flower essential oil of this plant has many applications in various industries. There is a wide variety of morphological, phonological, flower shape, yield and yield of essential oils among genotypes and different ...
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IntroductionDamask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is used as a multi-purpose species. The flower essential oil of this plant has many applications in various industries. There is a wide variety of morphological, phonological, flower shape, yield and yield of essential oils among genotypes and different populations of Damask rose in various ecological conditions in Iran. Evaluation of genetic diversity among Damask rose of Iran is important in order for breeding purposes. Some studies on phenotype, essential oil and genetic diversity were also carried out among different cultivars of rose flowers in other parts of the world. Significant diversity has been reported among the populations and genotypes of rose in different ecological conditions for many traits. Identifying superior species, cultivars and populations is important for commercial cultivation and more essential oil production. It is difficult to understand genetic diversity in roses because natural hybridization and spontaneous mutations with high abundance occurs in this plant. Morphological differences can be due to the geographical coordinates, natural hybridization and mutations. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the genetic variety of Damask rose in Guilan, Ilam, Golestan, Tehran and Kashan in order to introduce superior genotype based on essence content and some other morphological and physiological traits. Materials and MethodsFive genotypes of Damask rose including Kashan, Ilam, Golestan, Tehran and Guilan genotypes were evaluated as plant materials. Plant materials were collected from mentioned-above regions as root-sucker and transferred to the farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of the country. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block, which was performed with 3 replications and was considered for each 5-suckers’ repetition (total: 75 suckers). In each replication, three specimens of each genotype were planted in pits with diameter and depth of 50-60 cm. The distance between scions per rows was 2.5 meters and row spacing from each other was 2 meters. During the experimental period, the bushes were irrigated using drip (trickle) irrigation method. The sampling was performed to measure morphological and physiological parameters after the blooms were opened in early May. Evaluated parameters were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petal number, stamen number, carpel number, fresh weight of petals, petal anthocyanin levels, petals essential oil levels, chlorophyll content and leaf carotenoids. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and, if significant, Tukey analysis was used. SPSS software was employed for statistical analysis. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest amount of essential oil (0.042 and 0.038%) was extracted from the petals of Ilam and Kashan genotypes, respectively. The highest petal weight (2.70 and 2.30 g) was related to the petals of Ilam and Kashan genotypes, respectively. The highest petal length and width were obtained in these two genotypes. The largest number of petals (71.80 per each plant) was related to Guilan samples. The highest amount of chlorophyll a was related to Ilam genotype and the highest amount of chlorophyll b, carotenoids and anthocyanin was related to Kashan genotype. In the present study, rose flower genotypes collected from different parts of Iran showed significant diversity in relation to morphological and physiological properties, especially essence. The results of the present study showed that there was a significant correlation between the amount of essence in the petals and the weight and dimensions of the petals. Similar findings related to the correlation between flower yield and its components in roses flowers were presented in some studies. Some studies have shown that the weight of the flower has a very strong, positive and significant correlation with the flower yield. Despite the geographical distance between some genotypes, the high similarity coefficient between them may indicate the common origin or continuous and purposeful genotypes. On the other hand, the low similarity coefficient between genotypes proposes relatively low geographical connection and different primary origin. In the present study, there was a low correlation between the amount of essence in the petals and the weight and dimensions of the petals in the Ilam and Kashan genotypes with the Golestan and Guilan genotypes. Generative traits, including flower characteristics, are more suitable for genetic and evolutionary evaluations than vegetative traits. The results of some researchers in Iran and elsewhere in the world showed that flower yield per plant is associated with some other traits, including flower number, dimensions and weight of flowers, and the number of branches in the plant. The genetic analysis of rose flower genotypes showed that some genotypes collected from different areas are genetically relevant and some are separate. This subject shows effective role of ecological conditions in changing and variability of different species and varieties. The results indicated that the difference in the amount of essential oil compounds is mostly influenced by environmental and physiological factors. ConclusionThe morphological differences observed among the flower genotypes indicate the presence of valuable germplasm and a strong potential for trait improvement. These differences also demonstrate the feasibility of selecting superior genotypes using morphological markers to enhance flower yield within the country. Overall, the Ilam and Kashan genotypes are recommended as promising candidates for use in breeding programs. AcknowledgementWe thank Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch for its assistance.
Research Article
Growing vegetables
M. Pourahmadi; R. Zargami; M. Diyanat; A. Mohammadi Torkashvand
Abstract
IntroductionIron is an essential element for plants, playing a crucial role in the structure of many oxidation and reduction enzymes and in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Its importance in nitrogen fixation and enzyme activity has been well-documented. However, in calcareous soils, such as those in Iran, ...
