با همکاری انجمن علمی منظر ایران
نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران
2 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران
3 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
Introduction
The limited amount of organic matter in most potato-growing soils in the country reduces their biological activity and limits the availability and absorption of some nutrients by plants (Khatar et al., 2017). One of the most effective management strategies in this field is to maintain and enhance soil organic matter, as improving the physical and chemical conditions of the soil can greatly help increase yield and achieve sustainable agriculture. Given the limitations and high costs of livestock and poultry manure, which are key components of organic fertilizers in the country, efforts should focus on new organic sources such as blood meal, as blood meal is used in smaller amounts per unit area while providing higher nitrogen content to plants.Blood meal is also known as a growth stimulant due to its high amino acid content (Ciavatta et al., 1997; Bhunia et al., 2021). So far, limited studies have been conducted in the world to investigate the effects of blood meal for important agricultural products. Furthermore, there are very few experiments to investigate the effects of blood meal especially under irrigation deficit conditions. Therefore, this project aims to investigate the effects of using blood meal as a nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer under stress conditions on growth traits, as well as the quality and quantity of potato production in the country.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design at the Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Ekbatan Agricultural Research Station). In this study, two potato cultivars, Bamba and Sante, were considered as the first factor at two levels. The irrigation water amount was examined at three levels (100, 75, and 50 percent of Cumulative Evapotranspiration from Class A Evaporation Pan). Additionally, fertilizer treatments at three levels; chemical fertilizer, poultry manure, and blood powder were considered as the other two factors. The application of chemical fertilizers, used as the control treatment, was based on soil test results. This treatment involved the use of 120 kg of pure nitrogen from a urea source (260 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare), along with 150 kg of triple superphosphate, 100 kg of potassium sulfate, and two applications of complete micro-fertilizers: one at the flowering stage and another two weeks later. One third of urea fertilizer was applied at the planting, and the other two splits were applied as a top dress (the first application at the full coverage stage and the second application at the beginning of tuberization).It is worth mentioning that complete micro fertilizer injection was also performed in two simultaneous times in the blood meal and chicken manure treatments. The drip irrigation system was conducted as a tape type, and was placed at a depth of five to six centimeters on the ridge at the time of planting the tubers. The growth stage traits measured included: the time necessary to achieve 50% germination, date of full emergence, date of full coverage, number and length of stolons, leaf area index, fresh and dry weight of roots and stems, and finally, chlorophyll content, with the chlorophyll content being measured using the Gross method (Gross, 1999). At harvest time, the total yield was calculated and the tubers produced were separated into three sizes: seed, large, and small. Tuber dry matter percentage and water use efficiency were also measured. The resulting data were statistically analyzed using SAS 9.1 software, and treatment means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test with a five percent probability level.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of variance results showed that the main effects of irrigation levels and fertilizer treatment types were significant on all growth traits and yield. The effect of potato cultivar was also significant for most growth traits (except for leaf area index and chlorophyll content) as well as for yield. Interaction effect of irrigation levels and fertilizer treatment types were significant on other growing traits, including the time to reach full coverage, plant height at flowering time, number and length of stolons, chlorophyll content, leaf area index and fresh and dry weight of roots and stems. The main effects of cultivar and irrigation treatment were significant at the 1% level (p≤0.01) on tuber size and water use efficiency. The tuber dry matter percentage was not statistically affected by cultivar at the 5% level, but irrigation treatment had a significant effect on tuber dry matter percentage at the 5% level (p≤0.05). The type of fertilizer was significant on the average number of tubers in all three sizes, as well as water use efficiency at the 1% level (p≤0.01) and on yield and percentage of tuber dry matter at the 5% level (p≤0.05).None of the two-way interactions of cultivar × irrigation levels, cultivar × fertilizer type, and three-way interactions of cultivar × irrigation levels × fertilizer type were significant in tuber size, total yield, tuber dry matter percentage, and water use efficiency. However, the interaction effect of irrigation levels × fertilizer type was significant on tuber production in all three sizes, as well as tuber dry matter, total yield, and water use efficiency. An increase in the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus leads to a relative increase in stolon length. While the opposite ratio leads to a decrease in stolon length. Establishing a proportional and balanced amount of these two elements and providing sufficient amounts of them depending on the nutritional needs of the potato leads to an increase in the number of stolons (Jackson, 1999). Recent research has demonstrated that chicken manure and blood meal are capable of significantly reducing stolon length and increasing their number under stress conditions. It seems that both of these types of organic fertilizers (blood meal and chicken manure) provide the potato plant with a balanced access of nitrogen to phosphorus under stress conditions, and by relatively increasing the stolon length and helping to increase its number, delay the potato plant's tuberization stage and achieve maximum storage capacity. Increased plant growth rate and faster canopy formation as a result of blood meal consumption, especially under deficit irrigation conditions, can be due to the low carbon to nitrogen ratio and zero lignin to nitrogen ratio, which results in faster mineralization and consequently more nitrogen provision in blood meal and increased nitrogen uptake efficiency in the plant. The increase in the number of tubers per plant in potato is positively correlated with the delay in entering flowering time and the increase in leaf area and stem growth in the stolon production stage before the start of tuberization (Menzel, 1985). In this study, blood meal had a positive effect on the fresh and dry weight of potato stems and roots, and also increased growth rate and created complete coverage in the stolon production stage. Therefore, blood meal had a positive effect on the number of tubers and ultimately the total yield. The results of this study demonstrated that under severe stress conditions, the use of blood meal positively impacted the number of tubers and total yield compared to chemical fertilizers (control) in deficit irrigation treatments. This was achieved by releasing amino acids and aiding in nutrient absorption. As a result, in conditions of severe stress, the use of blood meal regulates the effects of water stress and partially compensates adverse effects of deficit irrigation.
Conclusion
Overall, the results of this experiment indicated that using chicken manure and blood meal significantly enhanced the vegetative growth and yield of potatoes compared to chemical fertilizers. Moreover, under deficit irrigation conditions, these organic fertilizers proved to be more effective than chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the use of these two organic fertilizers, especially blood meal, can help mitigate yield reduction under water stress conditions.
کلیدواژهها English
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Bhunia, S., Bhowmik, A., Mallick, R., Debsarcar, A., & Mukherjee, J. (2021). Application of recycled slaughterhouse wastes as an organic fertilizer for successive cultivations of bell pepper and amaranth. Scientia Horticulture, 280, 109927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109927
