Pomology
M. Pirkhezri
Abstract
Introduction Barberry is one of the native plants of Iran and tolerates environmental stresses, especially drought. This species can play a special role in the future development of horticulture in Iran. This species is drought tolerant and can be used in the development of rain-fed gardens. The ...
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Introduction Barberry is one of the native plants of Iran and tolerates environmental stresses, especially drought. This species can play a special role in the future development of horticulture in Iran. This species is drought tolerant and can be used in the development of rain-fed gardens. The Barberry family contains 15 genera and 650 species, most of which are distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The most important genus in the barberry family is Berberis. This genus has 500 species, some of which, including Zalzalaki, Zarafshani, Khorasani, Rastkhoshe, common and Japanese barberry, exist in Iran (i.e., Berberis vulgaris, B. orthobotrys, B. crataegina, B. integerrima, and B. khorasanica, respectively). This plant is widely distributed in Iran. Various wild species of barberry are distributed in the southern and northern slopes of Alborz from Firoozkooh, Taleghaneh, Miyaneh to Amarlu of Gilan. This genus grows on large areas of the Zagros at an altitude of 1000 to 2500 meters above sea level. Iran is the largest producer of seedless barberry in the world with a cultivated area of 18341 hectares and production of 21181 tons of dried barberry. This species can play a special role in the future development of horticulture in the country and reduce the pressure on water resources, especially in rain-fed horticulture.Materials and Methods In this study, 25 genotypes were evaluated from three regions: west of Alborz province (Taleghan region), north of Alborz province (Chalus road and Khuzenkola, Arangeh, Asara to Dizin heights) and northeast of Tehran (Lavasanat). Morphological evaluation was performed according to UPOV instruction (TG 68/3). 32 quantitative and qualitative morphological and horticultural traits were evaluated according to UPOV (TG 3.68). Of which, 11 quantifiable traits including leaf length and width, fruit length and width, pedicel length, Berries per raceme, cluster length, spines length, vitamin C, TA (Titratable Acidity) and TSS (Total Soluble Solid) were analyzed.Results and Discussion The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences between genotypes for all quantative traits evaluated at the level of 1% and for the number of berries per cluster at the level of 5%. The high coefficient of variation indicates high variability for the desired trait, which allows the breeder to have more choices for selecting desired genotypes. The number of fruits per cluster with 45.55, spines length with 28.67 and titratable acid with 26.58 percent malic acid, had the highest range of changes. Qualitative traits included Foliage secondary color, Leaf curvature and Leaf margin, Leaf glossiness, Color of lower side, Fruit tip, Fruit waxiness, Foliage persistence, and Shoot color in spring among the genotypes were uniform and without variance. The lowest coefficient of variation among quantitative traits was related to Brix (7. a16 percent) and fruit length (13.14 percent). The highest number of fruits was belonged to Lavasan genotype (AD8) giving an average of 25 fruits per cluster, which was substantially different from other genotypes. The highest and lowest fruit length and width are related to Taleghan 5 (11.59 mm) and Chalus 7 (3.26 mm) genotypes, respectively. In a study, the average length and width of barberry fruit were 7.69 and 3.32 mm, respectively. Vitamin C is one of the nutritional values of fruits and has direct effects on human health. Wild barberry genotypes possessing the least vitamin C content (4.7 mg/per 100 gram) of fresh fruit (Asara I genotype) and also the fruits containing the highest values (i.e., 10.57 (Taleghan 4), 9.63 (Chalous 8) and 9.4 (Taleghan 8)) yielded more than even temperate fruits such as stone and pome fruits (The mean amount of vitamin C in apples, grapes and black cherries is 4.6, 4, 10 mg/100 g FW, respectively). This value in strawberries as an indicator plant is reported between 10 and 100 and an average of 58.8 and the value for lemons is 53 mg/100 g FW. Khayat and Mahmoud Abadi (2010) reported the amount of vitamin C in seedless barberry treated by fertilizers varied from 4 to 9 mg per 100 g of fresh fruit.The highest values of total soluble solids or Brix˚ were related to Chalus 8 genotypes with value of 24.83% and Chalus 1 with value of 23.23% and the lowest amount was related to Asara 2 genotype with 18.1%. Khayat and Mahmoud Abadi (2010) reported the total soluble solids ranged between 18.3 to 33.06 percent in seedless barberry, which is much higher than our experiment. The highest titratable acidity were observed in Taleghan 4, Taleghan 8 and Taleghan 2 genotypes, with 2.66, 2.65 and 2.41 mg/ml malic acid respectively, and the lowest titratable acid was observed in Chalus 9 genotype with 1.12 mg/ml malic acid. This value has been reported in domestic barberry is between 1.07 and 2.95. The highest mean leaf lengths were observed in Chalus cultivars 3 and 5. Among the genotypes, Taleghan 7 has the longest Pedicel length.ConclusionThe selected genotypes for breeding programs were the Oshan (AD8) genotypes with an average of 25 fruits per cluster. Regarding vitamin C content the prominent genotypes were the Taleghan 4 (10.57), Chalus 8 (9.63) and Taleghan 8 (9.4) mg/100 g F.W. The highest genotypes for total soluble solids were Chalus 8 genotypes with 24.83 and Chalus 1 with 23.23 percent.