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IntroductionIron is an essential element for plants, playing a crucial role in the structure of many oxidation and reduction enzymes and in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Its importance in nitrogen fixation and enzyme activity has been well-documented. However, in calcareous soils, such as those in Iran, non-chelated forms of iron are not effective in providing iron to plants and soil microorganisms. The use of iron chelates is considered the best solution to address iron chlorosis, particularly in alkaline soils. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to the alkalinization of large agricultural areas, causing challenges such as reduced absorption of micronutrients, including iron. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of different particle sizes of micronutrients, including iron oxide and iron chelate nanofertilizers, on tuber quality. The potatoes used in this study were cultivated from seedlings produced through tissue culture. Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications at the greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Institute of Hamadan during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The experimental factors included: microtuber weight at three levels of 1-3, 3-5 and 5-10 g and different iron fertilizers at seven levels of Zero, 20 µmol iron chelate in the form of soil consumption, 20 µmol nano iron oxide in the form of soil consumption, foliar spraying of 1% iron chelate, foliar spraying of 2% iron chelate, foliar spraying of 1% nano iron oxide and foliar spraying of 2% nano iron oxide. The iron chelate fertilizer (Fe-EDDHA 7%) was sourced from Khadra Company and is water-soluble, with plant absorption at pH levels of 3–11. Nano iron oxide with a purity of 98% was obtained from Pishgaman Nano Materials, an Iranian company. Data analysis was performed using SAS statistical software. Bartlett's test was used to check data normality, and means were compared using Duncan’s Multi-Range Test at a 5% probability level. Results and discussionThe results of the comparison of the mean number of eyes in the microtuber under the influence of the size of the tuber and iron fertilizer showed that the lowest number of eyes per tuber (3.18 eyes) was in the absence of application of iron fertilizer in the tuber 1-3 g and the highest number of eyes in the tuber (4.24 eyes) was in the application of 20 µmol iron chelate was obtained in microtuber 10-5 g. The results indicated that the number of tuber eyes, as well as iron, protein, and amino acid contents (alanine, glycine, methionine, and lysine), increased with the weight of the microtubers. Iron fertilizers had no significant effect on protein levels in microtubers weighing 1–3 g or 3–5 g. However, in 5–10 g microtubers, the highest protein contents (4.67%, 4.81%, 5.16%, 5.4%, and 5.67%) were observed with treatments of 2% iron chelate, 1% iron chelate, 2% nano iron oxide, 20 µmol nano iron oxide, and 20 µmol iron chelate, respectively. There was no significant effect of iron fertilizers on alanine in 5–10 g microtubers. In 1–3 g microtubers, treatments with 20 µmol iron chelate, 20 µmol nano iron oxide, 1% iron chelate, and 2% nano iron oxide resulted in the greatest increases in alanine levels. In 1–3 g microtubers, iron application did not significantly differ from the control. In 3–5 g microtubers, foliar spraying with 2% iron chelate increased methionine by 17.92%. For 5–10 g microtubers, the highest methionine levels (1.32 and 1.36 µmol.g-1 FW) were observed with treatments of 20 µmol iron chelate and 2% iron chelate. The maximum lysine levels (2.19, 2.43, and 2.49 µmol.g-1 FW) were achieved with treatments of 20 µmol iron chelate, 1% nano iron oxide (foliar spray), and 20 µmol nano iron oxide, respectively, in 5–10 g microtubers. ConclusionNano iron oxide fertilizers were more effective than iron chelates in enhancing tuber quality. The nanoscale size of iron particles increases the number of reactive atoms, resulting in higher reactivity and efficiency. Consequently, the application of nano iron fertilizers requires less material while achieving superior results. The highest quality improvement of potato tuber was observed in microtubers of 5-10 g and foliar application of nano iron oxide fertilizer.
Research Article
Postharvest physiology
S. Molaei Mohammad Abadi; S. Rastegar
Abstract
Introduction
Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) is one of the most important citrus fruits that undergoes significant postharvest quality deterioration. This deterioration is primarily due to moisture loss, physiological changes, and pathogen infections. To maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life ...
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Introduction
Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) is one of the most important citrus fruits that undergoes significant postharvest quality deterioration. This deterioration is primarily due to moisture loss, physiological changes, and pathogen infections. To maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of kinnow mandarins, various postharvest treatments and storage conditions have been explored. Melatonin, being a nontoxic and safe chemical, has application potential in the improvement of fruit quality. By stimulating the production of antioxidants like ascorbic acid and phenolics, melatonin can boost the overall antioxidant capacity of fruits. It has been reported that by influencing pigment production, melatonin can enhance fruit color and appearance. Further research is needed to optimize the application methods and determine the most effective melatonin concentrations for different cultivars and storage conditions. Additionally, the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which melatonin enhances fruit quality during postharvest storage warrant further investigation. Implementing melatonin treatments in commercial postharvest operations could provide a valuable strategy for maintaining the quality and extending the shelf-life of Kinnow mandarins and other citrus fruits.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted at a citrus orchard located in Rudkhan district, Rudan, Iran. Ten-year-old Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa) trees were treated with three melatonin concentrations: 0 µM (distilled water as control), 100 µM, and 200 µM. The treatments were applied as foliar sprays one month prior to harvest, repeated three times at weekly intervals. Mature fruits were harvested in December and randomly divided into two groups: one for immediate analysis and the other for storage. Fruits destined for storage were disinfected with 0.05% sodium hypochlorite for one min, rinsed with distilled water, and then subjected to a 30-min immerse in melatonin solutions (100 µM or 200 µM) corresponding to the previous foliar treatment. The fruits were then stored at 5 ± 1°C. Samples were evaluated for physicochemical properties at 30 and 60 days of storage. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design. Data were analyzed using SAS software, version 9.4. Means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level of significance. Graphs were generated using Excel software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that melatonin treatments significantly increased fruit weight, pulp weight, juice volume, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content at harvest. During storage, both sprayed and immersed fruits exhibited less weight loss. At the end of the storage period, treated fruits also had higher ascorbic acid content compared to the control. Fruit immersion was more effective in preserving total flavonoids at the end of the experiment. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits sprayed with 100 μM melatonin. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and protecting cellular components from oxidative damage. In addition, by modulating ethylene production, melatonin can influence fruit ripening rate and overall quality. Melatonin has been studied in fruits like mango and papaya, where it has shown potential to improve fruit quality and extend shelf life. Studies on citrus fruits have indicated that melatonin can reduce chilling injury, maintain juice quality, and increase antioxidant content. It's important to note that the optimal melatonin concentration and application method can vary significantly between fruit species. Overall, the sprayed treatments showed better performance in terms of marketability and various quality attributes compared to the other treatments. The findings of this study suggest that pre- and post-harvest melatonin treatments can effectively maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of Kinnow mandarin fruit during cold storage. Melatonin's antioxidant properties and ability to regulate physiological processes may contribute to the observed improvements in fruit quality. These results have important implications for the postharvest management of Kinnow mandarins, as melatonin could be a valuable tool for preserving the fruit's nutritional and sensory attributes during storage and transportation.
Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrate that melatonin application had a beneficial impact on Kinnow mandarin fruits. Overall, the melatonin spray treatment, particularly at a concentration of 100 µM, led to increased fruit weight, water content, ascorbic acid content, and titratable acidity at harvest. During storage, treated fruits exhibited higher antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid content, and ascorbic acid levels, along with reduced weight loss compared to the control group. Consequently, the use of melatonin is proposed as a promising strategy to enhance the quality and marketability of Kinnow mandarins during postharvest storage.
