Journal of Horticultural Science

Abstract Introduction Agave americana cv. Marginata from the Agavaceae family is an important plant with many uses in various medicinal and food industries. Among environmental stresses, water deficit stress plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Drought stress has detrimental effects on growth and yield and can disrupt the balance between the antioxidant defense system and free radicals by triggering a cascade of biochemical reactions in which free radicals cause cell damage. In sustainable production systems of medicinal and aromatic plants, stable quantitative and qualitative functions can be achieved under conditions of environmental stress and it is possible to improve the production of secondary metabolites in these plants under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate some of the important macro-micro nutrients on the morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of Agave americana cv. Marginata to determine and introduce the best combinations of fertilizers with use of superabsorbent nano-polymer under water stress conditions.   Materials and Methods This research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-split plot layout with three replications. Irrigation regimes (D1-D3: Field Capacity, 50% and 75% evaporation from basin class A) in main plots, superabsorbent nano-polymer application (S1-S2: use and not use) in sub plots and treatments of fertilizers [F1-F15: grow-more 1 (F1), grow-more 2 (F2), grow-more 3 (F3), iron chelate (F4), zinc chelate (F5), grow-more 1 + iron chelate (F6), grow-more 1 + zinc chelate (F7), grow-more 2 + iron chelate (F8), grow-more 2 + zinc chelate (F9), grow-more 3 + iron chelate (F10), grow-more 3 + zinc chelate (F11), grow-more 1 + iron chelate + zinc chelate (F12), grow-more 2 + iron chelate + zinc chelate (F13), grow-more 3 + iron chelate + zinc chelate (F14) and control (F15)] in sub-sub plots were done. This research was performed in greenhouse conditions of Islamic Azad University Branch of Shahrekord (latitude: 32°20′ N, longitude: 50°51′ E, altitude: 2061 m) in 2023-2024. In each year, fertilizer treatments were applied in foliar application after stage of V8 (plants had 8 leaves) in 6 stage by 14 days interval and harvesting was done one month after the final application of fertilizers. The fertilizers Grow-More (NPK), iron and zinc in 4 gr.l^-1 concentration by the production company certification were used in V8 stage in plants and the effects were compared with control plants. Weed control was done manually during the entire experiment. During the experiment, no systemic pesticide or herbicide was used. The harvested shoots were transferred to the laboratory for measurement of various characteristics. Morphological characters such as leaf length, leaf diameter and dry/fresh root/leaf weight; physiological characters such as total chlorophyll and zinc, iron and nitrogen content in root/leaf and phytochemical characters such as contents of hecogenin, saponin, and protein in leaf and root were measured. For assessment of the total chlorophyll content of A.americana, the leaves were extracted with 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extraction was read at 470, 648, and 664 nm, and the content of total chlorophyll was calculated as mg per g leaf fresh weight. For the measurement of hecogenin, saponin, total protein in the leaf and root and the nitrogen content in leaf and root use the protocols of Hackman et al., 2006, Sidana et al., 2016, Bradford, 1976; Álvarez-Chávez et al., 2021; were followed respectively.   Results and Discussion Over two consecutive years, the obtained results showed that the use of treatments increased the characters and showed significant effectiveness. The highest mean values for leaf dry weight (30.11 g.plant^-1), leaf fresh weight (207.33 g.plant^-1), root dry weight (3.82 g.plant^-1), root fresh weight (18.79 g.plant^-1), length of leaf (64.55 cm), leaf diameter (0.41 Cm), total chlorophyll (2.82 mg.g^-1 fresh weight), hecogenin (35.48 mg.kg^-1 fresh weight), saponin (66164.8 mg.kg^-1 fresh weight), nitrogen of leaf (1.39 mg.g^-1 dry weight), nitrogen of root (1.23 mg.g^-1 dry weight), protein of leaf (25.34 mg.g^-1 dry weight), protein of root (16.99 mg.g^-1 dry weight), zinc of leaf (68.99 µg.g^-1 dry weight), zinc of root (44.84 µg.g^-1 dry weight), iron of leaf (81.01 µg.g^-1 dry weight) and iron of root (49.84 µg.g^-1 dry weight) made in grow-more fertilizers specially grow-more 1 (20-20-20) in combination with Fe/Zn Libfer. However the superabsorbent nano-polymer application had an aggressive effect on the amounts of characters especially in hardness of water stress. The lowest values for morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters such as leaf dry weight (12.81 g.plant^-1), leaf fresh weight (89.54 g.plant^-1), root dry weight (1.62 g.plant^-1), root fresh weight (8.18 g.plant^-1), length of leaf (41.12 cm), leaf diameter (0.24 cm), total chlorophyll (1.95 mg.g^-1 fresh weight), hecogenin (21.88 mg.kg^-1 fresh weight), saponin (22134.3 mg.kg^-1 fresh weight), nitrogen of leaf (0.29 mg.g^-1 dry weight), nitrogen of root (0.77 mg.g^-1 dry weight), protein of leaf (10.11 mg.g^-1 dry weight), protein of root (6.47 mg.g^-1 dry weight), zinc of leaf (34.34 µg.g^-1 dry weight), zinc of root (20.36 µg.g^-1 dry weight), iron of leaf (43.77 µg.g^-1 dry weight) and iron of root (27.73 µg.g^-1 dry weight) made in control plants. In most of the measured characters the treatments of D1S1F12, D3S1F14 and D2S1F14 were the best and control plants had the least of the characters.   Conclusion Generally the application of Grow-More fertilizer 1 (20-20-20) with the consumption of zinc and iron fertilizers can be a good strategy to improve the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters of Agave americana cv. Marginata especially the hecogenin and saponin amounts in water stress conditions. However the use of superabsorbent nano-polymer in strenuous drought stress (75%) is more effective than other water stress levels.  

