Pomology
Mahmud Hasanabadi; Majid Azizi; Gholamhossein Davarinejad; Hojatollah Bodaghi; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruits cultivated in many areas with different climates all over the world. Grape, which is rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolic acids, is highly regarded in terms of economic value. Salicylic acid is one ...
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Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruits cultivated in many areas with different climates all over the world. Grape, which is rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolic acids, is highly regarded in terms of economic value. Salicylic acid is one of the compounds which have been used in recent years for improving the physicochemical properties of many fruits. The application of salicylic acid increases the shelf life of crops by inhibiting ethylene production and respiration, as well as by reducing the activity of some enzymes which are responsible for softening the cell wall. Furthermore, salicylic acid results in the enhancement of phenolic compound production by increasing the activity of some enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.Materials and Methods The present study was conducted in 2014 on 13-year-old Shahroodi grapes that were grown using a head-training system with a spacing of 2m × 2m in "Shahrood" County, Semnan Province. A total of 60 grapevines with uniform age and growth characteristics were selected for the experiment. Salicylic acid was obtained from Merck and solutions were prepared using a small amount of organic solvent and surfactant to reduce the surface tension of the solutions. For the purpose, the Salicylic acid powder was dissolved in a few drops of ethanol and a few drops of Tween 20 for improving solution penetration to the plants, The solution was prepared at concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 mM. Then the plants were sprayed two weeks after the fruit set stage (when berries were at the pea-sized stage with a diameter of 4 to 5 mm). The experimental design used in this experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. After harvesting and transporting of fruits to the laboratory, different characteristics were measured:Chlorophyll and carotenoid ContentChlorophyll a, b, and total Chlorophyll and carotenoid content measured according to Arnon (1967) method in grape leaves. The extraction steps were carried out with full precision to minimize contact with heat and light. In order to stabilize the pigments, the samples taken from the central part of the mature leaves were immediately ground in liquid nitrogen. The samples were vortexed two times with an interval of one minute and stored for 1.5 hours at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius in order to dissolve the pigments in cold acetone solvent. After that, they were centrifuged for 15 minutes at a speed of 6000 rpm. The supernatant after centrifugation of the samples was used to measure chlorophyll and total carotenoids. The absorbance of the samples was read at three wavelengths of 470, 645, and 663 nm using a Shimadzu UV (160) spectrophotometer. Using the absorbance of the samples in these three wavelengths and the equations below, the amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids were calculated in terms of milligrams per gram of tissue sample weight.Fruit characteristics Fruit characteristics such as fruit yield, fruit firmness (with magnets-Taylor device), sugar and acid content, and content of phenolic compounds were also measured. The fruit tissue firmness was measured using a firmness tester (model FDKA 32, Wagner) and expressed in Newtons per square centimeter. The characteristics of soluble solids (TSS) were expressed using a handheld refractometer (Ataga, Japan) and expressed in terms of Brix, the pH of the extract was measured using a digital pH meter (Sartorius PP-20, Germany). Titratable acidity or TA was done through the titration of the extract using 0.1 normal sodium until pH 1.8-2.8 and its results were reported using the following formula and under the title of tartaric acid percentage.Total phenol content The amount of total phenol was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and spectrophotometry. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured after 120 minutes of storage in the absence of light at a wavelength of 765 nm using a Shimadzu UV spectrophotometer (160). The amount of total phenol was expressed from the standard curve in terms of mg of gallic acid per 100 grams of extract in three replicates for each sample and standard.Total flavonoid The amount of total flavonoid was measured by aluminum chloride calorimetric method. In this experiment, 50 microliters of methanolic extract from the flesh and fruit skin were combined with 10 microliters of 10% aluminum chloride and 10 microliters of 1 M potassium acetate. Then, 280 microliters of double distilled water were added to the mixture. After the samples were mixed, they were left at room temperature for 40 minutes. