Journal of Horticultural Science

Abstract Introduction

Medicinal plants with a high level of antioxidant activity are of great importance due to their effect on a wide range of diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory diseases, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure and other diseases caused by oxidative stress. Therefore, studying medicinal plants and extracting and identifying chemical properties and effective compounds in medicinal plants emphasizes the necessity of learning and using medicinal plants. Iranian shallot plant with the scientific name Allium hirtifolium is a species of the onion family (Alliaceae) and is one of the largest genera of the monocot group. Shallot plant is an important horticultural product that has been known and used as a vegetable, spice and medicinal plant since ancient times due to its useful properties. In this genus, there are economically important species such as: onions, garlic, shallots, chives and leeks. Germination and sprouting are one of the most important phenological stages (life cycle) of the plant. Having enough information about the phenological cycle of the plant leads to better management of the different stages of this cycle, which determines the degree of success of agricultural systems. Seedling germination and growth in the early stages are strongly influenced and controlled by environmental factors, especially temperature, soil moisture and seed quality (germination and seedling strength) and internal factors (growth regulators) such as Gibberellin and Abscisic acid hormones.

In order to speed up the germination of seeds and eliminate seed dormancy so that germination can happen faster, there are different methods. One of these methods is mechanical or chemical scratching. The aim of this research is to present a precise and scientific description for the failure of Iranian shallot medicinal plant seed dormancy (Allium hirtifolium) and improvement in the acceleration of germination, considering the different characteristics in three populations of Iranian shallot seeds. Also, to increase the quality and accuracy in this research, a scanning electron microscope was also used to accurately determine the surface changes of the seeds before the acid-washing treatment with sulfuric acid and after the acid-washing treatment with sulfuric acid. In the previous research that has been carried out on Iranian shallot seeds, the simultaneous examination of different temperatures and different times of acid washing by sulfuric acid in a precise manner and with several populations that have different genotypes, as well as the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has not been done.

Materials and methods

The study was done to investigate the effect of different degrees of temperature, and different times of sulfuric acid for acid washing on the improvement of germination of three populations of Iranian shallot seeds (Allium hirtifolium). The effect of four different temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees Celsius) inside the Germinator device and four different times of acid washing with sulfuric acid (0, 5, 10, 15 minutes) on germination and micromorphological characteristics of three populations of shallot plant (Feridon Shahr, Tiran and Khansar) was investigated. On the other hand, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with different degrees of magnification was used for the effect of sulfuric acid treatment on the surface of the seed coat. The experiment was conducted as a factorial, in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications. At the end of the experiment, traits such as germination percentage, average germination time, germination speed, root length and shoot length were evaluated. Also, traits such as diameter, length, volume and weight of seeds in three populations of shallot were also analyzed statistically.



Conclusion and discussion

The results of electron microscopy showed that in all three populations of Iranian shallot seeds, the seed coat, after using the acid washing treatment with sulfuric acid for 15 minutes, underwent noticeable and significant changes compared to the control seeds. The surface of the seed is destroyed by sulfuric acid and the surface of the seed does not have its natural ornamentation and protrusions compared to the control. Also, the effect of temperature, duration of acid washing and seed population on germination percentage, germination speed, average germination duration, seedling root length and seedling length was significant at the 1% probability level (p≤0.01). The population of Fereydoun Shahr has the highest germination percentage (69.16 percent), germination speed 3.7 (number of seeds per day) and average duration of germination 9.64 (number of seeds per day) at a temperature of 5 degrees Celsius and acid washing time of 15 minutes. The maximum shoot length and root length were 19.7 and 8.81 (mm) in the Tiran population with a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and a 15-minute acid washing time, and in the Khansar population with a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and time of 5 minutes acid washing respectively. The results show that, according to the dormancy of the seeds and their need for cold, the best temperature for shallot seed germination is 5 degrees Celsius with 15 minutes of acid washing by sulfuric acid. Diversity in shallot plant populations has a significant effect on the performance of this plant in improving seed germination.



Acknowledge

We thank Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and the Isfahan University of Technology.



Keywords: shallot diversity (seed morphology), stratification, seed scarification, germination, scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Abstract Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cultivar Azar) is one of the most popular tomato varieties, highly valued for its small size, sweet taste, and versatile use in salads, dishes, and food garnishes. This fruit is not only visually appealing but also nutritionally rich, containing essential compounds such as vitamin C, which contribute to its high nutritional value. However, cherry tomatoes have a short postharvest life due to their susceptibility to microbial spoilage. Therefore, developing effective methods to preserve quality and extend the shelf life of this product is of great importance. In this context, the use of edible coatings, natural antimicrobial compounds, and nanoemulsion technology can be considered as promising approaches. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Plantago psyllium mucilage, marjoram essential oil, and their nanoemulsion combination on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of 'Azar' cherry tomatoes during 28 days of storage at 4°C. The results showed that the nanoemulsion containing Plantago psyllium mucilage and marjoram essential oil, with a particle size of 219.3 nm, zeta potential of -40.5 mV, and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.184, formed the most stable system. This treatment significantly minimized weight loss (78.3%), retained the highest juice content (76%), and exhibited the lowest juice density (77.6%) compared to the control. It also effectively maintained vitamin C content (4.13 mg/g), titratable acidity (0.61 g/mL), and firmness. Additionally, the lowest electrolyte leakage and microbial load were observed in this treatment. The major components of marjoram essential oil were γ-terpinene (24.2%), o-cymene (20.1%), and carvacrol (16.9%), which played a key role in its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Sensory evaluation confirmed that the nanoemulsion preserved visual quality and flavor while preventing the damage caused by free essential oil. In conclusion, the use of *Plantago psyllium* mucilage nanoemulsion containing marjoram essential oil is proposed as an innovative and effective method to enhance the shelf life and maintain the quality of cherry tomatoes. This approach demonstrates significant potential for postharvest preservation while leveraging natural and sustainable technologies
Keywords: Electrolyte leakage, Nanoencapsulation, Perishability, Post-harvest quality, Shelf life
 