Abstract Introduction Mushrooms are a very large group of organisms. The number of species of mushrooms is estimated at 1.5 million, of which about 300 are edible, only 30 have been domesticated, and finally 10 species are cultivated commercially. Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) of the genus Pleurotus are the most important cultivated edible mushrooms in the world after button mushrooms. Edible mushrooms are now considered one of the most important food sources in the world, and their cultivation is constantly increasing with population growth. For this reason, the importance of cultivating edible mushrooms is increasing day by day. In edible mushrooms, the mycelium that emerges from a single spore is sterile and requires hybridization between compatible monokaryotic mycelia to complete the sexual cycle. The oyster mushroom P. eryngii has also been given the name of king oyster mushroom due to its large edible organ. The mushrooms grow in small groups. The spores of this mushroom are white, and its mycelium has a connecting arch. The king oyster mushroom has a firm texture and short radial blades. Materials and Methods In this study, three species of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostratus var florida, P. eryngii, P. corncopia) were crossed with each other in order to benefit from the special characteristics of each species and their aggregation into one species. Monokaryons of each species were prepared. Then, monokaryons of the two species were placed 5 mm from each other. For the cultivation of hybrid spawn and parents, three beds containing wheat straw (weighing 6.8 kg) were prepared for each and sterilized. After spawning, the beds were placed in a suitable environment and then the humidity of the environment was increased to 85-90% until the hybrids started to produce primary nodes and then pin and turn into mature heads. The heads at this stage were tested for spore production. Results and Discussion The results showed that from 300 crosses, only in 4 crosses did the Florida and eryngii monokaryons grow together and form a clamp connection, producing dikaryons, and four hybrids named H₁, H₄₀, H₁₁, and H₃₂ were obtained. While from among 300 crosses between Florida monokaryons and yellow fungus and 100 crosses between eryngii monokaryons and yellow fungus, no dikaryons were produced due to interspecific incompatibility. Spawns of the produced hybrids were prepared with Florida and eryngii and then cultivated in sterile media in a completely randomized design with three replications. The average base diameter of eryngii was significantly greater than that of Florida. The average base diameter of eryngii was not significantly different from that of the H₁₁ hybrid, while the average base diameter of eryngii was greater than that of the H₃₂ and H₁₁ hybrids and less than that of the H₁ hybrid. There was also a significant difference in the average base diameter among the hybrids. Among the hybrids, H₁ had a larger average base diameter than that of the H₄₀, H₃₂, and H₁₁ hybrids. eryngii had the highest fresh weight of edible organs with an average fresh weight of 120.5 grams. The average fresh weight of edible organs of eryngii was not significantly different from that of hybrid H₄₀. In terms of yield (fresh and dry weight), the hybrids H₁₁, H₁ and H₃₂ were very similar and were placed in a single cluster. On the other hand, the hybrid H₄₀ was similar to eryngii. In general, the hybrids and eryngii were placed in the same group in terms of yield. This is while Florida occupied a separate group. The result is that in terms of yield, the hybrids were similar to eryngii and the high yield traits from Florida were not transferred to the hybrids. Conclusion There was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of spawn running, and the hybrids were similar to eryngii and spawn running for a longer period than Florida. Hybrids H₄₀ and H₃₂ were earlier than their parents and other hybrids because they had shorter days to first pin emergence and ultimately shorter planting period. Hybrid H₄₀ is considered a suitable hybrid with similar edible organ fresh weight to eryngii. Hybrid H₄₀ had higher yield (fresh weight) and biomass than other hybrids and was similar to eryngii. The least sporulation (spore germination) was observed in hybrids H₁ and H₁₁, which was even lower than eryngii. Hybrid H₄₀, although it seems to be a desirable hybrid in some traits, had high spore germination and was similar to Florida.

Abstract Introduction Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, Asteraceae) commonly known as Transvaal Daisy, is one of the ten most popular and important commercial cut flowers. Gerbera is a perennial, tropical, herbaceous plant with colorful and attractive flowers that are widely used as a decorative garden plant or cut flowers. The most important problem of the gerbera cut flowers is short vase life. The end of vase life of cut gerbera flowers is often due to bending of the scape. The aim of this study was to screen the effects of nanosilver and salicylic acid as pulse treatment and sucrose and thyme, clove and peppermint essential oils as permanent treatment on vase life and some physiological and biochemical traits of gerbera ‘Rosalin’ cut flowers. Materials and Methods This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was pulse treatments using nanosilver (NS) 5 and 10 mg.L^-1 (Nanocid Company, Iran), salicylic acid (SA) 50 and 100 mg.L^-1 (Merck Company) and distilled water as control, and the second factor was permanent treatments applying distilled water, sucrose 4% (Merck Company), peppermint (100 mg.L^-1), thyme (100 mg.L^-1) and clove (300 mg.L^-1) essential oils (EO) (Zardband Company, Iran). Pulse treatments were applied for 24 h. Treated stems were then stood into vases containing permanent treatments. Vase solutions were freshly prepared at the beginning of the experiment and not renewed during of the study. The measured traits were: flower vase life, flower water content (WC), relative fresh weight (RFW), water loss (WL), water uptake (WU), total soluble solid (TSS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) amount (Biovision Colorimetric Assay Kit, USA). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at 20-22°C, 40-50% RH, and 15 µmol.m^-2.s^-1 light intensity (cool white florescent tubes) under a daily light period of 12 hours. The obtained data were analyzed using MSTAT-C program and mean comparison was done using LSD range test. Results and Discussion The results showed that NS 10 mg.L^-1 with thyme EO 100 mg.L^-1 (14.25 days) and NS 10 mg.L^-1 followed by peppermint EO 100 mg.L^-1 (14 days) had the best effect on longevity and maintaining the water content of gerbera cv. ‘Rosalin’ cut flower, compared to other treatments. Flower WC was high (about 90%) except in 4% sucrose permanent treatment flowers which had negative effect and decreased more rapidly during the vase life period. Despite antimicrobial preservative application, RFW, WU, WL and TSS generally had a decreasing trend during the experiment. However, it was observed that flowers treated by NS 10 mg.L^-1 (0.86 g.g^-1), thyme (0.77 g.g^-1) and peppermint (0.72 g.g^-1) EOs had the highest RFW on the eighth day of the experiment, but 4% sucrose (0.59 g.g^-1) permanent treatment reduced RFW during cut flower vase life. The highest WU was observed in SA 100 mg/L (67.28 g), NS 5 (61.31 g) and 10 mg/L (60.35 g) on the second day. According to the results of this research, pulsing by NS 5 and 10 mg.L^-1 and SA 100 mg.L^-1 resulted in the most WL on day two (64.24, 57.85 and 64.95 g respectively). TSS of the cut flowers decreased with time, however reduction rates were delayed in SA and NS treated flowers. On the eighth day of experiment, long-term treatment showed the greatest effect on TSS amount. Flowers treated by NS 10 mg.L^-1 followed by 4% sucrose and peppermint EO treatment had the highest TSS amount, respectively 3.50 and 3.17 Bx. As time passed, the activities of SOD enzyme increased, however, treated flowers showed significantly higher SOD activity compared to the control. Especially NS 10 mg.L^-1 pulse treatment, followed by thyme and peppermint EOs, indicated the highest amounts (241.43% and 233.94%) of SOD activity on the seventh day of the experiment. During the experiment, MDA increased in the flowers, so that the highest amount of MDA was detected in the control (67.30%) on the seventh day and the lowest was produced in NS 10 mg/L treated flowers followed by thyme (14.88%) and peppermint (19.44%) EOs. Due to the fact that these treatments had the best effects on flower vase life, these results are logical. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, new antimicrobial agents such as NS, thyme and peppermint EOs had a positive effect on flower vase life, WC, RFW and WU and reduced the rate of WL and TSS reduction in flowers. It might be due to this fact that these are very effective antimicrobial agents, inhibited the microbial growth and prevented bacterial plugging in conducting tissues. NS particles enter to cell, tissue and organs, so they can inhibit the respiration and electron transfer system and material transfer in microbial cell membrane. The application of natural phenolic compound like EOs reduced the accumulation of MDA and enhanced SOD enzyme activity. Therefore, due to the undesirable results of chemical preservative on human and environmental health, EOs can be very good substitutes for preserving cut flowers postharvest life.

Abstract Introduction Currently, salinity stress is one of the most important challenges in the agriculture and is the main growth limiting factor of many plant species. Saline stress adversely affects the plant's physiological and biochemical process which leads to a considerable reduction of plant growth and yield. Shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) is a perennial plant from the Alliaceae family, which is one of the native and valuable plants of Iran and wildly grows in the slopes of the Zagros Mountain range. The nutritional and medicinal value of shallots is due to the presence of sulfur compounds, especially allicin in the bulbs. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on the changes in growth, physiological and biochemical traits of shallot under different levels of salinity stress in a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The investigated treatments were four levels of salinity (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl) and four levels of salicylic acid (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM). Distilled water (control) and salicylic acid (1, 1.5 and 2 mM) were foliar sprayed on the whole plants at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after sowing date. At the end of the growing season (beginning of yellowing of the leaves of the plants), growth, physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation, osmolality compounds and activity of antioxidant enzymes was carried out in the leaves of treated plants and the amount of pyruvate and allicin was measured in harvested shallot bulbs. Results and Discussion Various abiotic stresses restrict plant productivity, and many efforts have been made to reduce plant growth inhibition by alleviating the disorder’s effects of these stresses. Exogenous application of plant growth regulators has been reported as an economic procedure to improve plant resistance to environmental stresses. It has been previously reported that salicylic acid as a signaling molecule alleviated the adverse effects of different stress conditions. In this experiment, shallot resistance to saline conditions was enhanced by the foliar spray of salicylic acid. The results showed a significant link between salicylic acid treatment and improvement of bulb biomass under saline conditions. Lipid peroxidation regards to accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide increased with increasing salinity intensity. Also, saline stress significantly enhanced the proline and glycine betaine content in stressed plants of shallot. The plant antioxidant activity induced under stress conditions increased the total phenol content as well as the activity of catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. The pyruvate and allicin content of the shallot bulb increased with increasing salinity stress. The decreased in the photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids) led to a decrease in plant growth with the intensification of stress level. So that the lowest leaf area, fresh and dry weight of bulbs were obtained in severely salinity-stressed plants (90 mM NaCl). Foliar application of salicylic acid increased the antioxidant compounds (total phenol, pyruvate and allicin) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POX, APX and SOD) limited the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. The accumulated osmolyte compounds proline and glycine betaine were decreased in treated plant with salicylic acid. The treatment of salicylic acid considerably improved the chlorophyll and carotenoid content especially in salinity-stressed plants. Thus the application of salicylic acid, especially at a concentration of 2 mM, reduced the harmful effects of salinity stress on plant growth and bulb yield by increasing the photosynthetic pigments and consequently photosynthetic efficiency. Also increased growth in the treated plants with salicylic acid has been attributed to changes in the concentration of plant hormones, especially auxins and cytokinin’s (the most important plant growth-stimulating hormones). Nevertheless, the growth reactions of treated plants to salicylic acid are different depending on the used concentration, the plant species and the growth stage at the treatment time. Conclusion In several studies, the effects of salicylic acid on plant growth enhancement under unfavorable environmental condition attributed to salicylic acid-induced changes in plant biochemical and physiological processes. Based on the obtained results, the salinity resistance of the shallot plant in response to salicylic acid is related to the increased antioxidant capacity of the stressed plants, which leads to the improvement of the photosynthetic pigments, and consequently plant growth and bulb biomass under saline condition. Although the present study was performed in the glass greenhouse, the obtained findings showed that salicylic acid application could also be a promising treatment for improving salinity tolerance of A. hirtifolium under field conditions.