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at a wavelength of 415 nm using a Shimadzu UV spectrophotometer (160) in three replicates. A blank containing double distilled water was used for comparison. The amount of total flavonoids was determined based on the standard curve of quercetin and the results were expressed in micrograms of quercetin per gram of fruit skin and flesh weight.Total anthocyanin The amount of total anthocyanin was measured using the difference in pH method. In this method, the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 520 and 700 nm along with potassium chloride and sodium acetate buffers with different pH values of 1 and 4.5.Results The results of the data analysis of variance showed that the application of salicylic acid resulted in significant differences in the measured characteristics. Therefore, the use of this compound improved the physical and biochemical quality of the treated grape clusters.Comparison of treatments means showed that using 2 mM salicylic acid brought about a significant effect on the amount of chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoids compared to other treatments, especially control. Salicylic acid application caused a reduction in pH and soluble solids, and an increase in firmness, 100-berry weight and yield. The results of the study indicated a significant increase in organic acids and a decrease in reducing sugars in the grape clusters treated with salicylic acid. The highest amount of tartaric acid was found in the treatment with 2 mM salicylic acid, with an average of 0.66, while the control treatment had the lowest amount of tartaric acid, with an average of 0.52. This suggests that the use of salicylic acid led to a reduction in transpiration and consumption of organic acids. In terms of reducing sugars, the highest and lowest amounts were observed in the control treatment (14%/74) and the treatment with 2 mM salicylic acid (13%/60), respectively. Increasing the concentration of salicylic acid up to 2 mM resulted in the enhancement of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds contents, but higher concentrations (more than 2 mM) reduced the amounts of these compounds in treated fruits.Conclusion Pre-harvest use of salicylic acid could have a positive effect on the improvement of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of grape cv. Shahroodi. However, further comprehensive studies are needed to be conducted to recommend this compound to the growers of fruit trees.
Hassan Farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi Sharifani; Mehdi Alizadeh; Hossein Hokmabadi; Sasan Aliniaeifard
Abstract
Introduction: Agriculture of Iran is known worldwide for its pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) and is one of the most important non-oil exports. Therefore, attempts to improve the yield can be one of the primary goals in the pistachio industry in Iran. Due to the drought problem in Iran, increasing the cultivation ...
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Introduction: Agriculture of Iran is known worldwide for its pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) and is one of the most important non-oil exports. Therefore, attempts to improve the yield can be one of the primary goals in the pistachio industry in Iran. Due to the drought problem in Iran, increasing the cultivation area to increase production may not be a good option. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the drought tolerance of different pistachio seedlings from open pollination and pollinated with domestic species pollen and controlled crosses using integerrima pollen in order to find the most tolerant genotypes.
Materials and Methods:
The first step: Controlled pollination and hybrid seed production In order to produce hybrid seeds, a controlled pollination using integerrima pollen grains at Razavi Pistachio Research Institute was conducted for five cultivars; Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh and Fandoghi. Each replication had a tree and from each tree, seven branches were selected that had at least three to four flower buds and four branches from it for controlled pollination, two branches for open pollination and a branch was considered for negative control. Before the flower clusters were fully opened, 70% alcohol was sprayed on the branches to prevent the possibility of unwanted pollen. In order to ensure controlled pollination, in the bud swelling stage, the branches were isolated by double-layered bags measuring 30 × 45 cm. Pollen was collected from the Arzooieh area of Kerman province to select the male parent of integerrima. Then, a combination of flour and integerrima pollen (1:1 ratio) was injected into the insulating bags and pollination was performed. In late summer, hybrid seeds were harvested.
The second stage: Drought resistance test of hybrids obtained from first step The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a Completely Randomized Design with four replications at the research greenhouse located in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2019-2020. The treatments were consisted of ten pistachio genotypes; Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh, Fandoghi and (hybrids between integerrima as the pollinizer and genotypes of Ahmad Aghaie, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh and Fandoghi were applied as the maternal parent and three levels of drought including control (field capacity), mild stress (65% of field capacity) and severe stress (30% of field capacity) were applied on 3 months old seedlings for 84 days. Seeds obtained from free and controlled pollination were planted in pots with a diameter of 33 cm and a height of 35 cm on April 6, 2017. Three seeds were planted in each experimental unit, and after planting and ensuring establishment, the number of plants in the pot was reduced to the final level of one in each pot. Each replication was consisted of four experimental units or four pots, and each pot was contained a plant. At the end of the experiment, growth and physiological parameters were measured. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using SAS 9.1 software.
