Research Article
Yahya Selahvarzi; Ali Tehranifar; Ali Gazanchian; Hossein Arouiee
Abstract
Abstract
The lack of water is the most important problem in extensive landscape especially turfgrass in arid and semi arid regions. The root responses in native and commercial grasses under drought stress were investigated. This experiment was in a factorial experiment based on unbalanced completely ...
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Abstract
The lack of water is the most important problem in extensive landscape especially turfgrass in arid and semi arid regions. The root responses in native and commercial grasses under drought stress were investigated. This experiment was in a factorial experiment based on unbalanced completely random design on the year 2006. The specious that we used in this experiment included (i) commercial tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) (ii) commercial perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (iii) native tall fescue population (Festuca arundinacea). The drought stress levels included (i) 50%FC (ii) 25% FC (iii) recovery from drought stress and 3 groups of pots that was always in the field capacity condition. The replicates for control pots and drought/recovery treatments were 3 and 4 respectively. The results showed that root dry weigh of commercial and native tall fescue increased 40%, 11.9% respectively compared with control under severe drought stress. Whereas it decrease 33.6% in lolium perenne compared with control at same condition. Another root traits such as volume, total area and root total length in the native tall fescue increase 60.1%, 34.6%, 70.1% respectively compared with control under severe drought stress. This traits in plus 54% decrease in root diameter caused increased in rank of absorption and depletion of water from dry soil. That it caused better yield of this grass under drought stress. Ability of recovery in most morphological root characters increase in commercial grass after rewatering in compare with severe drought stress condition.
Keywords: Avoidance, Native population, Drought stress, Re-growth, Root
Research Article
Hossein Afshari; Ali Reza Talaie; Gholamreza Sadeghi
Abstract
Abstract
To study the effects of xenia and methaxenia on the pistachio Nut, 4 male genotypes from among all male genotypes provided by Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute were selected. The flowering period of the chosen genotypes was the same as 3 female cultivars of Kalleghoochi, Ohadi, and Ahmadaghaii. ...
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Abstract
To study the effects of xenia and methaxenia on the pistachio Nut, 4 male genotypes from among all male genotypes provided by Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute were selected. The flowering period of the chosen genotypes was the same as 3 female cultivars of Kalleghoochi, Ohadi, and Ahmadaghaii. By using Split plot in the Form OF completely randomized blocks design, we conducted various experiments during 2005 and 2006. Only total fruit weight and blankness have Been affected by the pollen type. Highest fruit weight Were related to fruits of kalleghuchi cultivar (3.4gr) and lowest fruit weight belonged to fruits of ohadi(2.2gr). Highest percent of blankness in the first year WAS related to ahmadaghaii fruits (27%) and r27 pollens Had the highest percent of blankness in both years (33%,25%). By the way, highest fruit weight and lowest blankness was established by male genotype’s pollen of N16. The highest percentage of fat was found in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (52.92%) and the lowest in Kalleghoochi (45.48%). From among different factors and their interacting effects, only the effect of pollen and cultivar type on the fat content of the fruit was significant only at 5% level. Thus R27 and N16 pollen produced the highest fat content in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (58.7 and 57.7%). The most common simple unsaturated fatty acid found in the kernels of all cultivars was oleic acid and the most important compound unsaturated fatty acid in fruit kernels was lynoleic acid. Pollen type was only effective on the amount of meristoleic and palmitoleic fatty acids. The amount of macro and micro elements measured in kernels and hulls of 3 pistachio cultivars had a significant difference. The interactive effect of pollen and cultivar type affected the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, iron, and bore in fruit kernels at 1% level, but had no effect on hull elements.
Key words: Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi, Kaleghoochi, Xenia,Methaxenia,Fatty acid
Research Article
Maryam Haghighi; Mohsen Kafi; Toktam Taghavi; Abdolkarim Kashi; Gholamreza Savaghebi
Abstract
Abstract
study on photosynthetic and enzym Activity changes in lettuce under cadmium stress has been done in greenhouse. Of zhejang university in Chine The experimental design was a CRD factorial design organized in hydroponic system with 7 replications. Cadmium was added to nutrient solution in CdCl2 ...