Abstract Introduction As an artificial light source, LED bulbs can help to grow better and faster greenhouse products. Meanwhile, blue and red light are important for plant growth. The quality of light in terms of color and wavelength can affect the morphological structure of the plants. Therefore, the use of additional lights in winter, when light exposure is less than normal, can improve plant growth and flowering. It is also advisable to change the quality of light by using artificial light sources in controlled environments such as greenhouses in order to change the quantity and quality of agricultural products, especially fruits. Materials and Methods In this research, the effect of complementary light and nutrition (commercial Calfomyth solution containing high calcium phosphorus and calcium elements along with micronutrient elements) as a pot experiment under non-soil culture conditions in the greenhouse, in the form of split-based plots experiment A completely randomized design with 3 light treatments including: natural light (control), 60% red light + 40% light blue and 90% red light + 10% blue light, and 2 nutritional treatments including: non-spraying with commercial fertilizer, Calfomyth and spraying A concentration of 2,000 in 3 replicates was established and implemented. The traits that were studied in this experiment are: 1- leaf number (count of leaves), 2- plant height by meter, with accuracy 0.01 m, 3- diameter with caliber with accuracy 0.01 mm, 4- Number of flowers (counting), 5- Time of flowering until the product reaches (counting the number of days), 6- Performance: Whole and red ripe fruits were planted and weighed separately from the total fruit weight Per plant was obtained in grams per plant. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP8 software and comparison of means was done using LSD test at 1% and 5% probability levels. Results and Discussion The results showed that the application of additional light on fruit yield, stem diameter and plant height, yield time and leaf number (p≤0.05) were significant. Spraying with Calfomyth could have a significant effect on stem diameter and number of leaves. In the traits such as fruit yield, number of flowers and leaves, the interaction effect of feeding and supplementary light was also significant. The highest elevation was observed for 60% red + 40% blue (25.38 m) and the lowest for light control treatment (20.72 m). Also, the shortest arrival time was 90% red + 10% water treatment in 29 days and the maximum time to reach the product was 45 days. The highest number of leaves belonged to 60% red + 40% blue treatment, as well as spraying with Calfomyth (118), the highest number of flowers (50) was related to 90% red + 10% blue and Calfomyth treatment, and the smallest number ( 15) was related to control treatment. Also, the highest yield (3553 g of fruit per plant) was obtained in Calfomyth treatment with 90% red + 10% blue treatment and the lowest yield (434 g fruit per plant) The control was light and non-foliar treatment. Although light is an important source of photosynthesis, photosynthesis can also be related to a series of optical regulators and optical sensors. Blue and red light cause different optical sensors and expression of genes, each of which can have a positive or negative effect on plant growth and development. Therefore, it can be concluded that the presence of both wavelengths (blue and red) is necessary for conducting, and for this reason, more research is now focused on achieving an appropriate optical composition. Conclusion In this research, all of the morphological traits examined in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plant were subjected to additional exposure by LED bulbs, each of which had a special effect on their receptors in the plant. Maximize growth and yield in the plant. As expected, blue light on vegetative traits and red light were more effective on reproductive traits. It can be said that the existence of both wavelengths (blue and red) is essential for the better and complete growth of the plant. In addition to the positive effect of wavelengths, the positive effect of leaf spraying can also be observed, which, along with the neodymium, could improve growth. The results of this study showed that the performance and growth under the cover of LED light (red and blue combination) were superior to natural conditions. Therefore, it could be suggested that the use of these lamps, as well as spraying with Calfomyth commercial fertilizer, could be feasible for better production in controlled conditions (greenhouse). It seems that application of complementary lights with proper nutrition can improve the performance and growth of tomato plants in greenhouse conditions.