Results and Discussion: Results of statistical analysis showed drought stress had a significant effect on leaf number, stem length, root length, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and leaf and root proline content. With increasing drought levels, all traits except root length, electrolyte leakage and proline content were reduced in comparison with control. Sorkheh Hosseini × integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei × integerrima, Akbari × integerrima interactions and genotypes of fandoghi and fandoghi × integerrima interaction were superior in the most of traits by drought, respectively. Based on the results it seems hybrids of Sorkhe Hosseini × integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei × integerrima and Akbari× integerrima crosses will be used as genotypes with dry-tolerant genes to modify cultivars in arid regions.
Fatemeh Davoodi; Mehdi Rezaei; Parviz Hidari; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Iran is known as the origin of Persian walnut in the world, and so the study of genetic diversity, identifying and introducing superior walnut genotypes from the main walnut production areas in Iran is very important. From the beginning of the year 2001, seeds of selected walnut genotypes ...
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Introduction: Iran is known as the origin of Persian walnut in the world, and so the study of genetic diversity, identifying and introducing superior walnut genotypes from the main walnut production areas in Iran is very important. From the beginning of the year 2001, seeds of selected walnut genotypes from important walnut production area of Iran were collected and cultivated in a walnut collection in Semnan Research Center (Shahrood), Iran. From this collection, promising walnut genotypes were selected based on climate adaptability to Shahrood area and pomological characteristics. In this research, in addition to introducing fruit characters of these walnut selected genotypes, genetic diversity and their genotypes relationship in the genome level have been also investigated with the ISSR markers.
Materials and Methods: 40 selected genotypes of important walnut regions of Iran (Tuyserkan, Orumieh, Karaj and Khorasan province) were cultivated in a walnut collection at the Shahrood Research Center in 2001. From these seedlings, 21 genotypes were selected on the base of pomological characteristics and they were grafted onto Persian walnut seedlings. Pomological traits of the fruits of these selected genotypes including the average of nut weight, kernel weight, kernel percentage, shell attachment to the kernel, kernel color, shell thickness and nut size and shape were measured. DNA was extracted from young leaves of walnut genotype by CTAB method and its quality and quantity evaluated on the agarose gel as well as the Nano drop, and then genomic DNA was amplified with the 10 ISSR primers in PCR. The amplified bands were separated by Metaphor agarose gel and stained with Ethidium bromide. For each primer, the amplified band range, the total number of bands, the number of polymorphic bands, the polymorphic percentage, Average informative band (AvIb) and resolving power (Rp) was determined. UPGMA dendrogram based on Jaccard similarity matrix was the performance by Ntsys 2.0 software. Principle Coordinate analysis was performed based on the genetic distance matrix with GenAlex 6.2 software.
Results and Discussion: The mean of fruit and kernel weight in selected walnut genotypes were 14.34 and 7.33 g, respectively. The highest nut and kernel weight was found to be 17.5 and 10.3 g, respectively in OR23. The Kernel weight was more than kernel weight reported by Shamlu et al. (2015), Yarilgak et al. (2001) and Tasmuris et al. (2002) (9.40, 8.88 and 6.32 g). The average of kernel percentage in selected walnuts was 51.5%. The highest percentage of the kernel (62.7%) was observed in T12 genotype. from the ten ISSR primers in 21 walnut genotypes, 112 DNA fragments were amplified and 102 DNA bonds of them were polymorphic and they were used for genetic variation analysis. The highest number of amplified DNA bands was observed in UBC826 and UBC888 primers with 14 bands. The highest average band informative (AvIb), 0.62, was observed in UBC887 and UBC886 primers. The highest resolving power (Rp) was found to be 7.71 in UBC826 primer and then in UBC.887 primer. The Jaccard' similarity coefficient of genotypes varies from 0.51 to 0.88. The results showed that the genetic distance of selected genotypes of walnut is medium. The dendrogram analysis of 21 genotypes of walnuts was divided genotypes into two main groups and three subgroups in the first group, which greatly matched the results of the PCoA. The genotypes were collected from Shahrood were inserted on the first subgroup of GI in dendrogram analysis, except of KH4 and OR37 genotypes, and the highest genetic similarity was observed between some of these genotypes (R1G2 with R2G1 and R1G7). The second group includes genotypes KH34, OR26, and SH1. Subgroup 3 of the first group contains R2G8, K26, OR23, T12, and K28. The second group has high genetic distances including R2G4, KH31, T1, OR4, and T9.