Research Article
Pomology
A. Goodarzi; M. Yadegari; S.A. Mousavi; S.H. Nourbakhsh
Abstract
IntroductionGrapes (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to a group of temperate fruits, which have high nutritional qualities, and many by-products are produced from different parts of their berries. The difference in quantity and quality properties of different cultivars is an opportunity to screen grapes based ...
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IntroductionGrapes (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to a group of temperate fruits, which have high nutritional qualities, and many by-products are produced from different parts of their berries. The difference in quantity and quality properties of different cultivars is an opportunity to screen grapes based on their desirable characteristics and nutritional value. The morphological and yield traits of grapes usually vary depending on the cultivar, vineyard climate, light, temperature, viticultural operations, nutrition, irrigation management, pests, disease control, pruning, training practices, and crop load. Since the study of the nutrients state can be a real criterion for evaluating the growth and yield of the plant, therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the growth, yield and concentration of macro and micro nutrients elements in the leaves of 12 commercial varieties of grapes in the climatic conditions of Saman region located in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, Iran. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the morphological and pomological characteristics of 12 grape varieties in the grape collection garden of Chaharmahal province and Bakhtiari of Saman region in the base of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Saman region is located at 32.19° latitude, 50.51° longitude and 2060 meters above sea level. The studied area is a temperate mountainous region with an average temperature of 12.8°C and an average annual rainfall of 243 mm. The absolute maximum and absolute minimum temperature in the investigated garden are 42 and -32°C, respectively. In this research, three-year-old plants of Bidaneh-Ghermez, Flame, Perlette, Kashmiri 1, Shahroudi, Yaghouti, Kashmiri 2, Nasrallah daei's Asgari, Rish baba, Siahe-Mahali, Asgari, Siahe-Hasnabad were studied. In the fruit ripening stage, morphological traits, fruit yield and the concentration of nutrients in the leaves of the studied cultivars were measured in two growing seasons of 1400-1401 and 1402-1401. Results and Discussion Having precise selection power among plants is necessary for breeding and production of new varieties, which depends on the identification of existing varieties and their diversity. In the present study most of the traits showed significant variations among the studied cultivars. The results revealed significant differences among the studied cultivars in terms of growth characteristics, including stem diameter, current season shoot length, number and spacing of internodes, and leaf surface area. Yield-related traits—such as cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, berry length, and berry width—were also significantly influenced by the grape cultivar. The highest yield was observed in the Flame cultivar, producing 7.19 kg per plant. Based on the results, the evaluated grape cultivars were significantly differed from each other in terms of the concentration of macro and micro nutrient elements in the leaves. Correlation results showed that the leaf area, cluster characteristics, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and boron significantly and positively correlated with the grape yield. Cluster analysis classified the studied grape cultivars into three groups, which were in accordance with the results of principal components analysis. Based on the results of this research, the cultivars Perlette, Flame, Bidaneh-Ghermez, Siahe-Hasnabad and Rish baba were superior to other cultivars in terms of the evaluated traits, which can be investigated for further studies and breeding programs. The amount of copper in the leaves of grape cultivars in the first year was higher than in the second year, and Asgari Dai Nasrallah and Siah Mahali cultivars had the highest (7.60 mg.kg-1 in leaf fresh weight) and the lowest (4.28 mg.kg-1) respectively. Kg.leaf fresh weight-1) had copper content. The amount of manganese in the first year was more than the second year and the different grape cultivars were significantly different from each other. The highest amount of manganese was in Siahe-Hasnabad cultivars (95.92 mg.kg-1 in leaf fresh weight) and Philim (93.50 mg.kg-1 in leaf fresh weight) and the lowest amount in Kashmiri 2 variety (60.22 mg.kg-1/leaf fresh weight) was measured. In the present study, the amount of zinc element measured in the first year was higher than the second year and it varied between 84.80 and 25.05 mg.kg-1 in leaf fresh weight among different grape varieties. Fleim and Yaghuti cultivars had the highest and lowest amount of zinc element among the studied cultivars. Boron is one of the elements influencing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grapes, and the need for this element in grapes is more than other treasured fruit trees, and the presence of optimal amounts of boron is necessary for the formation of fruit and the growth and development of pods. Although the effect of the year on the boron content was not significant, its measured value was higher in the second year than in the first year. The highest (38.22 mg.kg-1 in leaf fresh weight) and the lowest (17.62 mg.kg-1 in leaf fresh weight) boron content were recorded in Pearlet and Kashmiri 2 cultivars, respectively. The recorded differences in the concentration of nutrients in the leaves of different grape cultivars can be attributed to several reasons: a) The ability to absorb nutrients may be different in the studied cultivars, so they act differently in the transfer and distribution of nutrients. b) Difference in the amount of active hormones in the root. c) Some nutrients are consumed in a larger amount by the roots, and as a result, the amount transferred to the branches and leaves decreases. The difference in the consumption of nutrients in the roots of different grape cultivars leads to the difference in the measured concentration of these elements in the leaves. ConclusionSignificant differences were found among the 12 grape cultivars in terms of morphological, nutrient elements and yield traits. These findings confirmed that growth and berry yield of grape can be affected mainly by the cultivar-based genetic background. The results of this study can be used as a guide for selecting appropriate cultivars for further breeding programs.
Research Article
Postharvest physiology
M. Vakili-Ghartavol; H. Arouiee; Sh. Golmohammadzadeh; Mahboobeh Naseri; L. Bandian
Abstract
Introduction
Cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), an annual plant with significant economic value, are a popular and nutritious fruit commonly used in salads. They are rich in essential nutrients such as sugars, acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, lycopene, and other carotenoids, making ...
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Introduction
Cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), an annual plant with significant economic value, are a popular and nutritious fruit commonly used in salads. They are rich in essential nutrients such as sugars, acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, lycopene, and other carotenoids, making them a vital component of diets worldwide. However, their climacteric nature causes a rapid decline in quality, resulting in physicochemical changes such as softening and alterations in color. Due to their perishable nature, they have a short shelf life of only 2 to 3 weeks. Therefore, it is crucial to explore methods for extending their freshness, for extending their shelf life while maintaining their quality, both for local consumption and exportation.