Abstract Introduction Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a warm-season herbaceous plant from the Lamiaceae family, is a valuable medicinal and culinary herb widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Its aromatic leaves and mucilaginous seeds, beneficial for soothing sore throats, make it a significant crop in West Asia and the Middle East. As global populations grow, greenhouse and urban farming, such as vertical farming systems, have gained prominence to ensure year-round production (Massa, 2006). However, basil’s growth and productivity are often limited during low-light conditions, particularly in colder seasons. To address this, artificial lighting, particularly light-emitting diodes (LEDs), has emerged as a powerful tool due to their ability to deliver specific wavelengths, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and optimal photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) efficiency (80–100%) (Darko et al., 2014). LEDs allow precise control over light quality and intensity, enhancing plant biomass and secondary metabolite production. Additionally, ascorbic acid, a potent antioxidant, plays a critical role in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improving plant growth under stress conditions (Shigeoka et al., 2002). Previous studies have shown that specific light spectra, particularly red and blue combinations, enhance terpenoid and phenolic content in basil (Rihan et al., 2020; Rafiei et al., 2023). Similarly, foliar application of ascorbic acid has been reported to improve growth and mitigate environmental stresses in various plants (Yadollahi et al., 2016; Esmailpour et al., 2023). This study investigates the combined effects of LED light spectra and ascorbic acid foliar application on the morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of basil under controlled conditions, aiming to optimize its production in low-light environments. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in the summer of 2024 at the Horticulture Laboratory of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran. A split-plot design based on a randomized complete block with three replications was employed. The main factor consisted of four LED light treatments: three blue-to-red ratios (75:25 [BBBR], 50:50 [BBRR], 25:75 [BRRR]) and full-spectrum white light (FFFF). Red light was set at 660 nm, and blue light at 440 nm, with a photoperiod of 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness daily. The sub-factor included two levels of ascorbic acid foliar application (0.5 g.L^-1 weekly and no application). Basil seeds were sown in plastic pots filled with a 1:1 mixture of perlite and cocopeat and fertilized using Hoagland’s solution via fertigation. Morphophysiological traits, including stem diameter, number of lateral branches, leaf count, fresh and dry shoot weight, root fresh and dry weight, and root volume, were measured. Phytochemical traits, such as antioxidant activity (DPPH method, measured at 517 nm), total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method, measured at 765 nm), and flavonoid content (aluminum chloride method, measured at 415 nm), were assessed using a spectrophotometer (UV-1800PC, Shimadzu, Japan). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were compared using appropriate statistical tests. Results and Discussion The results demonstrated that the red-blue (75:25) light treatment significantly enhanced several morphophysiological traits compared to full-spectrum light, increasing stem diameter by 8%, lateral branches by 26%, leaf count by 15%, fresh leaf weight by 39%, and dry shoot weight by 25%. Foliar application of ascorbic acid further amplified these traits, with increases of 23%, 21%, 20%, 44%, and 31%, respectively. The combination of red-blue (75:25) light and ascorbic acid resulted in the highest stem height, root dry weight, and root volume, indicating a synergistic effect. These findings align with previous research showing that red light promotes stem elongation and biomass accumulation through gibberellin synthesis, while blue light regulates cellular expansion via cryptochromes (Hosseini et al., 2019; Kaiser et al., 2019). Ascorbic acid likely enhanced growth by acting as a coenzyme in photosynthesis and hormone biosynthesis, increasing carbohydrate production and nutrient uptake (Barkosky and Einhellig, 2003). For phytochemical traits, the red-blue (50:50) light without ascorbic acid yielded the highest antioxidant activity, suggesting that balanced light spectra stimulate defense mechanisms. The red-blue (75:25) light increased phenolic content by 12% and flavonoid content by 28% compared to full-spectrum light, consistent with studies showing that blue light enhances phenylpropanoid biosynthesis via phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activation (Rafiei et al., 2023). However, ascorbic acid did not significantly increase flavonoid content, possibly due to metabolic saturation or suppression of defense responses at high antioxidant levels (Azoz et al., 2016). These results highlight the importance of tailored light spectra and nutritional interventions for optimizing basil’s growth and secondary metabolite production. Conclusion This study confirms that LED light spectra, particularly the red-blue (75:25) combination, significantly improve basil’s morphophysiological traits, including stem diameter, leaf count, and biomass, under low-light conditions. Foliar application of ascorbic acid enhances these effects, promoting root development and overall plant growth. While specific light spectra alone can boost antioxidant activity and phenolic content, ascorbic acid’s influence is more pronounced on growth than on flavonoid accumulation. These findings provide a practical framework for optimizing basil production in controlled environments, such as greenhouses and vertical farms, by integrating light quality management with ascorbic acid supplementation. This approach offers a cost-effective strategy to enhance both the quantity and quality of basil, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract Introduction Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the most important domestic herbs in Iran and is one of the earliest spices used by humans. Due to its characteristics such as short growing season, low water requirement, non-interruption of growth season with other agricultural products as well as high economic justification for other crops and export, it has found a special place in arid and semi-arid areas. Organic and chemical fertilizers are necessary for each other and both types of fertilizers are needed to create favorable conditions to improve quantitative and qualitative traits. Overuse of chemical fertilizers has caused several problems in agriculture including changes in the soil structure, contamination of underground waters, and heavy metal toxicity. Agricultural scientists suggest replacing chemical fertilizers with organic products to reduce negative effects on the environment and soil properties. In recent years, neglecting the importance of organic matters to improve soil fertility has led to an increase in chemical fertilizer use in Iran. Organic matter, due to its positive effects on soil, is identified as one of the important pillars of soil productivity. However, more than 60 percent of agricultural soils in Iran contain less than one percent of organic matter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of humic acid and potassium silicate on morphology parameters and the essential oil yield of cumin. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of humic acid and potassium silicate on the growth and yield of Birjand cumin, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with replication in the research field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University in 2023. The first factor included humic acid at three levels (0, 5, and 10 kg.ha^-1) and the second factor was potassium silicate at three levels (0, 2, and 4 per thousand). Humic acid fertilizer was applied with irrigation water at the three-leaf stage, tillering and after fruit formation of cumin. Potassium silicate fertilizer was applied as a foliar spray at the three-leaf stage, tillering and after fruit formation of cumin. After the crop ripened, the plant height, number of lateral shoots per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of umbels per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, percentage and yield of essential oil were measured. Results and Discussion The results of variance analysis showed that the use of potassium silicate and humic acid had a significant effect on the vegetative (plant height, number of lateral shoots), reproductive (number of umbels per plant, number of umbels per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, 1000 weight seed and seed yield) and essential oil characteristics of cumin, such that the highest plant height (15.27 cm) and the number of lateral shoots (3.77) were obtained from the use of 2 per thousand potassium silicate and the highest fresh and dry plant weight was obtained from the use of 4 per thousand potassium silicate. The results of the interaction of treatments showed that the highest 1000-seed weight, seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained from the use of 4 per thousand potassium silicate and 10 kg.ha^-1 humic acid, and the highest plant height, number of umbels and number of seeds per umbel were obtained from the use of 2 per thousand potassium silicate and 5 kg.ha^-1 humic acid. Conclusion In general, the results indicated a positive effect of potassium silicate and humic acid on cumin yield and yield components. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, it seems that simultaneous use of potassium silicate (4 per thousand) and humic acid (10 kg.ha^-1) can be used to improve the seed yield and essential oil of cumin.