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Abstract
study on photosynthetic and enzym Activity changes in lettuce under cadmium stress has been done in greenhouse. Of zhejang university in Chine The experimental design was a CRD factorial design organized in hydroponic system with 7 replications. Cadmium was added to nutrient solution in CdCl2 in three concentrations (0, 2, 4 mg/l). Stomatal photosynthetic factors (transpiration, stomatal and mesophyl conductance, internal CO2 concentration), enzyme activity changes (Proxidase and Superoxid Dismutase),chlorophyll, leaf length and number, biomass, transfer coefficient, was measured. Results showed that peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased but biomass, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and leaf length was decreased as cadmium increased in nutrient solution, transfer coefficient was increased also.
Key Words: Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll, Stomata, Antioxidant, ,Cadmium, Lettuce
Research Article
Yaghub Mami; Gholamali Peyvast; Davoud Bakhshi; Habibollah Samizadeh
Abstract
Abstract
This study was performed in order to determine a suitable alternative substrate for peat in soilless culture in 2007. Different plant wastes including carbonized rice hull, saw dust and dry pine leaves (Pinus eldarica) were examined. Treatments were 100% peat as control, peat plus dry pine ...
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Abstract
This study was performed in order to determine a suitable alternative substrate for peat in soilless culture in 2007. Different plant wastes including carbonized rice hull, saw dust and dry pine leaves (Pinus eldarica) were examined. Treatments were 100% peat as control, peat plus dry pine leaves (1:1 v/v), peat plus carbonized rice hull (1:1 v/v) and peat plus saw dust (1:1 v/v). The study was conducted in the pot and tube culture system in the research Greenhouse of the College OF Agriculture, Guilan University. The results showed that the peat plus carbonized rice hull was the best one as FOLLOWS: the average total yield of Was 8.7 kg m-2; the marketable yield was 7.3 kg m-2; AND the most fruit set WAS 6.1 per plant and 70.6 of fruit per m-2. The highest total soluble solids (TSS) content WAS 4.2o Brix; also, Potassium content 400, Phosphorous 21.6, Calcium 13.3 and Magnesium 16.6 mg kg-1 were obtained from this substrate. Fruits and THE NUMBER OF LEAVES and magnesium content were higher at 1% and the other differences were obtained at 5%. Peat with the average of 38.6 cm had the most distance of the first inflorescence from substrate surface level, which was significantly higher than peat plus saw dust at level of 5%. There was no significant difference among the other characteristics. According to these results, mixed carbonized rice hull and peat (1:1 v/v) can be used as peat substitution in soilless culture substrates for tomato production.
Key word: Tomato, Peat, plant waste, soilless culture
Research Article
Hamidreza Khazaie; Mohammad Javad Arshadi
Abstract
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on THE yield and quality of potato, (Solanum tuberosum L.) a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications in the Research Field of the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University ...
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Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on THE yield and quality of potato, (Solanum tuberosum L.) a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications in the Research Field of the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Nitrogen topdress fertilizer was applied in two levels of 100 and 150 kgN.ha-1 and in two nitrogen indexes of 90 and 95 percent. In this research, chlorophyll meter was used to identify the required proper time of potato crop to nitrogen fertilizer. The results indicated that 95 percent OF nitrogen index versus 90 percent OF nitrogen index has a better efficiency in THE AUGMENTATION of potato crop yield. But in 95 percent index, nitrogen fertilizer levels of 100 and 150 kgN.ha-1 did not SHOW significant difference in tuber yield. Nitrogen indexes and nitrogen fertilizer levels did not have A significant effect on the tuber dry matter percent. 95 percent nitrogen index and nitrogen fertilizer levels caused A significant DECREASE on the tuber specific gravity. 90 percent nitrogen index and nitrogen fertilizer level of 100 kgN.ha-1 caused A significant DECREASE on the tuber of protein. The percentage of medium and large tuber increased when the nitrogen fertilizer was increased. In general it seems that THE nitrogen fertilizer application, in addition to producing desirable yield of tuber, leads to make desirable quality of tuber and economy in nitrogen fertilizers application by using chlorophyll meter.
