نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

2 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بجنورد

3 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

هلو از لحاظ اقتصادی و فرآوری اهمیت زیادی دارد و از محصولات مهم باغی است که کشت آن از مناطق نیمه­گرمسیری تا معتدله توسعه‌یافته است. این پژوهش با هدف انتخاب ارقام و ژنوتیپ­های سازگار هلو در شرایط اقلیمی استان خراسان رضوی با استفاده از 14 رقم و ژنوتیپ در قالب طرح آزمایشی بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی دو سال زراعی 97-1395 در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی گلمکان اجرا شد. ارقام از لحاظ صفات فنولوژی (زمان شروع، طول دوره و خاتمه گلدهی، زمان رسیدن میوه)، صفات رویشی (ارتفاع، حجم تاج، سطح مقطع تنه) و پومولوژیکی (وزن میوه، وزن هسته، طول میوه، عرض میوه، عملکرد، سفتی بافت میوه، مواد جامد محلول، اسیدیته قابل تیتراسیون، شاخص طعم، pH) ارزیابی شدند. ژنوتیپ انجیری مالکی زود گل­ترین و شندآباد هسته جدا دیر گل­ترین در بین سایر ارقام و ژنوتیپ­ها بودند. شندآباد-5 و اسپرینگ تایم زودرس­ترین و پاییزه مشکین‌شهر، گجیل و  انجیری زعفرانی دیررس­ترین ژنوتیپ­ها بودند. ژنوتیپ حاج کاظمی دارای بیشترین میانگین ارتفاع درخت (18/236 سانتی­متر)، سطح مقطع تنه (83/181 سانتی­متر مربع) و حجم تاج درخت (34/73 سانتی­متر مکعب) بود. در سال دوم آزمایش، صفات وزن میوه، وزن هسته، طول میوه، عرض میوه و عملکرد میوه به­ترتیب 72/41، 45/43، 61/16، 40/16 و 99/81 درصد افزایش در مقایسه با سال اول نشان دادند. بیشترین میانگین صفات وزن میوه (28/165 گرم) در رقم فایت، وزن هسته (04/7 گرم) و طول میوه (05/65 میلی­متر) در ژنوتیپ شندآباد هسته جدا، عرض میوه (04/66 میلی­متر) در شندآباد-5 و عملکرد میوه در فایت و پاییزه مشکین­شهر (به­ترتیب با میانگین 78/21 و 33/21 کیلوگرم) به­دست آمد. انجیری زعفرانی بیشترین میانگین درصد مواد جامد محلول (59/16 درصد)، شاخص طعم (38/48) و اسیدیته (65/4) را داشت. عملکرد با صفات سطح مقطع تنه، حجم تاج درخت، وزن میوه، وزن هسته و عرض میوه همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری داشت. بر اساس این مطالعه به­ترتیب صفات ارتفاع درخت، سطح مقطع تنه و وزن میوه وارد مدل رگرسیونی شدند که در نهایت صفات وارد شده به مدل، 23/53 درصد از تغییرات عملکرد را توجیه نمودند. در مجموع  فایت و شندآباد هسته جدا به­دلیل داشتن عملکرد کمی و کیفی بالا برای کشت در منطقه خراسان رضوی قابل توصیه می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Pomological and Morphological Traits of some Peach (Prunus persica L. BatSch) Cultivars and Genotypes under Khorasan Razavi Climatic Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ebrahim Ganji Moghadam 1
  • Ameneh Ghahremani 2
  • Seyyed Yaqub Seyed Masoumi Khayavi 3

1 Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Horticultural Science (Breeding and Physiology), Bojnord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnord, Iran

3 Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most essential fruit in Iran and the world. This fruit is suitable for both fresh markets and industrial producer and it is quite favorable by consumers. The efficiency of production is strongly influenced by the chosen peach cultivars. New cultivars are constantly in development by breeders. However, all characteristics are required to be examined include their ecological adaptation ability, productivity, fruit quality, and market value before orchard establishment. Studying the new cultivars is practically essential for exact determination of morphological and phenological features of genotype which is important. However, there is limited information on the global evaluation of fruit quality in breeding progenies and their relationships with pomological traits. Furthermore, the cultivated peach area under Khorasan Razavi province is 1850 ha and the production of fruit is 11283 tons. Therefore, the selection of suitable cultivars for cultivation in the region is very important due to the high economic lifespan of peaches (20-30 years), which in some commercial orchards this period is reduced to 12-15 years. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the pomological and morphological traits of 14 peach genotypes and cultivars in Khorasan Razavi province climatic conditions to select cultivars or genotypes compatible with high quantitative and qualitative performance.