Extended Abstract
Introduction:
Cherry tomato is one of the most popular tomato varieties, widely appreciated for its small size, sweet flavor, and versatile use in salads, dishes, and as a food garnish. However, cherry tomatoes are highly perishable due to their high respiration rate and susceptibility to microbial and physical spoilage after harvest, leading to rapid quality deterioration. Therefore, developing effective methods to preserve quality and extend the storage life of this product is of great importance. In this regard, the use of edible coatings, natural antimicrobial compounds, and nanoemulsion technology can be considered as promising approaches. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have opened new possibilities for enhancing the efficacy of natural preservatives, particularly through improved stability and controlled release mechanisms.
Materials and Methods:
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Plantago psyllium mucilage, marjoram essential oil, and their nanoemulsion combination on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of cherry tomatoes during 28 days of storage at 4°C. Fruits were harvested at the physiological maturity stage. Following visual inspection and removal of defective specimens, uniformly sized and colored healthy fruits were selected based on strict criteria including absence of physical damage and uniform ripening stage. The fruits were washed with distilled water and surface-sanitized by immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution (2%) for one minute to eliminate surface microorganisms. For fungal inoculation, the tomatoes were immersed for one minute in a fungal spore suspension (10⁵ conidia/mL) of the most common postharvest pathogens, then left at room temperature for 1-2 hours to allow fungal establishment. Subsequently, the fruits were treated by immersion in respective treatment solutions for 90 seconds with gentle agitation to ensure complete coverage. Finally, the treated fruits were arranged in sterile plastic containers with proper ventilation and stored for 28 days in refrigerated conditions at 90% relative humidity, with periodic evaluations of their physicochemical properties at predetermined intervals (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) using standardized analytical methods.
Results:
The results demonstrated that the simple effects of treatments, storage time, and their interaction had significant effects (at 1% and 5% probability levels) on most qualitative indices, including weight loss, juice density, firmness, titratable acidity, vitamin C content, electrolyte leakage, microbial load, and sensory evaluation. The Plantago psyllium mucilage nanoemulsion containing marjoram essential oil, with a particle size of 219.3 nm, zeta potential of -40.5 mV, and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.184, formed the most stable system. This treatment significantly minimized weight loss (78.3%), retained the highest juice content (76%), and exhibited the lowest juice density (77.6%) compared to the control, indicating superior moisture retention properties. It also effectively maintained fruit firmness (85% higher than control), vitamin C content (4.13 mg/g), and titratable acidity (0.61 g/mL), suggesting slowed metabolic activity. Additionally, the lowest electrolyte leakage (67.2%) and microbial load (1.83 log CFU/g) were observed in this treatment, demonstrating membrane integrity preservation and antimicrobial efficacy. The major components of marjoram essential oil were γ-terpinene (24.2%), o-cymene (20.1%), and carvacrol (16.9%), which played a key role in its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities as confirmed by GC-MS analysis and in vitro assays. Sensory evaluation by a trained panel confirmed that the nanoemulsion preserved visual quality and flavor while preventing the damage caused by free essential oil, with significantly higher acceptability scores (p<0.05) for appearance, texture, and overall quality throughout the storage period.
Conclusion:
This study showed that using a nanoemulsion containing Plantago psyllium mucilage and marjoram essential oil significantly improved the quality and shelf-life of 'Azar' cherry tomatoes stored at 4°C. Nanoemulsion systems effectively protect active compounds and enhance targeted delivery, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional postharvest preservation methods. This approach helps reduce waste and maintain nutritional quality without synthetic additives. Future research should explore its application to other fruits, evaluate economic and production feasibility, and assess safety and regulatory issues. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of nanoemulsion technology to improve food preservation and support more sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract Introduction
Vertical farming has emerged as a transformative agricultural strategy, designed to meet the escalating demands for sustainable food production in an era of rapid global urbanization and climate change. By capitalizing on vertical space, this innovative system offers a compelling solution to the critical challenges of diminishing arable land and water scarcity, enabling substantial increases in crop yield per unit area. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), with its short growth cycle, compact morphology, and high commercial value as a fresh salad green, is widely regarded as an exemplary crop for cultivation in such controlled-environment systems. However, a significant technical challenge inherent to vertical farming is the development of pronounced environmental gradients within the cultivation structure. Key factors, particularly light intensity and air temperature, often vary considerably between the top and bottom levels. These non-uniform conditions create distinct microclimates that can differentially influence plant physiology, leading to inconsistencies in growth, development, and the accumulation of important phytochemicals. Consequently, achieving uniform, high-quality, and high-yielding production requires precise optimization of the cultivation environment. Two of the most critical and manageable factors in this regard are the vertical positioning of plants (cultivation height) and the selection of genetically suitable cultivars. Different heights within a system experience unique combinations of light and temperature, which can either promote or hinder growth and metabolic processes. Simultaneously, different lettuce cultivars possess inherent genetic traits that determine their response to these two factors, influencing their potential for biomass production or synthesis of quality-related compounds such as antioxidants. Therefore, understanding the individual and interactive effects of cultivation height and cultivar is fundamental to optimizing vertical farming protocols. This research was specifically conducted to address this knowledge gap, aiming to systematically quantify how different vertical cultivation heights influence the agronomic performance and nutritional quality of two distinct and commercially important lettuce cultivars: the green-leaf Lollo Bionda and the red-leaf Lollo Rossa.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in a research greenhouse using a vertical hydroponic tower system. A split-plot design in a randomized complete block design with four replications was applied. The main plot factor included three cultivation height levels: 40–70 cm (Low), 115–145 cm (Medium), and 190–220 cm (High). The sub-plot factor comprised two lettuce cultivars: Lollo Bionda (green-leaf) and Lollo Rossa (red-leaf). Plants were grown in a coarse perlite substrate with a recirculating Hoagland nutrient solution. Environmental parameters (light intensity and temperature) were monitored across heights. At harvest, quantitative traits (leaf number, plant height, leaf area index, and yield per unit area) and qualitative traits (total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, total phenols, and nitrate content) were measured using standard analytical methods.
Results and Discussion
The experimental results provided clear evidence of the significant influence exerted by both cultivation height and genetic cultivar.Cultivation height had a profound impact on growth and yield parameters. The intermediate height level (Level 2: 115–145 cm) consistently yielded the best performance, producing plants with the highest values for leaf number (17.6 leaves per plant), plant height (24.3 cm), leaf area index, and consequently, the maximum fresh yield per unit area (659.9 g m⁻²). This optimal outcome suggests that Level 2 provided a balanced microclimate, avoiding the light limitation prevalent at the lower level and mitigating the potential combined stress of excessive light and elevated temperature at the highest level. A strong and independent main effect of cultivar was also highly evident. Lollo Bionda demonstrated superior vegetative growth, achieving significantly higher values for leaf number (20.6), plant height (24.9 cm), LAI (0.15), and plot-level fresh yield (793.3 g m⁻²), highlighting its genetic predisposition for high biomass production in controlled environments. In a notable contrast, Lollo Rossa excelled in the accumulation of specific secondary metabolites and compounds related to quality. It exhibited significantly higher concentrations of anthocyanin (0.66 µmol g⁻¹ FW), total phenolic compounds (1.14 mg g⁻¹), and nitrate. Importantly, a statistically significant interaction between cultivation height and cultivar was detected for these quality traits. The most pronounced accumulation of health-promoting compounds occurred specifically in Lollo Rossa plants grown at the highest level (Level 3). In this specific treatment, anthocyanin content reached 0.83 µmol g⁻¹ FW and total phenolics reached 1.15 µg mL⁻¹. This indicates that the environmental conditions at the top of the tower, characterized by higher light and temperature, acted as a mild abiotic elicitor, stimulating the plant's phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway associated with defense and antioxidant production. Similarly, nitrate concentration peaked in Lollo Rossa at Level 3 (1075 µg g⁻¹ DW), a common physiological response often linked to the inhibition of the nitrate reductase enzyme activity under warmer conditions, leading to disrupted assimilation and tissue accumulation. Total chlorophyll content was predominantly determined by cultivar, with Lollo Bionda containing significantly more (0.71 mg g⁻¹ FW) than Lollo Rossa. From a systemic productivity perspective, a key agronomic result was the total harvestable yield from the vertical system, which reached 1.76 kg of fresh lettuce per square meter of floor area. This figure notably surpasses the standard yield range reported for conventional, single-layer horizontal hydroponic or soil-based lettuce production (1.1–1.5 kg m⁻²), providing tangible evidence of the enhanced spatial efficiency achievable through vertical farming.
Conclusion
This study confirms that vertical farming effectively increases lettuce production density. Optimal results require science-based management, with the intermediate height (115–145 cm) identified as best for growth and yield. Cultivar selection should align with production goals: Lollo Bionda for higher biomass yield, and Lollo Rossa for enhanced nutritional quality and color, though nitrate levels must be monitored at higher tiers. The interaction between height and cultivar supports precision management. These findings offer a practical framework for optimizing vertical farming systems. Future research should focus on advanced climate control and broader cultivar screening.

