ارزیابی و انتخاب توده‌های متحمل به تنش خشکی شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum) بومی ایران در مرحله جـوانه‌زنی و رشد گیـاهچه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مراغه

2 دانشگاه تهران

3 ارشد مرکز بین‌المللی تحقیقات کشاورزی در مناطق خشک (ایکاردا)، رباط، مراکش

چکیده

این بررسی به منظور ارزیابی واکنش توده‌های بومی شنبلیله کشور در برابر تنش خشکی القایی بوسیله پلی‌اتیلن‌گلیکول 6000 بر روی بیست توده بومی در قالب آزمایش فاکتوریل و بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط آزمایشگاهی انجام شد. سطوح تنش شامل پتانسیل‌های صفر(آب دی یونیزه)، 2- ، 4- ، 6- و 8- بار بود. نتایج نشان داد که سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی بر روی تمامی صفات مورد بررسی(درصد بذرهای جوانه‌زده، طول ریشه‌چه، طول ساقه‌چه، نسبت طول ساقه‌چه بر ریشه‌چه، وزن‌تر ریشه اولیه، وزن‌تر ساقه‌چه، نسبت وزن تر ساقه‌چه به ریشه‌چه، وزن خشک ریشه‌چه و سـاقه‌چه ) اثرات معنی‌داری داشت. بین توده‌های بومی به غیر از صفت وزن خشک ریشه اولیه، در کلیه صفات مورد مطالعه اختلاف معنی‌داری مشاهده شد. بر اساس روش رتبه‌بندی میانگین هفت صفت اصلی مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش(درصد جوانه‌زنی، طول ریشه‌چه و ساقه‌چه، وزن تر و خشک ریشه‌چه و ساقه‌چه)، توده‌های بومی کاشان و نیشابور متحمل‌ترین و توده‌های بومی ری و خاش حساس‌ترین توده‌ها در برابر تنش خشکی در مرحله جوانه‌زنی و رشد گیاهچه بودند. با در نظر گرفتن نتایج این بررسی، توجه به توده‌های بومی شنبلیله کشور و بهره‌برداری از قابلیت‌های نهفته در آنها از قبیل تحمل و مقاومت به تنش‌ خشکی و محافظت از آنها به عنوان منابع با ارزش ژنتیکی توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation and Selection for Drought Tolerance in Iranian Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Landraces at Germination and Seedling Growth Stages

نویسندگان [English]