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed in two-years (2016-17 and 2017-18) experiments based on a complete randomized block design with three replications on 14 peach cultivars and genotypes in Golmakan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station on 4-years-old trees with density planting system at a spacing of 4 ×5 m. The type of applied irrigation was drip irrigation, with common fertilizer. Trees were trained to an open center system. The vegetative (tree height, trunk cross-section, the crown of the tree), phenological (first bloom, full bloom, end of flowering, flowering period, and harvest time) and reproductive (fruit weight, stone weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit yield, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, flavor index, and pH) traits were evaluated. It is necessary to explain the soluble solids content by Refractometer (Model 7887, Osk Japan) in terms of percentage and acidity by titration with NaOH (0.1 N) based on predominant peach acid, malic acid. The ratio of soluble solids to acidity was obtained by dividing soluble solids by acidity. The pH of the fruit juice was measured with a portable pH meter at room temperature (23–18 °C). Data analysis was performed using SAS software (version 9.2) and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. Stepwise regression and cluster analysis (Ward method) was conducted by Minitab software (version 19). Simple correlation (Pearson) between traits from the mean of two-year data was performed using SAS statistical software (version 9.2), in which positive correlation with blue color and negative correlation with red color was determined, which increased the color intensity indicates an increase in the correlation coefficient.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that year and genotype had significantly different effects on all studied traits. ‘Anjiri Maliki’ and ‘Shindabad Hastejoda’ were the earliest and the most late-flowering genotypes, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, ‘Shindabad-5’ and ‘Spring Time’ were the earliest fruiting genotypes, and ‘Meshkinshahr Paeeze’, ‘Kajil’, and ‘Anjiri Zafarani’ were the most late-fruiting genotypes. ‘Haj Kazem’ genotype had the highest tree height (236.18 cm), trunk cross-section (181.83 cm2), and tree crown volume (73.34 cm3), which compared to the control genotype (‘G.H. Hill’) showed  38.62%, 79.9%, and 55.7% increases, respectively. In the second year of the experiment, the characteristics of fruit weight, stone weight, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit yield increased by 41.72%, 43.45%, 16.61%, 16.40% and 81.99%, respectively, compared to the first year. The highest amount of single fruit weight (165.28 g) in ‘Fayette’ genotype, stone weight (7.04 g) and fruit length (65.05 mm) in ‘Shinabad Hastejoda’ genotype, fruit width (66.04 mm) in ‘Shandabad-5’, and fruit yield in ‘Fayette’ and ‘Paeeze Meshkinshahr’ genotypes (with an average of 21.78 and 21.33 kg, respectively) were obtained. ‘Anjiri Zafarani’ genotype had the highest content of soluble solids (16.95%), flavor index (48.38), and acidity (4.65), which compared to control genotype were increased 0.1%, 69.38% and 25.8%, respectively. Fruit yield had a positive and significant correlation with trunk cross-sectional traits, tree crown volume, fruit weight, stone weight, and fruit width. According to this study, the tree height, trunk cross-section, and fruit weight traits were entered into the regression model, respectively, and finally, the traits entered in the model justified 53.23% of the fruit yield changes.
Conclusion: Generally, ‘Fayette’ and ‘Shindabad Hastejoda’ genotypes can be recommended as the best genotype for cultivation in the Khorasan Razavi region due to their high quantitative and qualitative yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biochemical traits
  • Climatology
  • Fruit yield
  • Regression analysis
  • Vegetative traits
1-       Abdollahi R., Hajilou J., Zainalabedini M., Mahna N., and Ghaffari M.R. 2019. Evaluation of qualitative traits of peel and flesh of some peach cultivars and genotypes. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 50(1): 151-162. (In Persian with English abstract)
2-       Abedi B., Parvaneh T., and Ardakani E. 2019. Evaluation of physical properties of fruit, secondary metabolites, and browning index of bekran red flesh apple genotype and some spring apple cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Science 33(4): 609-622. (In Persian with English abstract)
3-       Agricultural Statistics. 2018. Statistics of garden products. (In Persian)
4-       Arshad M. 2002. Effect of quality and quantitative characteristics of 5 commercial peach cultivars in Karaj (Iran). MSc. Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Campus Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
5-       Arzani K., Khoshghalb H., Malakouti M.J., and Barzegar, M. 2008. Postharvest physicochemical changes and properties of Asian (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) and European (Pyrus communis L.) pear cultivars. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 49(4): 244-252.