Abstract Nitrogen form and light intensity are two critical factors influencing the vegetative growth and physiological responses of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Balanced nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) nutrition can improve nitrogen assimilation and biomass accumulation, while moderate shading helps mitigate light and temperature stress in nursery systems. However, the interaction between these factors and their combined influence on mother and daughter plant performance has been less documented. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different shading intensities and nitrate-to-ammonium ratios on growth traits, root and leaf biomass, and leaf nitrogen content of strawberry plants to determine the most favorable conditions for producing vigorous and nutrient-efficient transplants.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted under field-controlled conditions at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Strawberry runner plantlets from commercial nursury were transplanted to soil beds in March, and two shading levels (30% and 50%) and four nitrate-to-ammonium ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25) were applied in a factorial design. Watering, flower removal, and fertilization were performed during spring, and shading nets were installed in July. Morphological traits including root and leaf fresh and dry weights, plant height, crown diameter, number of roots, leaves, and stolons, leaf area, and leaf nitrogen concentration were measured separately for mother and daughter plants.
Results and Discussion
Statistical analysis revealed significant effects of both shading and nitrogen form, as well as their interaction, on most evaluated traits. In daughter plants, the highest root fresh (0.543 g) and dry weights (0.24 g) were obtained under 50% shading with a 75:25 nitrate-to-ammonium ratio, showing no significant difference from 25:75 at the same shading level. The lowest root biomass (0.001 g) was recorded in the 75:25 treatment without shade. Plant height was also strongly affected, reaching its maximum (12.5 cm) at 75:25 and 11.9 cm at 100:0 under 50% shading, representing 56–58% increases compared to the control. Fresh leaf weight peaked at 0.77 g in the 0:100 treatment under 50% shading—a 74% improvement over control—while 75:25 and 25:75 ratios achieved 66–68% increases. Fresh crown weight reached 0.42 g under 25:75 at 50% shading, while the lowest value (0.16 g) occurred in 0:100 with 30% shading. For mother plants, the analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between shading and nitrogen treatments for most growth parameters (root number, root biomass, leaf number, leaf area, stolon number, crown diameter, and leaf nitrogen content). The greatest root number (34.83) was found under 30% shading without nitrogen fertilization. The 50:50 ratio exhibited the best overall root performance, with maximum root fresh weight (3.06 g) under no shading and the highest dry weight (1.68 g) under 30% shading. The highest leaf count (10.5 leaves) was recorded at 30% shading without nitrogen supply, whereas 50% shading caused a marked decline. Leaf area reached its maximum (64.75 cm²) under 30% shading with the 50:50 ratio, showing a 34% increase relative to the control, while the lowest (17 cm²) occurred in the 75:25 treatment without shading. Crown diameter was greatest (1.25 cm) under 50% shading with the balanced 50:50 ratio, suggesting that moderate shading combined with equal nitrate and ammonium supply enhances stem thickening. Stolon production was favored by 30% shading, with the highest number (8.33 stolons) in the 25:75 ratio, whereas excessive shading (50%) reduced stolon formation. Leaf nitrogen concentration peaked at 2.64% in 30% shading with 0:100 (pure ammonium), showing a 32% increase compared with the control, while lower values (1.34–1.36%) were associated with 25:75 and 50:50 ratios under the same shading level.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that integrating moderate shading (30%) with a balanced nitrate-to-ammonium ratio (50:50) significantly enhances nitrogen uptake, biomass accumulation, and morphological traits in both mother and daughter strawberry plants. The combined management of light and nitrogen form can therefore be a practical strategy to produce healthy and vigorous transplants with improved nutrient efficiency and growth uniformity.
Acknowledgement
We hereby express our sincere appreciation to Turine Baft Shomal Company, central lab, expert men and women and the GABIT institute (Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan) for their collaboration in providing the necessary support for this research in SANRU (Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources university), college of agronomy sciences department of horticultural sciences as a Master of sciences thesis.