Abstract Introduction Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable with great nutritional value. In recent years, the cultivation of onion seedlings has expanded due to the rising production costs and limited water resources. The growth of high-quality seedlings is crucial for achieving optimal and high crop yield. Light quality is a significant factor influencing seedling quality, as it markedly affects the morphological and photosynthetic responses of plants. Currently, LED lights are employed in growth chambers to enhance seedling development. Another important factor influencing seedling growth is the cell volume of the seedling tray. Larger cells offer a more suitable environment for the optimal growth of seedlings; however, increasing the volume of the seedling tray may impose spatial constraints for producers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of various tray cell volumes in combination with different light conditions to improve the growth and quality characteristics of onion (Allium cepa L.) seedlings. Materials and Methods To this end, an experiment was conducted in a factorial design comprising two levels of cell volume (28 cc and 18 cc) and three levels of light composition (75% red: 25% blue, 50% red: 50% blue and 25% red: 75% blue), with three replications, using the Azar Shahr onion cultivar (red and long-day onion). Seed were cultured in the growing substrates (2 coco peat: 4 perlite). After the emergence of the first true leaf (with a leaf length of approximately 5 centimeters), the plants were transferred to a growth chamber equipped with LED lamps and subjected to light treatments for a duration of 45 days. Ultimately, after the seedlings were removed from the growth chamber, various growth parameters were measured, including seedling height, length of the longest true leaf, root length, Pesodostem diameter and length, fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid), Fv/Fm, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, total carbohydrate content and total phenolic content. At the end of the experiment, data analysis was performed using SAS software (version: 9.1). Results and Discussion According to the results, in the 18 cc cell compared to the 28 cc cell and at all light treatment, seedling length, length of the longest leaf and Pseudostem length increased and root length, fresh and dry weight decreased. However, in the 18cc cell, using a 75% red: 25% blue light treatment resulted in the highest quality seedlings with a length of 25.5 cm, Pseudostem diameter (2.13 mm), Pseudostem length (3.4 mm) and dry weight (34 mg). At all light levels, cell volume reduction resulted in a decrease in photosynthetic pigments (amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid), Fv/Fm, a decrease in substomatal carbon dioxide, photosynthetic rate, soluble carbohydrates and phenol content. However, the highest levels of these parameters were observed in the small cell, in the 75% red: 25% blue light treatment. At all it seems that, using a smaller cell volume reduces the root's access to oxygen, water and nutrients, leading to reduced root growth and some seedling quality parameters. Also, reducing the cell volume increases the number of plants per tray. This increased density reduces the seedling's access to the appropriate light treatment. However, using an appropriate light treatment can improve growth and physiological parameters. Overall, in the smaller cell with high planting density, the use of the 75% red: 25% blue light combination can lead to improved growth and increased seedling quality. Under red light treatment, plants have smaller stomata and can more effectively control the process of stomatal opening and closing. In this light, in addition to the entry of carbon dioxide, a smaller amount of water is lost, which also increases water consumption efficiency. Therefore, combining red and blue light can offset the negative effects of red and blue light and increase the rate of photosynthesis. However, the response of different plant species to different ratios of red to blue light may vary. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings indicate that utilizing trays with smaller cell volumes (which allows for higher planting densities) can be economically beneficial and space-efficient. However, to ensure optimal onion seedling quality, it is crucial to implement a light composition of 75% red and 25% blue during the growth period.

Abstract Introduction
Cut tuberose flowers face challenges such as reduced vase life and postharvest quality deterioration. This problem is mainly caused by various factors such as dehydration, vascular blockage due to bacterial growth, ethylene accumulation and oxidative stress, which lead to a reduction in the postharvest lifespan of flowers. To address these challenges, the use of chemical and natural compounds has been considered an effective method to extend postharvest longevity and maintain the quality of cut flowers. Aluminum sulfate helps to preserve the freshness of cut flowers by reducing microbial growth, improving water uptake and preventing vascular blockage. The use of aluminum sulfate in vase solutions has shown to increase of the postharvest lifespan in certain cut flowers, such as roses, gardenias and lisianthus. Plant essential oils (containing phenol), possess antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. They can inhibit microbial growth in vase solutions and prevent cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. The positive effects of certain essential oils on extending the vase life of some cut flowers, including gerberas, roses and alstroemerias, have been reported. Cobalt chloride prevents vascular blockage caused by bacterial agents in stems and maintains a high-water flow rate, leading to improved water uptake by cut flowers. This salt can also extend vase life by inhibiting ethylene production, preventing its accumulation and reducing respiration. The beneficial effect of cobalt chloride on increasing the vase life of some ornamental cut flowers, including roses, carnations, tuberoses, gladiolus and chrysanthemums, has been reported. 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) is an inhibitor of ethylene production and reduces respiration rate. In cut flowers such as dendrobium, gerbera and gladiolus, 8-HQS extended the vase life by preventing microbial growth, reducing respiration rate and enhancing water absorption. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aluminum sulfate, Eryngium spp. essential oil, cobalt chloride and 8-HQS on the postharvest longevity of cut tuberose flowers (Polianthes tuberosa).