Conclusion: The ISSR marker technology is an inexpensive, easy and satisfactory way to evaluate genetic relationships and genetic variation among walnut cultivars. The results of this research showed that these markers (ISSR) are suitable for study of variation in walnut genotypes. The genotypes collected from Shahrood had a lower genetic diversity, and the observed diversity is probably related to human interactions. The Tuyserkan and Urmia genotypes showed more genetic variation. The results of clustering based on molecular markers were largely matched with the grouping based on qualitative traits. The results showed that there is a moderate genetic distance between selected walnuts genotypes. The genotypes collected from Urmia and Tuyserkan regions have a higher genetic distance than other genotypes and which according to their superior characteristics, they can be used as parent along with selected walnut genotypes from the Shahrood area in a breeding program.
Ali Tajabadipour; Mohammadreza Fattahi; Zabihollah Zamani; Fatemeh Nasibi; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Spring cold injury is one of the main limiting factors to production and distribution of pistachio. Pistachio is one of the most valuable and exported agricultural crops of Iran. Since, spring frosts results to considerabe damage to this plant, hence, it is important to investigate methods ...
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Introduction: Spring cold injury is one of the main limiting factors to production and distribution of pistachio. Pistachio is one of the most valuable and exported agricultural crops of Iran. Since, spring frosts results to considerabe damage to this plant, hence, it is important to investigate methods for reducing freezing damage. For this reason, selection of rootstocks and cultivars are an important objective in breeding programs. Freezing temperatures (below 0ºC) cause the movement of water from the protoplast to the extracellular space, resulting in the growth of extracellular ice crystals and ultimately, cell dehydration. Plants have developed complex processes to survive and recover from unfavorable conditions. To tolerate cold stresses, plants develop multiple mechanisms, including the accumulation of cryoprotective molecules and proteins, alterations in membrane lipid composition, and primary and secondary metabolite composition, as well as changes in global gene and protein expression Frost affects cell membranes, which become less permeable, and even break, giving rise to the leakage of solute from damaged cells. There is often a good correlation between ion leakage and freezing tolerance (22). Sugars may depress the freezing point of the tissue and act as a nutrient and energy reserve, alter phase properties of membranes in the dry state and act as cryoprotectants to preserve protein structure and function. Other compounds acting similarly are lipids, soluble proteins and free proline (44). Proline seems to have diverse roles under osmotic stress conditions, such as stabilization of proteins, membranes and subcellular structures and protecting cellular functions by scavenging reactive oxygen species (23). The aim of the present study was to evaluate different degrees of sensitivity to low temperatures in different genotypes and ‘Ahmad-Aghaii’ cultivar in relation to physiological and biochemical changes in field conditions.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the effects of rootstock on pistachio cultivar ‘Ahmad-Aghaii’ under freezing stress conditions, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized completely design (RCD) with four replications. Treatments consisted of two levels: 1- rootstock genotype (four cold sensitive and tolerant rootstocks) and 2- temperatures (-2 and -4 ºC). The sampling was performed in full bloom stage from apical branches of pistachio cultivar ‘Ahmad-Aghaii’ budded on these rootstock genotypes. The branches in pots contain distillted water treated under -2 and -4 °C for 2 h. After treatment, the chilling index was determined. Flower clusters were used for measuring physiological and biochemical parameters. All determinations were carried out in four triplicates and data were subjected to analysis of variance. Analysis of variance was performed using the ANOVA procedure. Statistical analyses were performed according to the SAS software. Significant differences between means were determined by Duncan’s multiple range tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that chilling index was significantly lower in the cold-tolerant rootstocks than cold-sensitive rootstocks at -2 and -4 ºC. Also, Results indicated that electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in tolerant rootstocks than sensitive ones. The content of soluble carbohydrate, total protein and proline were significantly higher intolerant rootstocks than sensitive ones. The activity of anti-oxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) in tolerant rootstocks was greater than sensitive rootstocks. The reaction of temperature and rootstock indicated that electronic leakage, proline, H2O2,و and MDA significantly increased in -4 ºC. The activity of anti-oxidant enzymes APX, GPX and CAT decreased in -4 ºC as compared to -2 °C especially in cold-sensitive rootstocks. Some researchers believe that the accumulation of proline is as an index to select the drought-resistance varieties (26, 48). Stated that there was no comprehensive information about the relationship between the accumulation of proline and tension resistance. Research on apricot and peach confirmed the results of the present study because this pattern is also seen in their proline level (26 and 41). While the starch concentration decreases during the dormancy, the amount of proline increases which is in accordance with their results (36).