Keywords : nitrogen fertilizer , yield and quality of potato , chlorophyll meter , nitrogen index
Research Article
Somayeh Heydari; Seyyed Hassan Marashi; Mohammad Farsi; Amin Mirshamsi
Abstract
Abstract
Seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma) is one of the few crops that is cultured only in Iran and southern parts of Khorasan provinces. The Origin of this variety is unknown and there has not been any study aiming to identify phylogenic relationships of this plant with other species ...
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Abstract
Seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma) is one of the few crops that is cultured only in Iran and southern parts of Khorasan provinces. The Origin of this variety is unknown and there has not been any study aiming to identify phylogenic relationships of this plant with other species existing in Iran. In this study, AFLP markers based on four primer combinations (EcoRI/Tru1I) were used to evaluate genetic variation and Phylogenic relationship among 30 different samples of wild and cultured barberry belonging to Khorasan provinces namely: Shomali (north), Razavi and Jonubi (south), together with 2 species of ornamental barberry and one sample Mahonia aquifolium. Data resulted from cluster analysis, showed that these two genera (Berberis and Mahonia) form 2 completely distinct groups with a significant genetic distance. These results can clarify the ambiguity of separation procedure between Mahonia and Berberis genera. Heterozygosity index, Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), Fst Index and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant difference among wild barberry populations existing in Khorasan provinces; so that, as was expected, observed variation within cultured barberry population was very low and near zero. The results also showed that Berberis integerrima is the predominant species in Khorasan provinces. Therefore further molecular and morphological investigations aiming better understanding of the relationships between species and genera of Berberis family looks necessary.
Key words: Berberis, AFLP, Genetic diversity
Research Article
Bahman Hosseini; Haleh Hashemi; Farajollah Shahriari; Seyyed Hassan Marashi
Abstract
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are a diverse group of nitrogenous compounds which is found in about 20% of plant species. Isolation of effective genes involved in morphine biosynthesis of opium poppy is very important in the production of specific which can be achieved using metabolic engineering ...
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Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are a diverse group of nitrogenous compounds which is found in about 20% of plant species. Isolation of effective genes involved in morphine biosynthesis of opium poppy is very important in the production of specific which can be achieved using metabolic engineering techniques. In this biosynthesis pathway, the key enzyme SAT is Involved in the conversion of salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.150) to salutaridinol-7-O-acetate, which is the immediate precursor of thebaine. In this project, the gene encoding this enzyme was isolated using primers which were designed on the basis of the gene sequence available on data banks (NCBI) for papaver somniferum. This gene IS then cloned in expression vectors under the Control of Camv 355 promoter. The result of this cloning was confirmed using different molecular methods such as enzyme digestion and PCR. Agro infiltration method was also used for transient expression of SAT gene. The result of evaluation showed that morphine and codeine were only Produced in the leaves of transgenic plants containing SAT transgen.
Keywords: Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, Salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase, opium poppy
Research Article
Mohyeddin Pirkhezri; Mohammad Esmaeil Hassani; Mohammad Fakhr Tabatabaei
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic diversity of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) populations in Iran was evaluated using morphological, agronomical and phonological characteristics and compared with three cultivars from Germany, Hungary and Iran. In this experiment, statistical design of RCBD with three replications ...
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Abstract
Genetic diversity of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) populations in Iran was evaluated using morphological, agronomical and phonological characteristics and compared with three cultivars from Germany, Hungary and Iran. In this experiment, statistical design of RCBD with three replications was used, sixteen quantitative traits were measured such as yield, flower number per plant, anthodium diameter, receptacle diameter, 100 flower weight, essential oil percent, pollen diameter, stomata length, leaf length, leaf width, seed weight, vegetative period, height, generative period dry flower percent and ligulae flower number in 26 populations. Results of variance analysis showed that populations were significantly different for all traits except stomata length. Result of simple correlation analysis showed significant positive and negative correlation among many traits. Vegetative period duration showed significant negative correlation with most of traits. PCA analysis placed 16 traits in three factors that covered 78.89 percent of variance. The first factor, that in fact is Yield and yield components factor, covered 58.46 percent of variance included main traits such as height, yield, flower number per plant, anthodium diameter, receptacle diameter, 100 flower weight, 1000 seed weight and ligulae flower number. Cluster analysis classified populations to 3 main groups and 2 independent populations. Groups mainly have differences in yield and yield components. In this investigation many native populations were similar or better than cultivars, having cultivation potential or breeding programs.