  • D. Sadeghzadeh Ahari 1
  • M. R. Hassandokht 2
  • A. Kashi 2
  • A. Amri 3
1 Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh
2 University of Tehran
3 Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Fenugreek (Trigonella foneum-graecum L.) has been cultivated in vegetable farms at the most parts of Iran. It is an annual crop belonging to the Leguminosae family. It originated from west Asia and Iran and cultivated at mostly in European, Asian and African countries, presently. With distinguished of feeding and medicinal values, low needs to soil conditions and its width adaptability to cultivation in different regions, the range of fenugreek cultivation areas have been extended from America to India. In most parts of Iran there is limiting possibilities for cultivation of horticultural and agricultural crops for the reason of limiting water harvesting and unsuitable rainfall distributions. There is no doubt that introduction of new crops for such conditions could increase variation of crops production and stability of farming systems. Plants landraces have been created in thousands of cultivation years under different climatologically and local cropping systems. They are evolved by natural and artificial selection under environmental conditions where they were grown and there have accumulative adaptive genes for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and are the most precious materials in starting of breeding programs. Germination phase is the most important period that guaranties the growth and establishments of crops. One of the basic activators of germination starters is water and limiting of it (drought) is the most important retardant of seed growth during germination period under field condition. Fast germination and emergence of seedling from soil and high preliminary growth rate has been known for one of the drought escape mechanisms for most crops such as chickpea, lentil and bean. In breeding programs of crops, using in vitro method is one of the most used methods in germplasm selection for drought tolerance. This study carried out under laboratory condition in order to evaluate some Iranian fenugreek landraces reactions to drought stress.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the Iranian fenugreek landraces reactions to drought stress induced by Poly Ethylene Glycol 6000, twenty fenugreek landraces originated from different parts of Iran were used in this study. The experiment was conducted at Maragheh experimental station of the Dry land Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) under laboratory condition, with a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design and three replications. The stress levels were zero (di-ionized water),-2, -4,-6 and -8 bar. Fifteen normal and health seeds from each landraces were cultivated in petridishes and stayed under fixed temperature (25±1 degree of centigrade), 12 hour day/night for fourteen days. Seedling characteristics (seed germination percentage, root and stem lengths, ratio of stem length to root length, root and stem fresh weights, ratio of stem fresh weight to root fresh weight, root and stem dry weights) were noted. Data were analyzed by MSTAT-C software and comparisons of noted traits means done by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. In order to distinguish tolerant and susceptible genotypes, landraces ranked by using of Sarmadnia et al.,(1988) and Kafi et al.(2005) methods, and with using of the main traits such as seed germination percentage, root and stem lengths, root and stem fresh weights, root and stem dry weights.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that, drought stress levels had significantly affected on all study traits (seed germination percentage, root and stem lengths, ratio of stem length to root length, root and stem fresh weights, ratio of stem fresh weight to root fresh weight, root and stem dry weights). The differences among landraces were highly significant in all traits except in primary root dry weight. The most visible differences among the genotypes in germination percentage monitored at less than -4 bars. Based on ranking of genotypes with seven main studied traits (seed germination percentage, root and stem lengths, root and stem fresh weights, root and stem dry weights), Kashan and Neyshaboor were the most tolerant and Rey and Khash were the most susceptible landraces among the studied genotypes at germination and seedling growth stages.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that, there are differences among the Iranian fenugreek landraces in case of reaction to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages that shows suitable diversity among them. Moreover, using from less than -4 bar drought stress levels recommended for screening and selection of drought tolerance fenugreek genotypes. Also, it is recommended attention to Iranian fenugreek landraces and using the hidden potentials of them same as drought tolerance and resistance. It is suggested protection of them as a precious genetically resources in gene bank.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought tolerance
  • Poly Ethylene Glycol
  • Ranking
  • Seedling Traits
1- Alizadeh A.2006. Soil, Water and Plant Relationships. Imam Reza University Publications. (In Persian)
2- Amede T., Kimani P., Ronno W., Lunze L., and Mbikay N.2004. Coping with Drought; Strategies to Improve Genetic Adaptation of Common bean to Drought Prone Regions of Africa. CIAT Occasional Publication Series.No.38.pp:39.
3- Annicchiarico P., and Piano E.2004. Indirect selection for root development of white clover and implication for drought tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 190:28-34.
4- Bagheri A.R., Nezami A., and Soltani M.2000. Breeding for Stress Tolerance in Cool Season Food Legumes. Agricultural Research,Education and Extention Organization Publications. (In Persian)
5- Brush S.B.1995. In situ conservation of landraces in center of crop diversity. Crop Science, 35:346-354.
6- Bukhtiar B., and Shaykva A.1990. Drought tolerance in lentil.II. Differential genotypic response to drought. Journal of Agricultural Research Lahore, 28:117-126.
7- Burnett S., Van-Iersel M., and Thomas P.2005. PEG 8000 alters morphology and nutrient concentration of hydroponic impatiens. Horticultural Science, 40(6):1768-1772.