Abstract Introduction
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), a member of the Rosaceae family, is among the most widely consumed fruits globally due to its appealing flavor and aroma. Sweet cherries are rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, polyphenols, and melatonin. Due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, these compounds play a significant role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and joint inflammation. However, its postharvest quality rapidly deteriorates as a result of physiological disorders such as shriveling, surface pitting, bruising, and stem browning. The application of bioactive compounds during the postharvest stage of horticultural crops represents a novel approach in sustainable agriculture. This strategy can enhance product quality by reducing losses, extending shelf-life and storage duration, and preserving the antioxidant system. Such treatments aim to improve marketability, meet consumer preferences, and increase export potential. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of postharvest dopamine application, a compound with recognized antioxidant activity, on quality preservation, senescence delay, shelf-life extension, and the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity in sweet cherries during cold storage.

Materials and Methods
On June 21, 2023, sweet cherry fruits (Prunus avium L. cv. Tak Daneh) at the fruit color maturity stage, were harvested from an orchard located in Saqqez, Kurdistan Province, and immediately transported to the Postharvest Physiology Laboratory, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. Uniform fruits in terms of color and size were immersed for 20 minutes in dopamine solutions at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 µM (Sigma Chemical Co.) supplemented with two drops of Tween-20. The experimental design was factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications, each containing 20 fruits. Subsequently, groups of 20 fruits were placed in polyethylene containers (25 × 15 × 5 cm) and stored at 1 ± 0.5 °C with 85 - 90% relative humidity. Sampling was conducted after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage, and the physicochemical attributes of the fruits were evaluated following 24 hours of equilibration at room temperature. In addition, three freshly harvested, untreated fruits were considered as the control group (day 0) without treatment and without cold storage. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS (version 26) and Graphs were plotted using Microsoft Excel 2019. Mean comparisons were performed using the Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05 probability level.