Materials and Methods
This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying concentrations (0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) of peppermint essential oil and solid lipid nanoparticles containing peppermint essential oil on the quality of cherry tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Santiago F1). The research was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with three replications and sample of ten fruits per replication during a 28-day storage period at 8 °C at the laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and the Horticulture Science Laboratory at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. On April 19, 2021, cherry tomatoes were harvested from a greenhouse at commercial maturity when 75% of the fruit surface color had turned red. Then the fruits were transferred to the horticultural science laboratory. The selection process focused on uniformity of shape, size, color, and absence of external damage, pests, and diseases. Then they were immersed in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 minute to disinfect the surface and afterwards rinsed with distilled water. Finally, the fruits were placed in different coating solutions. Distilled water was used to treat control fruits. The quality parameters studied included fruit juice percentage, juice density, soluble solids, fruit juice acidity, fruit juice pH, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid levels, lycopene levels, anthocyanin content, flavonoid levels, flavonol levels, and electrolyte leakage in the fruits.
Results and Discussion
The results of this study indicated that fruits treated with solid lipid nanoparticles containing peppermint essential oil, particularly at a concentration of 0.2%, showed significantly higher levels of juice percentage (approximately 85%), acidity (around 51%), total chlorophyll content, as well as anthocyanin, flavonoid and flavonol content compared to those treated with free peppermint essential oil or the control group. However, the amount of soluble solids (approximately 54%), juice density (about 75%), juice pH, and lycopene and carotenoid content were found to be lower in comparison with those treated with free peppermint essential oil or the control group. This indicates that the application of this coating may slow down the ripening process, thereby preserving the fruit's color. This treatment also effectively reduced the amount of electrolyte leakage of fruit cell membranes (about 56%). However, free peppermint essential oil treatment at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations had higher electrolyte leakage compared to the control group. This suggests that while peppermint essential oil can have a positive effect on preserving fruit quality, using it at higher concentrations may cause tissue damage and accelerate the softening process. These findings suggest that incorporating peppermint essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles can enhance the overall quality and nutritional value of fruits, making them a healthier option for consumption. Additionally, the use of solid lipid nanoparticles may also help in controlling the release of peppermint essential oil, leading to a more sustained effect on fruit preservation. Therefore, incorporating the essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles could be a more effective approach as it slows down the ripening process and helps maintain overall fruit quality.
Conclusions
In conclusion, our study has demonstrated the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles containing peppermint essential oil in preserving the quality and extending the shelf life of fruits. The use of these nanocapsules not only maintained the color, TA, and soluble solids of fruits but also prevented tissue damage and delayed the ripening process. This innovative approach could revolutionize fruit preservation methods and benefit both producers and consumers by reducing food waste and ensuring continuous availability of fresh, high-quality fruits. Further research on development of nanocapsules with different essential oils could open new horizons for enhancing the shelf life of various fruits and other perishable food products.
Research Article
Pomology
M. Fazeli Rostampour
Abstract
IntroductionYaghooti grape is the oldest grape variety in Iran and is the most important horticultural product in the Sistan region, which is cultivated in more than 90% of the vineyards of this region. The issue of water scarcity in Sistan has become a serious threat to grape production in recent years, ...
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IntroductionYaghooti grape is the oldest grape variety in Iran and is the most important horticultural product in the Sistan region, which is cultivated in more than 90% of the vineyards of this region. The issue of water scarcity in Sistan has become a serious threat to grape production in recent years, forcing local grape growers to manage this problem by reducing the volume and frequency of irrigation. Proper irrigation management, which involves determining the optimal timing and the required amount of irrigation for grapevines, is of particular importance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the physiological response of Yaghooti grapes to lack of water in different stages of growth in order to achieve the highest yield and also increase the production and income of gardeners in Sistan region. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted as strip-split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Zahak Research Station from 2019 to 2023. The experimental treatments included an irrigation regime of control (full irrigation), irrigation after 35% soil moisture deficiency, and irrigation after 70% soil moisture deficiency. These treatments were applied to horizontal plots and while the irrigation stages including from bud burst to flowering, from flowering to fruit color change, from berry color variation to harvest, and from harvest to leaf fall, were assigned to vertical plots. The traits including the relative leaf water content, leaf area, proline, soluble sugars, relative permeability of leaf cell membrane, canopy temperature and chlorophyll index were measured one week before flowering, cluster color change, fruit harvest and leaf color change. The row spacing was three meters, and the vine spacing within rows was two meters. Irrigation scheduling was determined based on the treatments using a TDR moisture meter. After full maturity (uniform ruby color of the cluster with a Brix above 17), the trait of cluster length was measured using a ruler and the cluster width and berry diameter were measured using a caliper. The traits of cluster number and number of berries per cluster were counted and cluster axis weight (average weight of three cluster axes per plant), fresh berry weight (average weight of 10 berries per cluster), cluster weight (average weight of four clusters per plant) and yield (average yield of three plants per plot) were measured using an OHAUS digital scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g (Gatti et al., 2012). For statistical analysis, after ensuring the normality of the data, analysis of variance was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and using the GLM procedure. Composite variance analysis related to the three years was performed when the Bartlett test confirmed the homogeneity of variances. Results and DiscussionDeficit irrigation resulted in a reduction in cluster rachis weight, cluster length, cluster width, number of berries per cluster, berry diameter, berry weight, cluster weight, number of clusters per vine, and fruit yield, along with an increased rate of yield reduction. Reducing the water availability for grapevines led to a decrease in the traits affecting fruit yield. This reduction varied for each trait depending on the specific stage of deficit irrigation. For all traits, deficit irrigation applied during the flowering to veraison stage was the most sensitive to irrigation reduction. The highest (6500 kg) and lowest (1111 kg) fruit yields were obtained under full irrigation and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage, respectively. The highest fruit yield under deficit irrigation was observed during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage. Across all deficit irrigation regimes, the lowest fruit yield was associated with the flowering to veraison