8- Ceccarelli S., Grando S., and Hamblin J.1992. Relationship between barley grain yield measured in low and high yielding environments.Euphytica,64:49-58.
9- Choi W., Kang S., Park H., Kim S., Lee K., Shin H., and Choi S.2000. Effect of water stress by PEG on growth and physiological traits in rice seedlings. Korean Journal of Crop Science, 45:112-117.
10- De R., and Kar R.K.1995. Seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) under water stress induced by PEG 6000. Seed Science Technology, 23: 301-308.
11- Emmerich W.E., and Hardgree SP.1991. Seed germination in polyethylene glycol solution: Effect of filter paper extrusion and water vapor loss. Crop Science, 31:454-458.
12- Fischer K., Lafitte R., Fukai S., Altin G., and Hardy B.2003. Breeding Rice for Drought Prone Environments. Los Banos Publications. IRRI, Philippines.
13- Gaur P.M., Gowda CLL., Knights EJ., Warkentin T., Acikgoz N., Yadav SS., and Kumar J.2007. Breeding achievements. p.395-396. In S.S.Yadav et al.(ed.) Chickpea Breeding and Management. CAB Int. Walingford, UK.
14- Iran nejhad H., and Shahbaziyan N.2005. Field Crops Tolerance to Environmental Stresses. Carno Publications. (In Persian)
15- Jaradat A.1994. Plant genetic resources and their roles in breeding to biotic and abiotic stresses. p.13. In Proceedings of 3rd. Iranian Crop production and Plant Breeding Congress, 3-8 Sep.1994.Tabriz University. Tabriz. Iran.
16- Kaboli M., Sadeghi M.2002.Effect of water stress on germination in three species of onobrychis. Pajouhesh-VA- Sazandegi, 15(1): 18-21. (in Persian with English abstract)
17- Kafi M., Mahdavi Damghani A.2007. Mechanisms of Environmental Stress Resistance in Plants. Ferdowsi University Publications.
18- Kafi M., Nezami A., Hosaini H., and Masomi A.2005. Physiological effects of drought stress by polyethylene glycol on germination of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research,3: 69-80. (in Persian with English abstract)
19- Kashiwagi J., Krishnamurthy L., Crouch J.H., and Serraj R.2006. Variability of root length density and its contributions to seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought stress. Field Crops Research, 95:171-181.
20- Kazerouni Monfared E., Akramian M., Tokassi S., Eghbali S., and Ale Ebrahim T.2005. Physiological effects of salt and drought stress on germination and seedling growth of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). p.157. In Proceedings of 1st. Iranian Pulse Crops Symposium.20-21 Nov.2005. Ferdowsi University. Mashhad. Iran.
21- Kiani M., Bagheri A., and Nezami A.1998.Reaction of lentil genotypes to drought stress during germination in PEG 6000. Journal of Agricultural Industry, 12(1): 49-59. (in Persian with English abstract)
22- Kpoghomou B.K., Sapra V.T., and Beyl C.A.1990. Screening for drought tolerance: Soybean germination and its relationship to seedling response. Journal of Agronomy and & Crop Science, 164: 153-159.
23- Kumar D.2006. Breeding for drought resistance.p.145-175. In M. Ashraf., and P.J.C. Harris (eds.).Abiotic Stresses: Plant Resistance Through Breeding and Molecular Approaches. International Book Distributing Co, India.
24- Masomi A., Kafi M.2005. The physiological effects of water stress by PEG 6000 on germination of chickpea( Cicer arietinum) genotypes. p.158. In Proceedings of 1st. Iranian Pulse Crops Symposium.20-21 Nov.2005. Ferdowsi University. Mashhad. Iran.
25- Matsui T., and Singh B.B.2003. Root characteristics in cowpea related to drought tolerance at the seedling stage. Experimental Agriculture,39:29-38.
26- Michel B.E., and Kaufmann M.R.1973.The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiology, 51:914-916.
27- Moradi P.2008. Study on genetic diversity of Iranian fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) landraces. Ph D. thesis in horticultural science. Tehran Science and Research Campus. Islamic Azad University.
28- Panda S.C.2004. Dryland Agriculture. Agrobios Publications, India.
29- Pezeshkpour P., Mosavi S.K.2005.Correlation between drought resistance indices and chickpea yield in stress (spring sowing) and non stress (autumn sowing). p.63. In Proceedings of 1st. Iranian Pulse Crops Symposium.20-21 Nov.2005. Ferdowsi University. Mashhad. Iran.
30- Ramesh S., Reddy P.S., and Ramaiah B.2007.Genetic options for drought management in sorghum.p.59-84.In D.P Singh et al.(eds.). Crop Production in Stress Environments: Genetic and Management Options. Agrobios Publications, India.
31- Riasat M., Nasirzadeh A.R., Jafari A.A., Joukar L.2005. Resistance of trigonella accessions to drought stress. Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 20(2):189-200. (in Persian with English abstract)
32- Sadeghian S.Y., and Yavari N.2004. Effect of water deficit stress on germination and early seedling growth in sugar beet. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 190(2):138-144.
33- Sadeghzadeh Ahari D., Hassandokht M.R., Kashi AK., Amri A., Alizadeh K.2010. Genetic variability of some agronomic traits in the Iranian fenugreek accessions under drought stress and non-stress conditions. African Journal of Plant Science, 4 (2):12-20.
34- Sarmadnia GH., Tavakoli H., and Ghorbani A.1988. Study on drought tolerance of different wheat landraces in germination stage. p.57-80. In Proceedings and the Results of the 1st. Conference on Investigating Rainfed Issues in Iran.18-20 Jul.1988.Ferdowsi University. Mashhad. Iran.
35- Scott P.2008. Physiology and Behavior of Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
36- Singh B.B., Maikodomi Y., and Terao Y.1999. A simple screening method for drought tolerance in cowpea. Indian Journal of Genetics, 59:211-220.
37- Songsri P., Jogloy S., Vorasoot N., Akkasaeng C., Patanothai A., and Holbrook C.C.2008. Root distribution of drought resistant peanut genotypes in response to drought. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,194:92-103.
38- Taiz L., and Ziger E.1991. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company. Inc, California.
39- Turner N.C., Wright G.C., and Siddique K.H.M.2001. Adaptation of grain legumes (pulses) to water limited environments. Advances in Agronomy,71:193-231.
40- Yusuf Ali M., Johansen C., Krishnamurthy L., and Hamid A.2005. Genotypic variation in root systems of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) across environments. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,191:464-472.
CAPTCHA Image