6-       Asma B.M., and Ozturk K. 2005. Analysis of morphological, pomological and yield characteristics of apricot germplasm in Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52: 305-313
7-       Bassi D., and Selli R. 1990. Evaluation of fruit quality in peach and apricot. Advanced Horticultural Science 4: 107-112.
8-       Byrne D.H. 2003. Breeding peaches and nectarines for mild-winter climate areas: state of the art and future directions.In: Marra F. and Sottile F.(Eds.) Proceeding of the first Mediterranean Peach Symposium, Agrigento, Italy. Pp. 102-109.
9-       Byrne D.H., Raseira M.B., Bassi D., Piagnani M.C., Gasic K., Reighard, G.L., Moreno M.A., and Salvador, P. 2012. Peach. In: Badenes ML and Byrne DH (Eds.), FruitBreeding. Springer, New York, pp: 523-536.
10-   Cantin C., Torrents J., Gogorcena Y., and Moreno, M. 2006. Mejora y seleccion de nuevas variedades de melocotonero para condiciones del Valle Medio del Ebro. Actas de Horticultura 45: 209-210.
11-   Cantín C.M., Gogorcena Y., and Moreno M.A. 2010. Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] breeding progenies. Euphytica 171(2): 211-226.
12-   Ceccarelli D., Talento C., Sartori A., Terlizzi M., Caboni E., and Carbone K. 2016. Comparative characterization of fruit quality, phenols and antioxidant activity of de-pigmented “Ghiaccio” and white flesh peaches. Advanced Horticultural Science 30(3): 175-181.
13-   Dabbou S., Lussiana C., Maatallah S., Gasco L., Hajlaoui H., and Flamini G. 2016. Changes in biochemical compounds in flesh and peel from Prunus persica fruits grown in Tunisia during two maturation stages. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 100: 1-11.
14-   Davarynejad G., Khorshidi S., Nyéki J., Szabó Z., and Gal-Remennyik J. 2010. Antioxidant capacity, chemical composition and physical properties of some apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology 51(6): 477-482.
15-   Dejampour J. 2013. Evaluation of early spring frost damage in different types of almond and apricot caltivars. Journal of Horticulture Science 27(3):201-309. (In Persian with English abstract)
16-   Desnoues E., Baldazzi V., Génard M., Mauroux J.B., Lambert P., Confolent C., and Quilot B. 2016. Dynamic QTLs for sugars and enzyme activities provide an overview of genetic control of sugar metabolism during peach fruit development. Journal of Experimental Botany 67(11): 3419-3431.
17-   Dirlewanger E., Cosson P., Boudehri K., Renaud C., Capdeville G., Tauzin Y., Laigret F., and Moing A. 2006. Development of a second-generation genetic linkage map for peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and
characterization of morphological traits affecting flower and fruit. Tree Genetics & Genomes 3: 1-13.
18-   Dirlewanger E., Graziano E., Joobeur T., Garriga-Caldere F., Cosson P., Howad W., and Arús P. 2004. Comparative mapping and marker-assisted selection in Rosaceae fruit crops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 9891-9896.
19-   Dirlewanger E., Moing A., Rothan C., Svanella L., Pronier V., Guye A., Plomion C., and Monet R. 1999. Mapping QTLs controlling fruit quality in peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 18-31.
20-   FAOSTAT. 2016. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Statistics Division [Online]. Available at http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (accessed 5 May 2018). USDA-NASS, Washington, DC. USA.
21-   Fathi H., Dejampour J., Jahani U., and Zarrinbal M. 2013. Tree and fuit characterization of peach genotypes grown under Ardabil and East Azarbaijan environmental conditions in Iran. Crop Breed Journal 31(1): 31-43. (in Persian with English abstract)
22-   Fathi H., Jeldari J.Y., and Bozari N. 2015. Study on the compatibility of vegetative and reproductive traits of some peach cultivars in Meshkinshahr climate. Journal of Production and Processing of Crop and Gardening 4(13): 118-103. (In Persian with English abstract)
23-   Fonti Forcada C., Gradziel T.M., Gogorcena Y., and Moreno M.A. 2014. Phenotypic diversity among local Spanish and foreign peach and nectarine (Prunus persica (L.)Batsch) accessions. Euphytica 197: 261-277.