stage. Irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the stages of bud break to flowering, flowering to veraison, veraison to fruit harvest, and fruit harvest to leaf fall resulted in yield reductions of 32.8%, 43.2%, 8.8%, and 5.6%, respectively, compared to full irrigation at the corresponding stages. Irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the same stages caused yield reductions of 73.7%, 82.8%, 36%, and 24.5%, respectively, compared to full irrigation (Table 3). Although the effect of year on fruit yield was not significant, there was a reduction of 7.3% and 12% in the second and third years compared to the first year, respectively (Table 4). A multiple linear regression analysis was performed for the fruit yield of Yaghooti grape. The traits influencing the predictive equation for yield (Yield) included cluster length (CL), cluster width (CWi), cluster weight (CWe), and the number of clusters per vine (C/V), as shown in Model 1.Model 1) Yield = 3481 + 126 CL – 68 CWi + 14 CWe + 185 C/VThe highest (82.7%) and lowest (4.8%) fruit yield reduction rates were observed under irrigation after 35% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage and irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage, respectively. The highest rate of fruit yield reduction occurred when deficit irrigation was applied during the flowering to veraison stage. Conversely, the lowest rate of fruit yield reduction was observed when deficit irrigation was applied during the fruit harvest to leaf fall stage. DiscussionThe results showed that fruit yield responded differently to deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation during the bud break to flowering and flowering to veraison stages had the greatest impact on reducing fruit yield, with the effect being more pronounced during the flowering to veraison stage. However, the impact of deficit irrigation during the veraison to fruit harvest and fruit harvest to leaf fall stages on yield was less compared to the bud break to flowering and flowering to veraison stages. The lowest fruit yield and the highest rate of yield reduction were observed under irrigation after 70% depletion of available water during the flowering to veraison stage, amounting to 1111 kg.ha-1 and a yield reduction rate of 82.7%, respectively. The results showed that irrigation after 35% soil moisture deficiency during the stages of bud burst to flowering, from flowering to fruit color change, from berry color variation to harvest and from harvest to leaf fall reduced fruit yield by 27.9, 38, 7.1, and 4.1 percent compared to full irrigation in the corresponding stages, respectively. In general, by reducing the irrigation rate in the stages from berry color variation to harvest by 35% soil moisture deficiency, water consumption can be saved and yield is not significantly reduced.
Research Article
Postharvest physiology
S.M.A. Kadhim Al-Janabi; M.R. Asghari; P. Zahedipour Sheshglani
Abstract
Introduction
Strawberry is a widely consumed fruit with high nutritional value, which the consumption plays an effective role in reducing human chronic diseases. Strawberry fruit is a source of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity which influence nutritional value and quality attributes of ...
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Introduction
Strawberry is a widely consumed fruit with high nutritional value, which the consumption plays an effective role in reducing human chronic diseases. Strawberry fruit is a source of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity which influence nutritional value and quality attributes of this fruit. However, strawberry is a perishable fruit with a short shelf-life and high amount of this fruit is wasted during post-harvest periods which leads to economic, food and nutritional losses. In the last decade, the use of safe and natural elicitors in order to extend the shelf-life and improve the marketability of strawberry fruit has been increasing. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth regulators that modulate molecular, physiological, and biochemical responses in plant organs. Exogenous 24- Epibrassinolide (24-EBL) as a natural analog of BRs, has multiple effects on horticultural crops. Exogenous application of 24-EBL improves postharvest quality, antioxidant compounds and extends the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, 24-EBL has a significant effect on improving the sensory properties and marketability of stored crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of postharvest application of 24-EBL on bioactive compounds concentrations, antioxidant capacity and marketability of strawberry fruits.
Material and Methods
Strawberry fruits (Fragaria × ananasa cv. Monterey) were harvested from a commercial greenhouse in the fully red color stage and immediately transferred to the laboratory. Healthy and uniform strawberries were selected and divided in three groups. Strawberry fruits were immersed in the 24-EBL solutions for 3 minutes. Strawberry fruits were dried completely at room condition and then were packed in polyethylene boxes (20×15×12 cm) and stored for 10 days at 1±1 °C. Control samples were treated with distilled water for same duration. After 10 d storage at low temperature, strawberry fruits were kept at room temperature for 24 hours to simulate the commercial situations, and then sampling was done to evaluate quality traits and marketability, biochemical compounds, phenylalanine ammonialyase and tyrosine ammonialyase enzymes activity and total antioxidant activity. In this study, the experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with three replications.
Results and Discussion
Due to the high perishability and short shelf life of harvested strawberry fruits, it is necessary to investigate new methods. The use of safe and natural elicitors in order to improve the quality and marketability of the fruit may also result in an increase in the fruit nutritional value. The results showed that postharvest application of 24-EBL (1 and 3 µM) increased total phenolic content (16.5 % and 19.5 %), total flavonoids (5.5 % and 9 %) and total anthocyanins (12 % and 17 %) compared to control, respectively. Moreover, the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonialyase (TAL), as important enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway increased in response to 24-EBL treatment. According to correlation coefficient analysis, there was a significant correlation among the phenolic compounds concentrations, PAL and TAL enzymes activity. Increaing the phenolic compounds, flavonoide and total anthocyanins content in response to 24-EBL treatment improved total antioxidant activity of strawberry fruits. Phenolics and flavonoids play important roles in increasing stress tolerance in crops and show a remarkably high scavenging activity toward reactive oxygen species. In addition to the positive effect of 24-EBL in enhancing secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity, which leads to improve the nutritional value of strawberry fruit, it also improved the sensory properties and marketability of the fruit. Treated berries with different concentrations of 24-EBL had lower titratable acidity, more total soluble solid, better taste and firmness compared to the control ones. These indices influenced the sensory properties and marketability of strawberries.These findings suggest that postharvest application of 24-EBL, especially at 3 μM, most effective to improve the postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of strawberry fruits. This research provided a new understanding regarding the impact of 24-EBL on increasing bioactive compounds and improving antioxidant activity of strawberry fruit and elucidated the effect of BRs on improving marketability of strawberry fruit.
Conclusion
The findings of this study indicate that postharvest application of 24- Epibrassinolide increse secondary metabolite content and nutritional value of stored strawberry fruits. Inceasing the secondary metabolite by antioxidant activity can also influence the sensory properties and marketability of strawberries. The mentioned results could be clear signs that 24- Epibrassinolide is a promising agent for extend the shelf life of strawberry fruits, as well as for improving their nutritional value.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank Urmia University vice chancellor for research for supporting this work.
