ارزیابی تأثیرپذیری عملکرد کاهوی آیسبرگ از برهمکنش بقایای گیاهان پوششی و وجین دستی

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فاطمه احمدنیا ¹
• علی عبادی ²
• مسعود هاشمی ³

¹ دکتری،فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

² استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

³ استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی استاک بریج، دانشگاه ماساچوست، ماساچوست، آمریکا

10.22067/jhs.2025.90386.1386

چکیده

بیشترین کاهش ارزش تجاری و کیفیت محصولات برگی از جمله کاهو ناشی از حضور علف‌ های‌ هرز در مزارع است. استفاده از نهاده‌ های شیمیایی یک روش موفق در کنترل علف‌ های‌ هرز محسوب می‌ گردد، اما خطر تجمع نهاده‌ های شیمیایی در بافت‌های گیاهی و کاهش سلامت انسان موجب افزایش استفاده از روش‌های ایمن و سازگار با محیط زیست شده است. گیاهان پوششی یکی از راهبردهای سازگار با محیط زیست برای کنترل علف های هرز در مزارع هستند. آزمایش در بهار سال 1398 به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کشت خالص و مخلوط گیاهان پوششی چاودار (Secale cereal L.)، خلر (Lathyrus sativus)، شاهد (بدون کشت گیاهان پوششی) و سطوح وجین دستی علف های هرز (یک بار، دو بار و بدون وجین دستی) بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین وزن خشک گیاهان پوششی (59/530 گرم در متر مربع) از کشت خالص چاودار حاصل شد. کمترین وزن خشک کل علف‌ های‌ هرز متعلق به کشت مخلوط گیاهان پوششی با یک بار وجین دستی بود. بیشترین عملکرد کاهو آیسبرگ (70/3 کیلوگرم در متر مربع) در کشت مخلوط با بدون وجین دستی و بیشترین تعداد برگ (55/21 و 44/21)، قطر طوقه (15/4 و 18/4 سانتیمتر) و قطر تاج (به ترتیب 12/22 و 65/22 سانتیمتر) از کشت خالص خلر و کشت مخلوط به‌ دست آمد. نتایج این آزمایش بر تأثیر میزان وزن خشک گیاهان پوششی بر کاهش تعداد دفعات وجین دستی علف های هرز و بهبود عملکرد در محصولات برگی تأکید داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تراکم
• زیستتوده
• شاخص کارایی علف‌های‌هرز
• کشت مخلوط
• وزن تر

موضوعات

• سبزیکاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Iceberg lettuce yield from the interaction of cover crop residues and hand-weeding

نویسندگان [English]

• Fatemeh Ahmadnia ¹
• Ali Ebadi ²
• Masoud Hashemi ³

¹ Ph.D. Graduate, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

² Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

³ Professor, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

چکیده [English]

Introduction: The most significant decrease in the commercial value and quality of leafy crops, such as lettuce, is primarily caused by weeds. The most common weeds in lettuce fields include Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Although using chemical inputs is considered a successful method in weed control, the risk of accumulating chemical contamination in plants and reducing human health by using these products increased the idea of using safe and environmentally friendly methods. Cover crops are an environmentally friendly strategy for controlling weeds in agricultural fields, offering numerous environmental benefits. Rye (Secale cereale L.) and chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) are well-known worldwide cover crops. Many studies have mentioned them for their ability to control weeds, improve soil conditions, and release nutrients. Also, hand-weeding is known as one of the simple but expensive weed control methods. In our study, we aimed to explore how rye and chickling pea cover crop residues, when used in monoculture and intercropping systems, can help reduce the need for hand-weeding and improve the yield of Iceberg lettuce, considering the importance of weed control in leafy products.

Materials and Methods: In the spring of 2020, an experiment was conducted using a factorial design base of CRD with three replications. The experimental treatments included monoculture and intercropping of rye (Secale cereal L.), and chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) cover crops, control (without cover crops), and additionally, different levels of hand-weeding were implemented (once, twice, and no hand-weeding). The amount of seed used for the rye and chickling pea monoculture was 100 and 25 kg/ha, respectively. For intercropping, 50% of the recommended seed was used. F1 Iceberg lettuce (Bruma Rz.) seeds were planted in a mixture of peat moss and perlite in a 1:5 ratio. Due to the short growing season in Ardabil (20°48' E and 19°38' N), the growth of cover crops was terminated 67 days after the sowing date using paraquat. Then, lettuce seedlings were transplanted manually by 25 × 25 cm inter-row spacing. Hand weeding was conducted at three different stages: once 15 days after transplanting, twice at 15 and 30 days after transplanting, and not at all at the time of lettuce harvest. In this experiment, in addition to investigating the dry weight of cover crops and weeds, weed control efficiency index and fresh yield and lettuce yield components such as number of leaves, plant height, crown diameter, and head diameter were measured.

Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the highest dry weight of cover crops was obtained from the rye monoculture (530.59 ± 30.15 g/m-2), followed by intercropping (400.21.43 ± 10.37 g/m-2). The lowest dry weight of Chenopodium album L. and Anchusa italica Retz. weeds (0 g/m-2) were recorded in intercropping with one- and two-times hand-weeding. The dry weight of Sinapis arvensis L. in intercropping once, twice, and without hand-weeding, rye and chickling pea monoculture without hand-weeding was 0 g/m-2. The lowest total weed dry weight was found in the intercropping of cover crops with once hand-weeding. The highest weed control efficiency indexes (100, 86.95, and 87.72) were observed with intercropping by once and twice hand-weeding, and chickling pea monoculture without hand-weeding. The highest yield of Iceberg lettuce (3.70 ± 0.82 kg/m2) was achieved by intercropped cover crops without hand-weeding. The maximum number of leaves (21.55 ± 2.69 and 21.44 ± 1.01), crown diameter (4.15 ± 0.13 and 4.18 ± 0.23 cm), and head diameter (20. 22.12 ± 2 and 22.65 ± 2.22 cm, respectively) were obtained from the chickling pea monoculture and intercropping.

Conclusion: The effectiveness of using cover crop residues for weed control depends largely on the quantity of their dry weight. In the treatments without hand weeding, the rye monoculture and intercropping reduced the dry weight of weeds. The presence of cover crop residues reduced weed growth, although hand-weeding was still a more effective method of weed control in vegetables. However, the results highlighted the impact of cover crop dry weight on reducing hand-weeding for lettuce. In terms of increasing the yield of iceberg lettuce, rye intercropping, and chickling pea were favorable for the Ardabil region's climatic conditions.

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran, for their financial support.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Biomass
• Density
• Efficiency index
• Fresh weight
• Intercropping