24-   Hajilou J., and Fakhimrezaei S. 2011. Evaluation of fruit physicochemical properties in some peach cultivars. Research in Plant Biology 1(5): 16-21. (in Persian with English abstract)
25-   Hilaire C. 2003. The peach industry in France: state of art, research and development. PP. 27-34. In: Marra, F. and F. Sottile (Eds.), First Mediterranean Peach Symposium, Agrigento, Italy.
26-   Iglesias I., and Echeverria G. 2009. Differential effect of cultivar and harvest date on nectarine color, quality and consumer acceptance. Scientia Horticulturae 120: 41-50.
27-   Mauliona E., Enrique L., Arroyob M., Daordenb E., Hugo Valentinib G., and Domingo Lucio Cervignia G. 2016. Performance profiling of Prunus persica (L.)Batsch collection and comprehensive association among fruit quality, agronomic and phenological traits. Scientia Horticulturae 198: 385-397.
28-   Molaei S., Soleimani A., and Zeinolabedini M. 2016. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative traits of some apricot cultivars grown in Zanjan region. Journal of Horticulture Science 30(1): 35-48. (In Persian with English abstract)
29-   Mounzer O.H., Conejero W., Nicolas E., Abrisqueta I., Garcia-Orellana Y.V., Tapia L.M., Vera  J., Abrisqueta J.M., and Ruiz-Sanchez M.C. 2008. Growth pattern and phonological stages of early- maturing peach trees under a Mediterranean climate. Horticulture Science 43: 1813-1818.
30-   Nelson K.E., Schutz H.G., Ahmedull M., and McPherso J. 1973. Flavor preferences of supermarket customers for Thompson Seedless grapes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 24: 31-40.
31-   Rahemi M. 2009. Physiology of postharvest. Publication of Shiraz University. (In Persian).
32-   Rahmari M., Davarynejad G., Ghani A., Attar S., Mirabi E., and Razaghiyadak L. 2012. Investigating physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of some commercial peach cultivars fruit. Journal of Plant Productions 36(4): 81-93. (In Persian with English abstract)
33-   Rahmati M., Davarynejad G.H., Ghani A., Attar S., Mirabi A., and Razighi Yadak L. 2014. Study of physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of some fruit peaches. Plant Products (Agricultural Scientific Journal)36(4): 93-81. (In Persian with English abstract)
34-   Raseira M.C.B., Byrne D.H., and Franzon R.C. 2008. Pessegueiro – Tradição e poesia. In: Barbieri, R. L., Stumpf, E. R. T. Origem e evolução de plantascultivadas. 1st edition. Brasília/DF: EmbrapaInformação Tecnológica 1: 679–705.
35-   Rasulzadegan Y. 1991.  Fruit crop in temperate areas. First Edition, Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
36-   Reig G., Alegre S., Gatius F., and Iglesias I. 2015. Adaptability of peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.)Batsch] to the climatic conditions of the Ebro Valley. With special focus on fruit quality. Scientia Horticulturae 190: 149-160.
37-   Reig G., Iglesias I., Gatius F., and Alegre S. 2013. Antioxidant capacity, quality, and anthocyanin and nutrient contents of several peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] grown in Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61(26): 6344-6357.
38-   Ruiz D., and Egea J. 2008. Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Germplasm. Euphytica 163: 143-158.
39-   Sansavini S., Gamberini A., and Bassi D. 2006. Peach breeding, genetics and new cultivar trends. In: Infante, R. VI International Peach Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 713: 23-48.
40-   Scorza R., and Lobos D. 2008. Genetic interaction of pillar (columnar), compact and dwarf peach tree genotypes. In: Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 127(2): 254-261.
41-   Singh D., Yepthomi G., and Kumar K. 2014. Performance of some low chill peach, Prunus persica (L.)Batsch germplasm accessions for fruit quality traits in Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Farm Sciences 4(3): 72-80.
42-   Tzoner R., and Yamaguchi M. 1999. Investigations on some far-east prunus species, phenology. Acta Horticulture 488: 239-242.
43-   Williamson J.G., and Sherman N.B. 1997. Sunred nectarine. Fruit Varieties Journal 51: 194-195.
44-   Zadbagheri M., Mostafavi M., Khalili A., and Sadraei Mangili K. 2005. Study of quantitative and qualitative traits of 6 Iranian and foreign cherry cultivars and the relationship between these traits and fruit cracking rate. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11: 127-142. (In Persian with English abstract)
CAPTCHA Image