Results and Discussion
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that both the individual effects of treatment and storage duration, as well as their interaction, significantly influenced the flesh browning index (FBI), the stem browning index (SBI), stem chlorophyll content (TChl), weight loss (WL), electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (p < 0.01). In contrast, the interaction between treatment and storage time did not significantly affect fruit firmness, although the main effects of treatment and storage duration were significant at the 1% level. The results of mean comparison demonstrated that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, along with the lowest levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ion leakage, were observed in the treatment with 200 μM dopamine. In contrast, the concentration of 100 μM induced the maximum activity of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. These biochemical changes were associated with maintained tissue firmness, delayed flesh browning, and reduced stem discoloration. As a catecholamine, dopamine exhibits strong antioxidant activity. It enhances the efficiency of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, while simultaneously reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation. This mechanism ultimately leads to decreased levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Overall, postharvest dopamine application reduced senescence and stem browning in 'Tak Daneh' sweet cherry and improved key biochemical attributes related to fruit quality and stress tolerance.

Conclusion
In conclusion, exogenous dopamine treatment contributed to the retention of fruit firmness and delayed senescence by reducing electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 accumulation (notably at 200 µM), while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD and CAT (200 µM), and POD and APX (100 µM); also, proline content (200 µM), thereby supporting chlorophyll preservation in the stem.

Abstract Introduction. The edible Mushrooms have emerged as a globally important non-animal protein source in human-diet. Nevertheless, monitoring data on raw materials used in mushroom production and their effects on yield remain scarce. Hence, a clear understanding of how consumed raw materials influence production outcomes, alongside an assessment of potential improvements, is necessary. The production and productivity of button mushrooms is controlled by several factors such as compost quality, mushroom strain, spawn, growing medium, environmental conditions and irrigation. The type of medium and its quality components are the most important factors affecting the productivity of edible mushrooms. Wheat straw, chicken manure and gypsum are the most widely used materials for the production of button mushroom compost. The nutrient content of these materials varies greatly depending on the source, which in turn leads to different yields. The industry currently faces multiple challenges: declining quality and availability of raw materials, rising costs of both materials and energy, narrow profit margins, and limited access to labor in rural areas. This study aims to investigate and monitor the raw materials employed in mushroom compost production and to evaluate their impact on production performance indicators at an industrial scale.
Materials and Methods. The investigation was conducted at the Negin-e-Fasal Compost and Mushroom Production Factory in Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, across five production periods (spring 2022, summer 2022, autumn 2022, winter 2022, spring 2023, and summer 2023). A total of 258 observations were recorded, each in triplicate; certain traits were measured in the compost production section, while others were assessed in the mushroom production halls. An overall quality index for mushroom production was established by selecting indicators through factor analysis and multiple correlation analysis to form a minimum data set. The selected indicators were interpreted, transformed into standardized scores (0 to 1) using linear functions, integrated into a single composite index, and a weighted quality index was subsequently computed.
Results and Discussion. The results showed that the mushroom production facility employed varying combinations of raw materials throughout the study period, leading to differences in yield, biological efficiency, and production rate. Button mushroom yield was highest in period 5 (spring 2023), increasing by approximately 25.6% relative to period 4 (winter 2022). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that approximately 65% of the total variance was explained by four principal components with eigenvalues exceeding one, individual variance contributions below 5%, and cumulative explained variance exceeding 53%. The first principal component exhibited strong positive correlations with the quantities of sugarcane bagasse (0.57), poultry manure (0.60), and urea (0.65), as well as with the electrical conductivity (0.65) and water-holding capacity (0.44) of the cover soil. PCA further highlighted the significant effects of sugarcane bagasse, urea, ammonium sulfate, and straw.
Conclusion. This study demonstrates that mushroom production periods and seasons are influenced by raw material composition and environmental conditions, which collectively determine button mushroom yield. Among the raw materials evaluated, sugarcane bagasse, chicken manure, and urea consumption exhibited the most pronounced effects on yield. The yield, quality, and uniformity of harvested mushrooms depend on the physical, environmental, chemical, nutritional, and microbiological properties of both the compost and the casing soil layer, underscoring the importance of investigating the factors that govern mushroom quantity and quality. Optimizing compost composition and environmental conditions during preparation therefore represents a viable strategy for enhancing the yield of cultivated button mushrooms. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis, this study comprehensively evaluated the effects of different raw materials on button mushroom production characteristics. The results highlight the pivotal roles of sugarcane bagasse, poultry manure, and gypsum, as reflected by their dominant loadings along the PC1 axis, which captured a substantial proportion of the total variance. Correlation analyses further substantiate the contribution of these primary raw materials as key determinants of mushroom yield and quality. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that appropriate raw material formulations can significantly increase mushroom production while supporting specific nutritional and productivity targets in mushroom cultivation systems.
Acknowledgements. This research was funded by Shahrekord Negin Fasal Mushroom Cultivation and Industry Company and Shahrekord University under contract number 490D/100 dated 06/11/1400. The authors wish to thank the company's CEO, Mr. Kazemi, for his generous assistance in conducting the research and for providing a research platform at the company.