Conclusions: In this study, the damage of the membrane increased with decreasing temperature. The results showed that the rootstocks could increase the resistance to cold by increasing the amount of soluble sugars, protein, proline and the activity of the antioxidant system in the shoots and leaves of the scion. Regarding physiological and biochemical studies, it was determined that ‘Ahmad-Aghaii’ cultivar budded on cold tolerant rootstocks had higher soluble sugars, total protein, proline and CAT, APX and GPX enzymes activity and had less chilling index, ion leakage, H2O2 and MDA, which indicates less damage to the membrane of the cell and its contents compared with the cultivar 'Ahmad-Aghaii' budding to sensitive rootstocks. Consequently, the findings of this study selected TR1 as the most tolerant rootstock compared to other ones.
Majid Esmaeilizade; Ali Reza Talaie; Hossein Lesani; Amanollah Javanshah; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
In order to prevent of inflorescence bud abscission and reduce of alternate bearing in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’ an experiment with 12 treatments including of girdling, fruit thinning, application of urea (0.5%), sucrose (3 and 5%) and their combination with urea, zinc sulfate (0.05 and 0.1% of pure ...
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In order to prevent of inflorescence bud abscission and reduce of alternate bearing in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’ an experiment with 12 treatments including of girdling, fruit thinning, application of urea (0.5%), sucrose (3 and 5%) and their combination with urea, zinc sulfate (0.05 and 0.1% of pure zinc) and also their combination with urea in 3 replication and during 2 stages, was conducted in 2007 and 2008. The treatments were applied in two different stages of fruit growth and development including: 1- Initiation of rapid growth of nut endosperm and 2- Endosperm completion and initiation of rapid nut embryo growth. The results showed that girdling reduced inflorescence bud abscission, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate significantly, but it didn't have any effect on qualitative and quantitative nut characteristics. The other treatments increased kernel weight and nut dehiscent and reduced ounce (No. of nuts per ounce), blankness, nut deformity and inflorescence bud abscission, but they didn't have any effect on early splitting. With the exception of zinc sulfate treatments, the others increased leaf chlorophyll content, meanwhile sucrose or combination of sucrose with urea reduced photosynthesis rate, but the other treatments increased it.
Hossein Afshari; Sadegh Sajedi; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
In order to study the different concentrations of gibbererlic Acid and girdling on quantity and quality improvement of grape cv, Askari an experiment was carried out in kashmar region on 2012 as factorial in a complete randomized block design.In this experiment the effect of gibberellin at four concentration ...
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In order to study the different concentrations of gibbererlic Acid and girdling on quantity and quality improvement of grape cv, Askari an experiment was carried out in kashmar region on 2012 as factorial in a complete randomized block design.In this experiment the effect of gibberellin at four concentration in two time of flowering and girdling at four time in four replication were performed. Results showed that, gibberellins and girdling treatments increased the pH level relative to control. Highest pH in gibberellin treatments related to 200 ppm with 3.85 mean and in girdling treatments related to 4 weeks after flowering with 3.575 mean. Also the highes content of titratable acidity in gibberellin and girdling was 200 ppm with mean of (% 0/913) and 4 weeks after flowering with mean of (%0/842) and lowest tss belong to control (%0/6107). The highest tss contents belong to 150 ppm gibberellin treatment and in girdling treatment related to 4 weeks after flowering and lowest contest belong to control (%14/75).based on the results of this study we can ve commended gibberellin and treatment in order to enhance the qualitative and quality features of grape cv. askari
Zahra Ahmadi; Seyyed Hossein Mirdehghan; Hossein Hokmabadi; Mohammad Hossein Shamshiri
Abstract
Fresh pistachio nuts undergo biochemical and physiological changes after harvest and postharvest and as a result, it has a short shelf life. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of packaging type and edible coating on quality and increasing the shelf life of fresh pistachio nut. Therefore, ...