Key words: Genetic diversity, German chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla, morphological markers
Research Article
Rohollah Jahanbin; Sara Yavari; Saeid Eshghi; Enayatollah Tafazoli
Abstract
Abstract
Navel oranges are cultivated in many countries including Iran and in Comparable to With other cultivars of citrus have an especial importance in THE world The quality and quantity of this Product in fluenced by many factors. This research was CARRIED OUT to investigate the effect of 2,4-D ...
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Abstract
Navel oranges are cultivated in many countries including Iran and in Comparable to With other cultivars of citrus have an especial importance in THE world The quality and quantity of this Product in fluenced by many factors. This research was CARRIED OUT to investigate the effect of 2,4-D and K2SO4 and their interaction on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sweet orange cv. Navel fruits afactorial enperiment as a randomized complete block de sign (RCBD) with 9 treatments and 4 replications was Performed. 2,4-D was sprayed at 0, 10 and 20 mg l-1 and K2SO4 at 0, 1 and 2 percent when diameter of fruits was 15 mm in the growing season of 2006. ResultS has shown that 2,4-D at 20 mg l-1 plus 2% potassium significantly increased weight and total acid of fruit and at 10 mg l-1 with different concentration of potassium increased fruit juice significantly. Potassium had a Significantly effect on qualitative characteristics of fruits including total soluble solids, acidity and ascorbic acid.
Key words: Navel sweet orange, 2,4-D, K2SO4, fruit size, fruit quality
Research Article
Ali Moghimi; Mohammad Hossein Aghkhani; Ameneh Sazegarnia; Majid Sarmad
Abstract
Abstract
The assessment of ripeness is a major part of quality evaluation and depends on several factors such as soluble solid content (SSC), acidity and firmness. Most of the methods THAT measure these qualities are destructive. So it is essential to develop an efficient and nondestructive method for ...
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Abstract
The assessment of ripeness is a major part of quality evaluation and depends on several factors such as soluble solid content (SSC), acidity and firmness. Most of the methods THAT measure these qualities are destructive. So it is essential to develop an efficient and nondestructive method for measuring internal attributes of fruit. The objective of this study was to investigate visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy method for prediction of SSC and pH of kiwi fruit. Near infrared spectroscopy is a fast and a nondestructive analytical technique. One of the main advantages of NIR spectroscopy is that IT allows several constituents to be measured at the same time. Transmittance determinations in the 400-1000 nm range were carried out on samples which WERE separated randomly into two groups: first group for making calibration models and second one for quality predictions. Different data preprocessing and spectra treatments such as standard normal variate transformation (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), median filter and derivative were used to eliminate noise. Then calibration models were developed by using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). Performance of different models was assessed in terms of root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (r) between the predicted and measured parameter values. The correlation coefficient and root mean square errors of prediction to soluble solids content and pH were 0.93, 0.952 and 0.259˚Brix, 0.236, respectively. The results indicated the feasibility of Vis/NIR transmittance spectral analysis to predict SSC and pH of kiwi fruit in a nondestructive way.
Keywords: internal quality evaluation of fruit, kiwi fruit, Visible/NIR spectroscopy and nondestructive measurements
Research Article
Fatemeh Nakhaei; Ahmad Khalighi; Mohammad Ali Naseri; Parviz Aberoumand
Abstract
Abstract
Chemical components of Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L.) essential oil investigated under farming and natural habitat conditions in South Khorasan province. The essential oil was obtained using solvent extraction method. After purification, the oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. 12 ...