Research Article
Growing vegetables
F. Ahmadnia; A. Ebadi; M. Hashemi
Abstract
Introduction
The most significant reduction of the commercial value and quality of leafy crops, such as lettuce, is primarily caused by weeds. The most common weeds in lettuce fields include Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis ...
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Introduction
The most significant reduction of the commercial value and quality of leafy crops, such as lettuce, is primarily caused by weeds. The most common weeds in lettuce fields include Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Although using chemical inputs is considered a successful method in weed control, the risk of accumulating chemical contamination in plants and reducing human health by using these products increased the idea of using safe and environmentally friendly methods. Cover crops are an environmentally friendly strategy for controlling weeds in agricultural fields, offering numerous environmental benefits. Rye (Secale cereale L.) and chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) are well-known worldwide cover crops. Many studies have mentioned them for their ability to control weeds, improve soil conditions, and release nutrients. Also, hand-weeding is known as one of the simple but expensive weed control methods. In our study, we aimed to explore how rye and chickling pea cover crop residues, when used in monoculture and intercropping systems, can help reduce the need for hand-weeding and improve the yield of Iceberg lettuce, considering the importance of weed control in leafy products.
Materials and Methods
In the spring of 2020, an experiment was conducted using a factorial design base of RCBD with three replications. The experimental treatments included monoculture and intercropping of rye (Secale cereal L.), and chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) cover crops, control (without cover crops), and additionally, different levels of hand-weeding were implemented (once, twice, and no hand-weeding). The amount of seed used for the rye and chickling pea monoculture was 100 and 25 kg.ha-1, respectively. For intercropping, 50% of the recommended seed was used. F1 Iceberg lettuce (Bruma Rz.) seeds were planted in a mixture of peat moss and perlite in a 1:5 ratio. Due to the short growing season in Ardabil (20°48' E and 19°38' N), the growth of cover crops was terminated 67 days after the sowing date using paraquat. Then, lettuce seedlings were transplanted manually by 25 × 25 cm inter-row spacing. Hand weeding was conducted at three different stages: once 15 days after transplanting, twice at 15 and 30 days after transplanting, and not at all at the time of lettuce harvest. In this experiment, in addition to investigating the dry weight of cover crops and weeds, weed control efficiency index and fresh yield and lettuce yield components such as number of leaves, plant height, crown diameter, and head diameter were measured.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that the highest dry weight of cover crops was obtained from the rye monoculture (530.59 ± 30.15 g.m-2), followed by intercropping (400.21.43 ± 10.37 g.m-2). The lowest dry weight of Chenopodium album L. and Anchusa italica Retz. weeds (0 g.m-2) were recorded in intercropping with one- and two-times hand-weeding. The dry weight of Sinapis arvensis L. in intercropping once, twice, and without hand-weeding, rye and chickling pea monoculture without hand-weeding was 0 g.m-2. The lowest total weed dry weight was found in the intercropping of cover crops with once hand-weeding. The highest weed control efficiency indexes (100, 86.95, and 87.72) were observed with intercropping by once and twice hand-weeding, and chickling pea monoculture without hand-weeding. The highest yield of Iceberg lettuce (3.70 ± 0.82 kg.m2) was achieved by intercropped cover crops without hand-weeding. The maximum number of leaves (21.55 ± 2.69 and 21.44 ± 1.01), crown diameter (4.15 ± 0.13 and 4.18 ± 0.23 cm), and head diameter (20. 22.12 ± 2 and 22.65 ± 2.22 cm, respectively) were obtained from the chickling pea monoculture and intercropping.
Conclusion
The effectiveness of using cover crop residues for weed control depends largely on the quantity of their dry weight. In the treatments without hand weeding, the rye monoculture and intercropping reduced the dry weight of weeds. The presence of cover crop residues reduced weed growth, although hand-weeding was still a more effective method of weed control in vegetables. However, the results highlighted the impact of cover crop dry weight on reducing hand-weeding for lettuce. In terms of increasing the yield of iceberg lettuce, rye intercropping, and chickling pea were favorable for the Ardabil region's climatic conditions.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran, for their financial support.
Research Article
Pomology
P. Kakvand; A. Soleimani; F. Razavi; G. Brar
Abstract
Introduction
Pistachio is one of Iran's main horticultural products, known for its high nutritional and economic value. The evaluation and identification of genetic diversity are crucial for breeding programs and the introduction of promising pistachio cultivars. Selecting seedlings obtained from pistachio ...
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Introduction
Pistachio is one of Iran's main horticultural products, known for its high nutritional and economic value. The evaluation and identification of genetic diversity are crucial for breeding programs and the introduction of promising pistachio cultivars. Selecting seedlings obtained from pistachio tree crossings based on desirable traits can significantly impact the pistachio production industry. Evaluating genetic diversity based on pomological and morphological characteristics is a fast and effective method for identifying suitable pistachio genotypes. The traditional orchard of Qazvin, with a history spanning over a thousand years and covering an area of 2,780 hectares, now extends across the southern, western, and eastern halves of the city. In recent years, pistachio planting in the Qazvin orchard has commonly been done through seeds, leading to the development of diverse, and sometimes highly valuable, mother genotypes in this ancient orchard. Identifying and evaluating suitable maternal genotypes for cultivation expansion or the replacement of unsuitable trees is one of the goals of sustainable orchard development in the Baghestan region. The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the morphological and pomological characteristics of 24 promising maternal pistachio genotypes for the first time in a section of the Qazvin traditional orchard.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and coding 24 promising maternal pistachio genotypes in an area of approximately 20 hectares of the traditional orchard in Qazvin during the years 1401 and 1402. From each tree, three branches on the southern side were selected as replicates, and three samples from each branch were used as observations for data collection. Several phenological and morphological characteristics, including both fruit-related and vegetative traits, were measured in the studied trees based on the International Pistachio Descriptor (IPGRI, 1997). The research followed a nested experimental design with three replications per nest, and the comparison of mean data was performed using Duncan's multiple range test at a 5% significance level, with the assistance of SAS 9.2 software. Multivariate analyses, including correlation, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, were carried out using Statistica 18.8 software.