Abstract Introduction: Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a rich and important source of energy and nutrients. Maktoom variety known for the soft, large and flavorful characteristics of fruit. Rutab is considered as fresh fruit and the choice for harvesting at which maturity stage depends on the cultivar, soluble tannins and sugar contents, and meanwhile considering the climate conditions and consumer demands. Sugar content not only is important for sweetness of the fruits, but also changes in sugars content could have significant effects on physiological features and ripening of date palms. Postharvest losses in fresh dates including Maktoom variety are mainly caused by biological factors and biochemical changes caused by enzymes activity, respiration, ethylene action, water loss and oxidation process, and mechanical damages. Recently, global concern about food safety related to the use of chemical preservatives have increased. Consequently, there is a need to explore and implement novel, safe and sustainable methods. Use of nanotechnology and edible coatings are considered as efficient technologies being explored to mitigate the postharvest losses of horticultural crops. Chitosan nanoparticles, derived from natural chitin sources, are prominent due to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antimicrobial properties. Chitosan coating is regarded the best edible and biologically safe preservation coating for many types of fruits, with functional benefits such as slower respiration, extended storage time, fruit shelf life, firmness retention, and microbial pathogen management. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of post-harvest application of nanochitosan nanoparticles on preserving postharvest quality and to enhance the shelf life of Maktoom date palm fruit harvested at rutab stage during storage at refrigerator conditions. These methods at the same time are able to extend the shelf life, ensure food safety, and preserve the nutritional and sensory qualities of the date palm fruits. The study focuses on quantifying changes in sugar composition, invertase and cellulase enzymes activities, secondary metabolite contents and antioxidant activity of Maktoon date palm fruits.
Material and Methods: The experiment was conducted at Qurna College, Qurna city, the north of Basrah, Iraq. Maktoom date palm fruits were harvested at rutab stage, characterized by a yellow color, chosen for uniformity in size, shape, and color, while any flawed or decayed fruits were eliminated. The fruits were allocated at random into 35 fruits in each group. Nanochitosan (Crab20 shell chitosan, Sigma Chemicals) at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% concentrations were prepared in distilled water. In order to dissolve the chitosan glacial acetic acid was first added and 1 mol L-1 NaOH was used for adjusting the pH of the solution to 5.0. Treated fruit were dried for 30 min at 25°C, placed in polyethylene vacuum bags (35 fruits in each replicate) and stored for 45 days at 2±1°C with the relative humidity of 90%. Each treatment was consisted of tree replicates. For control treatment the fruits were dipped in control acid solution, pH 5.0, without chitosan. The experiment was performed as a completely randomized (CRD) design in three replicates. The difference between the means was tested using Duncan’s multiple range test at significance level of 1 % and 5 % with SAS 9.1 software.
Results and Discussion: Fruit ripening and senescence include the activation of different degrading enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical overproduction which leading to the destruction of cell walls, increase in total soluble solids, soluble sugars and decrease in total acids and firmness. In this research, the results showed that postharvest application of nanochitosan eliminated total soluble solids, total sugars and reducing sugars content of rutab date palm fruit. The lowest total soluble solids content (28.08 Brix), total sugars (43.33 %) and reducing sugars (30.56 %) content was measured in 1% nanochitosan samples. Also nanochitosan reduced hydrolyzing enzymes activities and the lowest invetase and cellulase enzymes activities was assayed in 1% nanochitosan samples which was 30.06% and 36.45% lower than control one (0% nanochitosan), respectively. Reduction in invertase enzyme activity in response to nanochitosan led to a decline in reducing sugars and an increase in sucrose content. The highest total acidity, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity was measured in rutab date palm fruits treated with 1% nanochitosan, which was 19.34%, 11.10% and 18.74% higher than control. Chitosan coatings enhanced antioxidant levels by increasing secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds. These effects collectively improve the fruit quality, the extend shelf life, and maintain nutritional and biochemical properties of fruits. Also, total free amino acids content of fruits increased in response to different concentrations of nanochitosan and the highest total free amino acids (50. 66 mg 100g-1 FW) was measured in date fruits treated with 1% nanochitosan.
Conclusion: Rutab fruit is highly consumed product with high economic and nutritional value. The findings of this study indicate that postharvest application of nanochitosan is an effective method to reduce metabolic activities, maintain quality, and increase the shelf life of rutabs by influenceing soluble sugars profile, acidity content, the activity of degrading enzymes, and increasing antioxidant compounds. In sum, nanochitosan 1%, in conjunction with polyethylene vacuum packaging offers an effective and eco-friendly approach to maintain the postharvest quality of rutab fruits.

Abstract Investigating the effects of different levels of triple superphosphate fertilizer on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sefid variety of pistachio