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Fresh pistachio nuts undergo biochemical and physiological changes after harvest and postharvest and as a result, it has a short shelf life. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of packaging type and edible coating on quality and increasing the shelf life of fresh pistachio nut. Therefore, two separate experiment were conducted and in first one the individual fresh pistachio were dipped in different concentration of aloe vera gel (0 (control), 25, 33, 50 %) and also Nanocid at 80 and 100 mgl-1 and kept at 4±2°C for 40 days. In second experiment, to compare the plastics produced through Nano technology and usual plastics (nylon), fresh pistachio nut were packed and stored in mentioned condition. Weight loss, pistachio quality appearance and its marketability were examined every 5 day- interval and fat and soluble carbohydrate at the end of storage. The results showed that Nano films comparing to control were useful significantly (p≤0.01) in controlling the weight loss and keeping fresh pistachio’s appearance. Also weight loss and fresh pistachio browning were lower in aloe vera gel treatments and the best results (higher soluble carbohydrate and appearance) come from 25% aloe gel compared to control.
Zahra Mohammadi; Hamid Reza Roosta; Ahmad Tajabadipour; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
This research carried out in the Rafsanjan pistachio orchard to investigate the effect of N form, manure, K and Fe on yield, nut quality and leaf mineral nutrients concentrations of Pistacia vera L. cv. Fandoghi grafted on Badami-Riz Zarand rootstock. The experiment was as factorial with four factors ...
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This research carried out in the Rafsanjan pistachio orchard to investigate the effect of N form, manure, K and Fe on yield, nut quality and leaf mineral nutrients concentrations of Pistacia vera L. cv. Fandoghi grafted on Badami-Riz Zarand rootstock. The experiment was as factorial with four factors including; manure (without manure and 10 kg tree-1 sheep manure), N form (ammonium sulfate and calcium nitrate), K (without K and 600 kg K tree-1) and Fe (without Fe and 100 g Fe tree-1) and randomized complete blocks design with 6 replications. Fertilizers were added to the soil in holes with 40-60 cm depth on two sides of trees, and treatments effects was evaluated during two years. The results showed that ammonium application increased the nut yield compared to nitrate fertilizer, this increase in yield is may related to the higher N and Fe in plants and consequently leaf chlorosis alleviation due to the chlorophyll contents elevation by these elements. Combination of ammonium-N and Fe increased split pistachio nuts. In this research, ammonium application increased the concentration of Fe, Zn, N and K and reduced P, Ca and Mg concentrations in leaves. Therefore, it is suggested to use N fertilizer containing ammonium rather than nitrate in pistachio orchards with mainly high soil pH.
Mahbobeh Rajabi; Hamid Reza Roosta; Hamid Reza Karimi; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
Considering to high lime in pistachio orchards of Iran, choosing of tolerant rootstock and cultivars to high pH is important. In order to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate on pistachio rootstocks factorial trail with two factors of sodium bicarbonate at 3 levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) and pistachio ...
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Considering to high lime in pistachio orchards of Iran, choosing of tolerant rootstock and cultivars to high pH is important. In order to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate on pistachio rootstocks factorial trail with two factors of sodium bicarbonate at 3 levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) and pistachio rootstocks at 4 levels (Atlantica, Sarakhs, Badami-e-Riz Zarand and Qazvini) carried out in hydroponic system. Bicarbonate caused growth reduction in all rootstocks. As the highest reduction in plant fresh weight was observed in Atlantica (70.39%) and Srakhs (51.92%) at 100 mM, and the lowest reduction in Qazvini (31.54%) rootstock. Sodium bicarbonate treatments at 50 and 100 mM caused RWC reduction, proline increase and Cu and Mn reduction in shoots and roots. So that, the highest reduction of Mn and Cu concentrations was observed in Atlantica and the lowest reduction in Qazvini (31.54%) rootstock. The results of this study showed that Qazvini is a tolerant rootstock to sodium bicarbonate, Sarakhs and Badami semi-tolerant and Atlantica sensitive rootstocks.
Reza Mansouri Dehshoaibi; Gholamhossein Davarynejad; Hossein Hokmabadi; Ali Tehranifar
Abstract
Abstract
The present research was done to evaluate proline, proteins and sugars of flower buds of pistachio trees during phonological stages. This study was conducted using a split-plot design with three replications considered time as main factor (5 Stages) and cultivars (Ahmad-aghaee, Ouhadi, Kaleh-ghochi ...