Results and Discussion
Based on the results of the mean comparison, the SiC genotype had the longest total leaf length, including the petiole, while the TaD genotype had the shortest. Regarding total leaf width with petiole, the largest and smallest values were observed in the SiC and AbC genotypes, respectively. Additionally, the SiC genotype showed the largest length and width of the terminal leaflet, while the smallest values for these traits were observed in the TaD genotype. Among the studied genotypes, the BrA genotype had the highest ratio of terminal leaflet length to width, and the SiC genotype had the lowest. Previous reports indicate that leaf dimensions have a direct correlation with traits such as kernel weight. Leaves are the most important organs for light absorption and photosynthesis, and an increase in leaf area enhances the production of photosynthetic products, which ultimately supports fruit growth. The SiA1 genotype had the largest nut length, while the AbC genotype had the smallest. The largest nut width was found in the SiB genotype, and the smallest in the TaG genotype, with a difference of about 28.81%. For nut thickness, the SiB genotype had the largest, and the AbD genotype had the smallest, with a difference of approximately 30.17%. In terms of the kernel, the SiA1 genotype had the largest length and width, while the AbC genotype had the smallest. The SiC1 genotype had the largest kernel thickness, while the smallest was observed in the TaC genotype. Previous research on promising Iranian pistachio genotypes reported nut lengths ranging from 16.6 to 23.68 mm and nut widths from 10.46 to 13.7 mm. For blank nut percentage, the TaC genotype had the highest, and the SiA6 genotype had the lowest. The highest splitting percentage was observed in the SiC genotype, while the AbD genotype had the lowest. Based on the quantitative traits studied, the genotypes were clustered into three groups at a distance of 150 units, with each group containing two subgroups. Plot analysis using the two main components of quantitative traits divided the genotypes into four categories with similar components. The first principal component accounted for 40.26% of the total variance, while the second component explained 18.85%. One of the most important qualitative traits in pistachio research is flowering time, as pistachios are dioecious plants, and female flowers can only receive pollen for four days. Breeding programs must identify male genotypes with an extended flowering period to increase production and reduce the percentage of blank nuts.
Conclusion
In our recent evaluation of 24 maternal pistachio genotypes from the traditional orchard in Qazvin, we found some promising results that can benefit for orchard growers. The SiA1 genotype stood out for having the largest kernel length, width, and thickness, making it a great choice for maximizing nut size. It also has a high splitting percentage of 70% or more, which means growers can expect better harvests with less labor. Another genotype to consider is the SiC, which features large, three-lobed leaves and the biggest leaf surface area among the studied genotypes. This can enhance photosynthesis, potentially leading to healthier trees and better yields. Plus, SiC ranks high for splitting percentage and kernel quality. These two genotypes-SiA1 and SiC-are recommended as excellent options for breeding programs and boosting orchard's productivity
Research Article
Growing vegetables
K. Hokmabadi; S.H. Nemati; R. Tavakkol Afshari
Abstract
Introduction
The success of breeding programs depends on the existence of diversity in germplasms in terms of the desired trait or traits. Collecting superior watermelons and examining their characteristics provides valuable resources to researchers for breeding programs. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus ...
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Introduction
The success of breeding programs depends on the existence of diversity in germplasms in terms of the desired trait or traits. Collecting superior watermelons and examining their characteristics provides valuable resources to researchers for breeding programs. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thund) Matsum and Nakai) (Citrullus lanatus) has great diversity in terms of shape, fruit size, fruit skin pattern, fruit flesh color, seed length and width, and number, the seed in the fruit as well as the quality of the fruit is among its cultivars and varieties, therefore it seems that by examining the native cultivars it is possible to find desirable traits and use them in future commercial cultivars for breeding processes. Iran is the most important producer of watermelon seeds. These nuts not only meet the needs of the domestic market, but are also one of the export items, especially to Arab countries. Limited breeding efforts have been made globally on nutty watermelons. However, developing high-yielding and high-quality cultivars can improve water use efficiency and enhance export potential and foreign exchange earnings. In many central and eastern provinces of the country, nutty watermelons are commonly cultivated as a second or dry-season crop. Unlike edible watermelons, the yield in nutty watermelon cultivation is measured by the quantity of dry seeds produced, rather than the fresh weight of the fruit, as the seeds are harvested for use as snacks. The primary breeding objective for nutty watermelons is seed yield. Other key traits targeted for improvement include larger seed size, a higher kernel-to-hull ratio, and softer seed texture. Therefore, due to the fact that it is necessary to investigate the cultivated landraces in each region, the genetic diversity and capabilities of each for genetic modification and improvement should be determined. This research investigates the genetic diversity of the indigenous s of Iran through the investigation of morpho-physiological traits.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate genetic diversity and eliminate weak and low-quality landraces in the first generation and to investigate genetic improvement in the second generation of 10 Iranian watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thund) Matsum and Nakai) landraces by examining growth and seed-related traits, a two-year study was conducted in Farouj County. Seeds of the landraces Jabani (4 lanrace), Sanbak (4 landrace), and Kalaleh (2 landrace) from Jovin, Kashan, and Gorgan were separated and collected based on fruit skin color and seed-related traits. Direct seed sowing was carried out in Farouj County lands using drip irrigation with a tape. Evaluation of 10 local breeds was carried out in the first year (first generation) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 10 samples per experimental unit. Then, inter-cultivar and intra-cultivar selection was carried out among the 10 local breeds with regard to uniformity and especially data on key seed-related traits, including seed yield and kernel-to-seed percentage. The 4 selected landraces from the first year were evaluated again in the second year (second generation) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 10 samples in the experimental unit.
Results and Discussion
Data analysis of the selected landraces in the first and second years was performed as a split plot analysis of variance. The study of morpho-physiological and functional changes of different watermelon s in the first generation showed that the s of Stigma 1 and 2 and Jabani 1 and 3 were superior to the other landraces in terms of growth traits and fruit yield, but in the second generation, Jabani 1 had the best fruit yield in terms of weight and fruit flesh percentage and can be used as mother s for the improvement of nut watermelon. Also, in the first generation, the study of traits determining seed quality and quantity such as thousand-seed weight, percentage of kernel weight to seed, length, width and diameter, and seed coat thickness showed that Jabani 1 and 3 were the most desirable landraces. In the second year, the Jabani 1 and 3 landraces had the highest seed quantity and quality and were suitable for cultivation as nut watermelons. Comparison of the two generations of each of the selected landraces showed that most of the fruit and seed traits improved under the influence of generation, and the second generation produced heavier fruits with higher seed yield. Also, this improvement in fruit traits in Jabani 1 and improvement in seed traits in Kalaleh 1 was more significant than in others.