Materials and Methods
Cut tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) flowers were obtained from a commercial producer in Tehran Province. To standardize the stem length, all flowers were recut at a 60 cm distance under water and immediately transported to the postharvest laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, to prevent dehydration. Upon arrival, the flowers were placed in distilled water to maintain hydration. For the experiment, five cut flowers were placed in each 2-liter plastic vase and then treated with specific concentrations of the experimental factors. The study was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The effects of different concentrations of aluminum sulfate (50, 100 and 150 mg.L^-1), Eryngium essential oil (10, 20 and 40%), cobalt chloride (200, 300 and 400 mg.L^-1) and 8-HQS (100, 200 and 400 mg.L^-1) on cut flowers parameters such as vase life, water uptake, fresh weight loss, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, bacterial colony count and antioxidant enzyme activity were evaluated. Thus, the present experiment consisted of 12 treatments, 3 replications and 5 flower stems per replication, totaling 36 experimental units (plots). Treatments were applied permanently, with each treatment prepared based on a 500 mL volume in the plastic vase. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by the LSD at P < 0.05 using the SAS ver. 9.2 software.

Results and Discussion
The results showed that treatment with aluminum sulfate significantly increased vase life and prevented fresh weight loss. Aluminum sulfate improved water uptake and preserved chlorophyll content, thereby enhancing the longevity of the flowers. Eryngium essential oil also had a positive effect on maintaining flower quality due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Results of the variance analysis showed that treatments with aluminum sulfate, Eryngium essential oil, cobalt chloride and 8-HQS significantly increased the vase life of tuberose cut flowers (P < 0.01). The effect of treatments was significant for most traits. The longest vase life (12 and 11.50 days) was observed in aluminum sulfate at 100 and 50 mg.L^-1, respectively, while the control treatment had a vase life of only 8 days. The highest water uptake was observed in treatments with aluminum sulfate (100 mg.L^-1), 8-HQS (200 mg.L^-1) and Eryngium essential oil (10 mg.L^-1). The control treatment had the highest bacterial population at the stem base (33 CFU.mL^-1) and vase solution (73 CFU.mL^-1). 8-HQS (400 mg.L^-1) showed the lowest bacterial population at the stem base (4 CFU.mL^-1). Just some treatments were selected for measurement of enzymes activity. Among the selected treatments, Eryngium essential oil (20 mg.L^-1) exhibited the highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, while the control treatment (0.07 µmol.g^-1 fresh weight) had the lowest. The control treatment (9.47 µmol.g^-1 fresh weight/min) showed the highest catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, while cobalt chloride (300 mg.L^-1, 1.84 µmol/g fresh weight.min^-1) had the lowest. Aluminum sulfate can partially reduce ethylene production and respiration rate in cut flowers. It primarily acts as an antimicrobial agent, indirectly extending vase life. Some studies suggest aluminum may moderately reduce lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. The aluminum ion may interact with cell walls, enhancing tissue rigidity and delaying wilting. Studies on roses, peonies and gladiolus confirmed that aluminum sulfate delays senescence by inhibiting microbial growth, preventing bacterial blockage and improving water uptake. Plant essential oils (e.g., in tuberose, chrysanthemum, gerbera, gladiolus and carnation) extend postharvest life due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, reducing microbial load in vase solutions and ethylene production. 8-HQS, as a disinfectant, extended vase life in peonies, dendrobium and gladiolus by inhibiting bacteria, enhancing water uptake, delaying senescence, suppressing ethylene and reducing respiration rate. Increased POD activity in treated flowers indicates enhanced antioxidant defense, crucial for neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress. Reduced CAT activity in treated tuberose flowers may result from lower ROS production, direct inhibition of enzyme activity, hormonal/metabolic signaling changes and delayed oxidative stress and senescence.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that the use of these compounds particularly aluminum sulfate at the concentration of 100 and 50 mg.L^-1 can be an effective method to improve the postharvest longevity and quality of cut tuberose flowers.

Abstract Introduction Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetables in Iran and is cultivated in 51.499 hectares. The cultivated area of this crop in the short-day southern regions is 25.964 hectares, which is equivalent to more than 50% of the cultivated onion area in Iran. Commercial short-day onion cultivars are cultivated in most of these regions, so a large amount of currency is spent to import short-day onion seed. In addition, the increase in the currency rate in recent years has increased the cost of onion production in short-day southern regions. Therefore, it is very important to produce and introduce short-day onion cultivars. This research was conducted to produce half-sib families through open pollination among nine superior onion cultivars. The best half-sib families were selected in terms of bulb yield and storability. Materials and Methods This project was carried out in Isfahan and Khuzestan during three crop years (2020-2023). During two crop years of 2020-2022, a polycross genetic design was carried out among nine short-day onion cultivars (Sahar, Paliz, Saba, Savanasweet, Goldeneye, Duster, Impriaterize, Primavera, and Texas Early Grano) in the Isfahan location (Dastgerd Agriculture Research Station), and half-sib families were produced. The progenies of half-sib families along with their parents were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 18 treatments and three replications in Khuzestan location (Behbahan Agriculture Research Station) during the crop year of 2022-2023. Seeds were sown in the nursery in early October, and seedlings were transplanted (at the two- or three-leaf stage) in late September. The earliest bulb time was estimated using the bulb ratio and statistical technique of cusums. The studied traits included leaf number and height, bolting percentage, bulb yield, days to maturity, mean bulb weight, mean bulb diameter and height, skin number, total soluble solids, dry matter, and bulb storage losses. Bulbs were harvested when 50-80% of the foliage top had fallen and collapsed. To calculate dry matter content of the bulb, 10 bulbs were randomly selected from each plot and their weight was determined. After drying complete samples in the oven (65 ̊C) and fixing weights (about 72 h), samples were weighed again, and dry matter was calculated. After harvesting and curing, bulbs were stored under uncontrolled storage conditions (no heating, cooling, or ventilation systems), and after 3 months, postharvest bulb storage losses were determined. The results were analyzed using SPSS v.26. software. Means of significant