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Abstract
The present research was done to evaluate proline, proteins and sugars of flower buds of pistachio trees during phonological stages. This study was conducted using a split-plot design with three replications considered time as main factor (5 Stages) and cultivars (Ahmad-aghaee, Ouhadi, Kaleh-ghochi and Akbari) as secondary factor. The experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Institute of Pistachio Research of Iran (PRI). The Studied Variables included proline, soluble sugars and total protein which were assessed during rest (winter), flowering (beginning of spring) and after spring frost. The highest (27.36 mili mol/gram weight of fresh flower bud) and lowest (7.86 mili mol/gram weight of fresh flower bud) rates of proline were found in Ahmad-aghaee after chilling injury and bud swelling, respectively. The highest rate of total protein was shown by Akbari (70.79%) and Ouhadi (71.25%) at flower burst, and the lowest amount was obtained at bud swelling of Ouhadi (25.39%). Results indicated that sugars accumulated during winter and reduced by beginning of spring. Amount of proline increased during flowering and after spring frost. overall proteins were fixed and low after falling leaves (autumn) to bud dormancy (winter), but its amounts increased after bud dormancy till after flowering and spring frost
Keywords: Cold resistance, Spring frost, Late autumn frost
M. Mohammadi Moghadam; Hossein Afshari; Ebrahim Mohammadi Goltapeh; Hossein Hokmabadi; Sina Rad
Abstract
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of testa on reduction of fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 producthon, ten cultivars of pistachio were collected from different parts of pistachio belt i-e Rafsanjan, Damghan and Ghazvin of Iran. A section of testa and one mm of endosperm were scraped. 20 gr. of ...
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Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of testa on reduction of fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 producthon, ten cultivars of pistachio were collected from different parts of pistachio belt i-e Rafsanjan, Damghan and Ghazvin of Iran. A section of testa and one mm of endosperm were scraped. 20 gr. of wounded kernels and 20 gr. of unwounded kernels were surface sterilized and then placed in petri dishes separately (completely randomized design in 3 replications). One ml of the spore suspension of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus was added to each petri dish. (spore suspension was adjusted to contain 2×106 spore per ml ). The plates were placed over water in plastic boxes and these were then placed in an incubator at 26ºC for 2.5, 5 and 8 days. After inoculation, growth rate and colonization of A. flavus on wounded and unwounded pistachio kernels in different cultivars were measured. Also aflatoxin content of inoculated kernels was extracted by BF method and estimated by TLC and densitometer. Average of A. flavus growth percentage on surface of wounded and unwounded kernels was compared with t-student test. The results of this research indicated a significant difference in fungus growth rate and aflatoxin B1 production between wounded and unwounded kernels of pistachio cultivars. In other words, testa in unwounded kernels could be considered as a resistant barrier against the fungus penetration into kernels and reduced A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production as compared with wounded kernels.
Keywords: Pistachio, Cultivar, Aspergillus flavus, Aflatoxin, Testa
Mehdi Mohammadi Moghadam; Adele Sobhanipour; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
Abstract
In order to investigate correlation between the rate (amount) of micro and macro elements and protein percentage in pistachio kernels of six cultivar including: Akbari, Abbasali, Kaleh gouchi, Ahmadaghaie, Ouhadi and Khanjari with Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production, the ...
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Abstract
In order to investigate correlation between the rate (amount) of micro and macro elements and protein percentage in pistachio kernels of six cultivar including: Akbari, Abbasali, Kaleh gouchi, Ahmadaghaie, Ouhadi and Khanjari with Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production, the amount of micro and macro elements were measured using atomic absorption, micro-kjeldhal digestion, flame photometric and spectrophotometeric methods. The protein percentage of pistachio kernels was measured using macro-kjeldhal method. In order to calculate the A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production on pistachio kernels, one isolate of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus was used. Twenty gram of pistachio kernels of mentioned cultivars were taken with 3 replications, and were surface sterilized and then inoculated with one ml of spore suspension (2×106 spores/ml) of A. flavus. Eight days after inoculation, growth rate and colonization of A .flavus on pistachio kernels were measured. Aflatoxin content of samples was extracted by BF method and estimated by TLC and densitometer. Correlation coefficient (r) was calculated for elements and protein percentage with A .flavus growth and aflatoxin production, The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between N (negative correlation) and Mn (positive correlation) and A. flavus growth, as well as N, P and Na and aflatoxin B1 production. Also there was a significant correlation between protein percentage and A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production.
Keywords: Pistachio, Aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus, Cultivar, Elements, Protein