Introduction
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L) is one of the Iran’s most important horticultural products and ranks as the third most significant export of the country. Considering the increase in the cultivated area through the construction of new pistachio orchards in the provinces of the country and its low domestic consumption compared to the amount of production, the need to pay attention to the issue of pistachio exports is of particular importance. Like other agricultural products, increasing pistachio yield per unit area is possible if production factors are at optimal and desirable levels. One of the weak aspects of management in the pistachio growing areas of the country is the management of nutrition and fertilization of orchards or, in general, soil management and plant nutrition. Today, fertilizers play a fundamental role in nourishing fruit trees, and chemical fertilizers play the most important role in increasing yields per unit area. Phosphorus (P) is the second essential element and plays a key role in plant growth. Considering the importance of phosphorus in the growth and yield of pistachio trees, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizer on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sefid variety pistachio.
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of different levels of triple superphosphate fertilizer on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sefid pistachio cultivar, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two consecutive years (2023 and 2024) in pistachio orchards in Ferdows County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. The experimental treatment included triple superphosphate (TSP) at four levels (0, 150, 300, and 600 grams per tree). Triple superphosphate fertilizer (21% phosphorus) was applied in March 1401 (the ON year before the OFF year) as a slurry in a section 30 to 40 cm deep and 20 cm wide in the shaded area along the water path (one-way stream), under canopy area. Sampling was conducted over two consecutive years (1402 and 1403).
Results and Discussion
The results of variance analysis showed that soil phosphorus application had a significant effect on branch length, number of buds abscised per branch in the first year, number of panicles per branch, number of nuts per panicle, percentage of indehiscence pistachios in the first year, percentage of blank nuts in the first year, percentage of closed pistachios in the first, yield of two years, chlorophyll index (based on SPAD evaluation) in the second year, chlorophyll a and b, and branch phosphorus content. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest branch length in both years of the experiment was obtained by supplying 600 g of TSP fertilizer. The least number of abscised buds per branch in the first year was obtained from the use of 300 g of TSP fertilizer. Application of 300 g of TSP fertilizer in the first year resulted in the highest number of clusters on the branch. In the second year, the use of 600 g of TSP fertilizer had the highest cluster number. The highest number of nuts per cluster was observed in 300 g treatment and control, during the first and second years of study. In the first year of the experiment, the highest percentage of indehiscence and the lowest percentage of closed nuts were related to the control treatment. The lowest percentage of blankness obtained in 600 g of TSP in the first year. In the first year of the experiment, the maximum yield was obtained from the consumption of 300 g and in the second year from the consumption of 600 g of TSP fertilizer. In both years of the experiment, the highest chlorophyll a and b were obtained from the use of 600 g of TSP. The highest amount of branch phosphorus concentration was observed from the supplying 300 g of TSP during the two years of the experiment.
Conclusion
Finally, the results of this study showed that the supplying TSP at amounts higher than 300 grams might be helpful to increase some vegetative and reproductive characteristics of pistachio trees.
Keywords: Chemical Fertilizer, Phosphorus, Plant nutrition, Yield.

Abstract This research aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations and treatment durations of Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) on the morphophysiological traits and genetic variations of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) ‘Viroflay’ cultivar. The experiment was conducted during the years 2022-2023 in the horticultural greenhouse of the University of Kurdistan, using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Spinach seeds were treated with four concentrations of EMS: 0 (control), 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%, and exposed for two treatment times: 75 and 150 minutes. After thorough seed washing, cultivation was carried out under uniform greenhouse conditions. Morphological traits, including plant height, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight, were measured. Furthermore, several phytochemical indices were evaluated, such as flavonoid content, Vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, nitrate, oxalic acid, and mineral elements (sodium and potassium). To assess genetic variations, ISSR and SCOT molecular markers were employed to analyze DNA banding patterns.
The results indicated that increasing EMS concentration significantly reduced plant height, decreasing from 10.96 cm in the control treatment to 8.66 cm at a 1% concentration. Conversely, low EMS concentrations had a positive effect on biomass accumulation. The highest shoot fresh weight (15.56 g) and shoot dry weight (1.76 g) were observed at the 0.25% EMS concentration. Phytochemical indices were also affected by EMS; for instance, the highest ascorbic acid content (709.17 ppm) was observed at the 1% concentration. Additionally, the highest flavonoid content (13.17 mg/g FW) and antioxidant capacity (37.44 µmol/g FW) were recorded at the 0.25% EMS concentration. Molecular analysis results revealed that EMS treatment altered DNA banding patterns, leading to the appearance of new bands and the disappearance of some existing ones, suggesting an increase in genetic diversity. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that controlled application of EMS at low concentrations can be an effective method for inducing beneficial mutations and enhancing genetic diversity in the ‘Viroflay’ spinach cultivar.This research aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations and treatment durations of Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) on the morphophysiological traits and genetic variations of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) ‘Viroflay’ cultivar. The experiment was conducted during the years 2022-2023 in the horticultural greenhouse of the University of Kurdistan, using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Spinach seeds were treated with four concentrations of EMS: 0 (control), 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%, and exposed for two treatment times: 75 and 150 minutes. After thorough seed washing, cultivation was carried out under uniform greenhouse conditions. Morphological traits, including plant height, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight, were measured. Furthermore, several phytochemical indices were evaluated, such as flavonoid content, Vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, nitrate, oxalic acid, and mineral elements (sodium and potassium). To assess genetic variations, ISSR and SCOT molecular markers were employed to analyze DNA banding patterns.
The results indicated that increasing EMS concentration significantly reduced plant height, decreasing from 10.96 cm in the control treatment to 8.66 cm at a 1% concentration. Conversely, low EMS concentrations had a positive effect on biomass accumulation. The highest shoot fresh weight (15.56 g) and shoot dry weight (1.76 g) were observed at the 0.25% EMS concentration. Phytochemical indices were also affected by EMS; for instance, the highest ascorbic acid content (709.17 ppm) was observed at the 1% concentration. Additionally, the highest flavonoid content (13.17 mg/g FW) and antioxidant capacity (37.44 µmol/g FW) were recorded at the 0.25% EMS concentration. Molecular analysis results revealed that EMS treatment altered DNA banding patterns, leading to the appearance of new bands and the disappearance of some existing ones, suggesting an increase in genetic diversity. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that controlled application of EMS at low concentrations can be an effective method for inducing beneficial mutations and enhancing genetic diversity in the ‘Viroflay’ spinach cultivar.
Additionally, the highest flavonoid content (13.17 mg/g FW) and antioxidant capacity (37.44 µmol/g FW) were recorded at the 0.25% EMS concentration. Molecular analysis results revealed that EMS treatment altered DNA banding patterns, leading to the appearance of new bands and the disappearance of some existing ones, suggesting an increase in genetic diversity. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that controlled application of EMS at low concentrations can be an effective method for inducing beneficial mutations and enhancing genetic diversity in the ‘Viroflay’ spinach cultivar.