differences among treatments were determined at the 0.05 probability level using Duncan’s test. Correlation coefficients among traits were calculated using the Pearson method. Results and Discussion Bulbing occurred in the studied genotypes in a photoperiod of less than 13 h; therefore, all progenies and their parents were short-day genotypes. Palize cultivar produced the highest yield. The difference in bulb yield among this cultivar and Sahar, Saba, Savana sweet, and Goldeneye cultivars and Saba and Texas Early Grano half-sib families was not significant. The doubling bulb was not observed in the studied genotypes. The highest bulb dry matter percentage was found in Texas Early Grano cultivar. The decrease in the percentage of bulb dry matter in the Saba cultivar and Savanasweet half-sib families was not significant compared with the Texas Early Grano cultivar. The highest skin number was recorded in the Texas Early Grano cultivar. The decrease in the number of skins in Sahar, Primavera, and Saba cultivars was not significant as compared with that in Texas Early Grano cultivar. The lowest bulb storage losses were observed in Sahar cultivar. The differences in this trait among Paliz, Primavera, and Texas Early Grano cultivars and Paliz, Savanasweet, Duster, Primavera, and Texas Early Grano half-sib families were not significant in comparison to Sahar cultivar. The correlation coefficients among bulb yield with leaf number and height, mean bulb weight and diameter were positive and significant at 1% probability level. Differences in days to maturity were not significant in all genotypes; therefore, final progeny selection was made with emphasis on bulb yield and storage losses. According to these results and comparison of days to maturity, yield and bulb storage losses in progenies half -sib with maternal parent and parents' mean the half-sib, progenies of Saba, Daster, and Texas Early Grano were selected. Conclusion The results showed that Texas Early Grano, Saba, and Duster half-sib families with high bulb yields (from 65.18 to 68.29 t.ha^-1) and good storability (storage bulb losses from 11.79% to 15.41%) are promising genotypes for introducing as short-day indigenous onion cultivars.

Abstract Introduction Melon (Cucumis melo L., Cucurbitaceae family) is an important commercial fruit crop that is extensively grown throughout the world due to its generally very good adaptation to climate and soil. The quality of melon fruits represents a combination of a wide range of physical characteristics (fruit size, shape, texture, firmness, etc.) and chemical compositions (acidity, sugars, vitamins, phenolic compounds, etc.), which are very important for consumer acceptability and marketability. On the other side, high-quality fruit must be achieved in the field because after harvesting time all fruit attributes can only be preserved, not improved. Hence, harvesting time plays an essential role in determining quality and marketability as well as storage life of melon fruits. Moreover, the accurate determination of harvesting time and ripening stages of melon fruit have widespread application to improve its management. Despite the increasing consumption and the cultivation of various melon accessions in different regions of Iran, the physical characteristics and chemical compositions of some fruit melon accessions (particularly lesser-known accessions) during fruit ripening have not yet been evaluated in detail. With this background, the specific objectives of the study were, primarily, to monitor and compare the changes of physicochemical traits, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of two Iranian melon accessions (‘Chaghercheh’ and ‘Zamcheh’) during the ripening process and, secondly, to determine the optimal harvesting time to achieve maximum fruit quality and marketability. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the influence of ripening process on quantitative and qualitative fruit properties of two lesser-known melon accessions (‘Chaghercheh’ and ‘Zamcheh’) have grown in Gonbad Kavous, the experiment was conducted according to a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with 4 replicates (five fruits per replication) during two years (2023-2024). The developing fruits were hand-harvested at five different developing stages from 10 days after fruit set up to fruit ripening (namely, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after fruit set) during June and July. Data from two years were combined and analyzed by Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software using analysis of variance and differences among means were determined for significance at P ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s test. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to identify the relationship between the different physical and chemical characteristics. Results and Discussion The findings of this experiment confirmed that there were significant differences among the different harvest times in all measured factors for both accessions. The fresh weight and dimensions of fruit, thickness and percentage of pulp increased throughout fruit ripening and reached to the maximum values at last harvesting stage, while fruit firmness, peel thickness, percentages of peel and seed showed a descending trend in the same period. At full maturation stage, the both melon accessions exhibited the highest total soluble solids and pH, along with the lowest titratable acidity, resulting in the highest maturity index. As the ripening proceeded, levels of ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity incremented, and reaching the peaks on 30th day after fruit set, but afterward mentioned factors reduced dramatically until the end of the harvesting period. Also, significant differences of all measured parameters were statistically detected among two melon accessions. At full maturation stage, the fruit fresh weight, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity were varied from 2438.12 (‘Zamcheh’) to 2941.17 g (‘Chaghercheh’), 14.02 (‘Zamcheh’) to 20.66 N (‘Chaghercheh’), 13.17 (‘Chaghercheh’) to 15.23 °Brix (‘Zamcheh’), 0.59 (‘Zamcheh’) to 0.79 mg.100 g^-1 FW (‘Chaghercheh’), 17.80 (‘Zamcheh’) to 19.47 mg.100 g^-1 FW (‘Chaghercheh’), 21.34 (‘Zamcheh’) to 22.48 mg.100 g^-1 FW (‘Chaghercheh’), and 22.26 (‘Zamcheh’) to 24.08% (‘Chaghercheh’), respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity was positively correlated with total phenolics (r = 0.936) and ascorbic acid (r = 0.869). Conclusion Overall, the data of this study revealed the degree of maturity and the variety are main parameters controlling the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of melon fruit. The both accessions showed identical evolution trends throughout their growth and development. The period between 40 and 50 days after fruit set seemed to be the most active time of fruit ripening in both accessions, which growers can maximize marketability, nutritional value and quality of melon fruit by choosing the ideal harvest. In general, the both accessions are potential source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity that can be regarded as an important nutrient for dietary and health of human. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Gorgan and Gonbad Kavous University for their cooperation.