Conclusion
The evaluation of morpho-physiological and functional traits in the first generation of various watermelon cultivars revealed that Kalaleh 1 and 2, along with Jabani 1 and 3, outperformed the others in terms of growth performance and fruit yield. However, in the second generation, Jabani 1 demonstrated the highest fruit yield, particularly in terms of fruit weight and flesh percentage, making it a strong candidate for use as a maternal parent in nutty watermelon breeding programs. Additionally, the assessment of seed quality and quantity traits—such as thousand-seed weight, kernel-to-seed ratio, seed length, width, diameter, and shell thickness—in the first generation indicated that Jabani 1 and 3 were the most desirable cultivars. In the second year, Jabani 1 and 3 exhibited the highest seed quantity and quality, making them well-suited for cultivation as nutty watermelons. A comparison between the two generations of each selected cultivar revealed that most fruit and seed traits improved in the second generation, which produced heavier fruits with enhanced seed yield. Notably, improvements in fruit-related traits were most significant in Jabani 1, while enhancements in seed-related traits were more pronounced in Kalaleh 1 compared to the other cultivars.
Research Article
Medicinal Plants
M.B. Amiri; Vahid Mohammadzadeh Kakhki; Mohammad Hosein Aminifard
Abstract
IntroductionSoil amendment materials exhibit a wide range of properties and influence soil physicochemical characteristics in various ways. Among these, biochar has attracted significant attention for its potential to improve acid soils, remediate pollutants, enhance soil fertility, sequester carbon, ...
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IntroductionSoil amendment materials exhibit a wide range of properties and influence soil physicochemical characteristics in various ways. Among these, biochar has attracted significant attention for its potential to improve acid soils, remediate pollutants, enhance soil fertility, sequester carbon, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Biochar is a porous carbon-rich material comprised chiefly of aromatic carbons and/or heteroatoms. Biochar is a product obtained from biological waste, particularly agricultural biomass waste which is thermally degraded using a process called pyrolysis, in the absence of oxygen. Biochar is useful as 1) a fuel source (charcoal) for renewable energy and 2) for carbon sequestering to the soil preventing the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, 3) as a waste recycling method, 4) as a soil amendment to improve the soil structure, texture, water holding capacity and other physicochemical properties thus improving the soil fertility, 5) plant growth promotion due to the nutrients supplied by biochar when used as manure and 6) plant disease management by either directly (antagonism) or indirectly (induced systemic resistance) in plants. Sulfur (S) is an important component of many amino acids such as methionine and cysteine in plants. The balance update of sulfur decreases the speed of oxidative processes with an improvement reduction mechanism. It also plays a critical role in the improvement of wheat productivity through better grain production. Sulfur is very important for the efficacious use of nitrogen especially in the formation of protein contents. Without sulfur, the optimum activity of nitrogen regarding protein content biosynthesis cannot be achieved in terms of yield. Application of nano fertilizers and reduction of the size of the material to the nanoscale leads to an increase in the surface mass ratio of the particles, and as a result, an abundant amount of nutrient ions is absorbed slowly and steadily for a long period. Satureja hortensis L. which is a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family is widely grown in France, Hungary, Spain and Iran. The essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. finds application in food products due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Traditionally, it was utilized as a stomachic, stimulant, expectorant, aphrodisiac and carminative treatment of various kinds of infectious illnesses. Material and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of different levels of biochar and common sulfur and nona-fertilizer of sulfur on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis L., an experiment was done at the Research Field of University of Gonabad during the years 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Biochar at three levels (5, 10 and 20 t.ha-1 and control) and two sulfur nutritional treatments (common sulfur, nano-fertilizer of sulfur and control) were used as main and subplots, respectively. Plant height, lateral branch number, leaf area, stem diameter, dry shoot weight, dry matter yield, carbohydrate content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were recorded. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that in both of two cropping years, the highest plant height (with 41 and 39 cmin the first and second cropping year, respectively) and lateral branch number (with 28 and 30 in the first and second cropping year, respectively) obtained in combined application treatment of 20 t.ha-1 biochar and spraying of nano-fertilizer of sulfur and in both two cropping years, use of common sulfur and spraying nano-fertilizer of sulfur at higher levels of biochar (10 and 20 t.ha-1) resulted in the production of more leaf area and stem diameter than the application of these sulfur nutritional inputs at lower levels of biochar. The results of the interaction effects of biochar application and nutritional treatment in the 2018-2019 crop year showed that with increasing biochar amounts to 10 t.ha-1, the positive effects of common sulfur and nanosulfur on improving essential oil content were more noticeable, so the highest amount of essential oil (2.40%) was obtained in the treatment of simultaneous application of 10 t.ha-1 of biochar and soil application of common sulfur. In both years, the highest amount of essential oil (2.10 and 2.13% in the first and second year, respectively) was obtained in 10 t.ha-1 biochar. The highest influence of sulfur nutritional treatments on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll appeared when they were used simultaneously with biochar, for example, chlorophyll a content in conditions of spraying of nano-fertilizer of sulfur with the application of 5, 10 and 20 t.ha-1 biochar was 42, 54 and 72% in the first cropping year, respectively and 43, 54 and 73% in the second cropping year, respectively, more than amount of these traits in conditions of separate spraying of nano-fertilizer of sulfur. ConclusionIn general, based on the results of this research, it seems that the combined consumption of biochar with common sulfur and nano-fertilizer of sulfur, while improving the quantitative characteristics of Satureja hortensis L. can lead to the improvement of its physiological characteristics and the production of free of chemical substances in this valuable medicinal plant. AcknowledgementsThis study was financially supported by the University of Birjand and University of Gonabad, Iran.