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Abstract
Chemical components of Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L.) essential oil investigated under farming and natural habitat conditions in South Khorasan province. The essential oil was obtained using solvent extraction method. After purification, the oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. 12 compnents making 82/82% of total oil in farm sample and 13 components making 63/86% of total oil in natural habitat sample were identified. The main constituents were dodecane (%25/30) in farm sample and (28/29%) in natural habitat, Tetradecane (25/80%) in farming sample, (35/05%) in natural habitat sample.
The type and amount of components, specially those with little amount showed differences in two conditions.
Keywords: Dodecane, Essential oil, GC, GC/MS, Narcissus, Tetradecane
Research Article
Nasim Fakharian; Moazzam Hassanpour Asil; Habibollah Samizadeh
Abstract
Abstract
Leafy vegetables such as lettuce are more susceptible to post harvest losses, thus application desirable treatments can be recommendable. Generally, type of packaging, such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and wrapping can considerably suppress post harvest loss of horticultural products. ...
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Abstract
Leafy vegetables such as lettuce are more susceptible to post harvest losses, thus application desirable treatments can be recommendable. Generally, type of packaging, such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and wrapping can considerably suppress post harvest loss of horticultural products. In this study, the effects of polypropylene film (thickness 30 and 40 micron) wrapping and modified atmosphere packaging on two different types of lettuce ‘Cos’ and ‘Crisphead’ that stored in 1 and 4˚C for 4 weeks were investigated. The results showed that type ‘Cos’ had better storability than ‘Crispheadhead’. polypropylene film applied in this experiment significantly increase storage life of lettuce as compared with untreated lettuce. Overall, lettuce that packed into passive MAP with 40 micron polypropylene thickness and active MAP with 30 micron, in 1˚C, considered as the best treatment for preserving qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
Key words:Lettuce,modified atmosphere packaging, polypropylene and shrink wrapping
Research Article
Akhtar Shekafande; Mahdi Ghasemi
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, the effects of BA with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/l) in combination with IBA (0, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/l) on bud growth and shoot proliferation and TDZ with different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) in combination with 0 and 0.5 mg/l IBA on ...
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Abstract
In this research, the effects of BA with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/l) in combination with IBA (0, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/l) on bud growth and shoot proliferation and TDZ with different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) in combination with 0 and 0.5 mg/l IBA on somatic embryogenesis from different parts of immature cotyledons (proximal, median and Distal) were investigated. The results showed that the highest rate of bud growth and shoot proliferation were obtained in 2 mg/l BA and 0.01 mg/l IBA (3.85 shoots per explant). TDZ as a potent cytokinin caused initiation of somatic embryogenesis in proximal and median parts of cotyledons. The highest percentage of embryogenesis occurred in proximal part with 4 mg/l TDZ (70%) and using IBA plus TDZ decreased the percentage of embryogenesis.
Key words: Cotyledons ,Shoot proliferation, Somatic embryogenesis
Research Article
Mohammad Ahmadi; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Majid Azizi; Naser Sedaghat; Ali Tehranifar
Abstract
Abstract
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an important Iranian-native fruit, considered highly perishable commodity which cannot be stored for any length of time. On this study, effect of three gas compositions (ambient, 5% O2+5% CO2+90% N2 and 10% O2+15% CO2+75% N2) and two storage temperatures (0 ...
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Abstract
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an important Iranian-native fruit, considered highly perishable commodity which cannot be stored for any length of time. On this study, effect of three gas compositions (ambient, 5% O2+5% CO2+90% N2 and 10% O2+15% CO2+75% N2) and two storage temperatures (0 and 5 °C) on two sour cherry cultivars namely Erdy jubileum and Erdy Botermo was studied in a CRD (completely randomized design) based on factorial design with three replications. Fruits were examined, 42 days after packaging, in case of such different qualitative factors as weight loss, tissue firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), pH, and colour. The results indicate a better preservation of qualitative properties such as weight loss, tissue firmness and colour in the modified atmosphere; in 5% O2+5% CO2+90% N2 the lowest weight loss and the highest firmness was defected. In Erdy jubileum at 5°C titrable acidity was the lowest and the favourable impact of the 5 °C temperature treatment on qualitative properties, compared to that of 0 °C.
Keywords: Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), Packaging, MAP, Quality, shelf-life