Moheyddin pirkhezri; D. Hassani; A. Soleimani
Abstract
Abstract
Persian walnut is one of the most important nut crops in Iran. Now the majority of orchards are seedling with a great diversity. For establishing uniform orchards and increasing the quantity and quality of yield, patch budding as the most suitable propagation methods, have still technical and ...
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Abstract
Persian walnut is one of the most important nut crops in Iran. Now the majority of orchards are seedling with a great diversity. For establishing uniform orchards and increasing the quantity and quality of yield, patch budding as the most suitable propagation methods, have still technical and practical problems in the country. In spite of high percent of primary success in patch budding but the final success is very low. In this study, the effects of Indole-3- butryic acid (IBA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) were evaluated on four cultivars and one genotype of walnut to increase bud growth and graft success. The results showed that there were significant differences among the different levels of both the hormone on increasing total success of budding, bud growth and decreasing dried and dormant buds. Mean comparisons showed that IBA 50 ppm with %56 in comparison with control with %26 had the highest effect on bud growth. Meanwhile the other hormone treatments increased the bud growth at least %20 comparing with control. Among the cultivars, the highest and lowest bud growth belonged to ‘Chandler’ (%58) and ‘Z63’ (26). The interaction between hormone treatments and cultivars on bud growth showed that ‘Chandler’ had the highest response to GA3 100ppm and IBA 50 ppm, ‘Pedro’ to IBA50, while for ‘Z63’ IBA 100 had the best effect. This study showed that suitable hormone treatment could overcome a part of problems relating to low level of graft success in walnut.
Keywords: Cultivars, Hormone, Juglans regia L., Patch budding, Vegetative propagation
Moheyddin pirkhezri; Mohammad esmaeil Hassani; Mohammad fakhr Tabatabaei
Abstract
Abstract
For evaluation and identification some of the chamomile species in two genera Anthemis and Matricaria, morphological and phonological characteristics were used. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Completely Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replicates, sixteen quantitative and qualitative ...
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Abstract
For evaluation and identification some of the chamomile species in two genera Anthemis and Matricaria, morphological and phonological characteristics were used. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Completely Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replicates, sixteen quantitative and qualitative traits were evaluated such as plant height, anthodium diameter, receptacle diameter, ligulae flower number, dry flower percent, 100 flower weight, time of flower beginning, yield, flower number per plant, 1000 seeds weight, stomata length, leaf length, leaf width, flower color and type of leaf and receptacle in 26 genotypes. Results showed that genotypes were significantly different for all traits. Principle Components analysis (PCo) analysis placed 16 traits in five principle components that covered 91 percent of variance. The first principle components covered 39 percent of variance included main traits such as anthodium diameter, receptacle diameter, ligulae flower number, 100 flower weight, yield, 1000 seeds weight, leaf length. Cluster analysis classified genotypes to 8 main groups and 2 independent genotypes. This study showed that morphological markers on of the reliable mean to determined genotypes and species, yet.
Key words: Morphological evaluation, Anthemis spp, Matricaria spp, Cluster analysis
Mohyeddin Pirkhezri; Mohammad esmaeil Hassani; Mohammad fakhr Tabatabaei
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic diversity of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) populations in Iran was evaluated using morphological, agronomical and phonological characteristics and compared with three cultivars from Germany, Hungary and Iran. In this experiment, statistical design of RCBD with three replications ...
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Abstract
Genetic diversity of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) populations in Iran was evaluated using morphological, agronomical and phonological characteristics and compared with three cultivars from Germany, Hungary and Iran. In this experiment, statistical design of RCBD with three replications was used, sixteen quantitative traits were measured such as yield, flower number per plant, anthodium diameter, receptacle diameter, 100 flower weight, essential oil percent, pollen diameter, stomata length, leaf length, leaf width, seed weight, vegetative period, height, generative period dry flower percent and ligulae flower number in 26 populations. Results of variance analysis showed that populations were significantly different for all traits except stomata length. Result of simple correlation analysis showed significant positive and negative correlation among many traits. Vegetative period duration showed significant negative correlation with most of traits. PCA analysis placed 16 traits in three factors that covered 78.89 percent of variance. The first factor, that in fact is Yield and yield components factor, covered 58.46 percent of variance included main traits such as height, yield, flower number per plant, anthodium diameter, receptacle diameter, 100 flower weight, 1000 seed weight and ligulae flower number. Cluster analysis classified populations to 3 main groups and 2 independent populations. Groups mainly have differences in yield and yield components. In this investigation many native populations were similar or better than cultivars, having cultivation potential or breeding programs.
Key words: Genetic diversity, German chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla, morphological markers