Abstract Introduction
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects the establishment, growth and development of plants, reducing the yield of agricultural products worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) is one of the oldest and most important dried fruits in the world and is native to the Iranian plateau. Salinity stress is one of the most important limiting factors for almond cultivation and production worldwide. Serendipita indica is a novel endophytic fungus in agriculture that increases plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. This fungus is able to improve photosynthesis and plant growth under salt stress conditions by increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as improving water and nutrient uptake and reducing the uptake and transport of toxic ions such as Na+ and Cl- to the aerial parts of the plant. So far, the effect of S. indica on the mechanism of salt stress tolerance in almonds has not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, the effect of S. indica on the improvement of salt stress tolerance in almond cultivar Supernova (a late flowering and self-compatible cultivar) grafted on GF677 (almond-peach hybrid) was investigated under greenhouse and hydroponic conditions. In accordance with the research objectives, morphophysiological parameters and mineral element content were evaluated in almond plants non-inoculated and inoculated with S. indica at different concentrations of sodium chloride-induced salinity.
Material and Methods
This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with two factors including the factor salinity at three levels (zero (no stress), 60 (moderate salinity stress) and 120 (high salinity stress) mM) and the factor fungal inoculation at two levels non-inoculated and inoculated with S. indica with 3 replicates. The inoculum of S. indica fungus was obtained from the Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, then cultivated in Hill and Kaffir culture medium in Petri dishes and maintained at 25-29°C in the dark for two weeks. The surface of the culture medium containing S. indica was removed using a sterile spatula and then mixed evenly with sterile sand. For the fungal treatment, about 80 grams of inoculum (the surface of the culture medium containing the S. indica fungus + sterile sand) was added under the location of the roots. Two months after inoculation and to ensure the desired coexistence between the roots and the fungus, the salinity stress treatment was applied for 30 days. Growth indices, Fv/Fm, photosynthetic pigment content, total Phenolics and Flavonoids content, hydrogen peroxide, total antioxidant capacity and nutrient content (phosphorus, sodium and potassium) at the end of the period Salinity stress was assessed. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS 16.0 software and mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's multiple range test (P ≥ 0.05).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the leaf area of inoculated plants at 60 and 120 mM salinity was significantly higher than that of non-inoculated plants by 19.9 and 24.4%, respectively. Inoculated plants at 120 mM salinity had significantly higher Fv/Fm (9.8%), SPAD index (19.3%), phenolics content (27.31%), and total flavonoids content (23.79%). At high salinity, the inoculated plants showed significantly higher total antioxidant capacity (13%) and lower H2O2 content (27%) compared to the non-inoculated plants. At salinity levels of 60 and 120 mM, sodium content of leaves in the inoculated plants was significantly lower than non-inoculated plants (54.8 and 26.2%, respectively). Inoculation with S. indica improved potassium uptake in almond leaves and roots.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that under salt stress, the accumulation of Na+ ions in the roots and leaves of almond plants reduced photosynthesis, growth traits, oxidative stress and K+ uptake. Inoculation with S. indica under salt stress conditions improved photosynthesis, some growth parameters and K+ uptake by reducing Na+ accumulation in leaves, which are the most important photosynthetic organs. In addition, this fungus inhibited H2O2 and moderated oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant activity and improving antioxidant capacity, especially in high salinity. The improvement of morphophysiological and nutritional parameters in almond plants inoculated with endophytic fungi indicates the potential of S. indica as a biostimulants for increasing salt tolerance in almond plants in sustainable agriculture.

Abstract Introduction
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop grown extensively under greenhouse and open field conditions worldwide. Increasing market demand and the high cost of imported hybrid seeds underscore the need for efficient local hybrid development. Diallel analysis is a powerful tool for identifying superior parents and determining the genetic control of yield and fruit related traits. By estimating general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and heterosis, breeders can target promising parental lines and hybrid combinations with strong commercial potential. The present study aimed to evaluate eight inbred pepper lines using a half diallel mating design to determine the nature of gene action and identify high performing hybrids with superior yield and fruit characteristics.
Materials and Methods
Eighty sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) accessions were obtained from the germplasm collection of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Germany. In the first stage, all accessions were evaluated for a range of morphological, agronomic, and fruit quality traits. Based on fruit yield, fruit quality attributes, pericarp thickness, vitamin C content, fruit uniformity, marketability, suitability for domestic and international markets, and relative tolerance to major production constraints including damping-off, powdery mildew, and temperature fluctuations, eight superior genotypes were selected. These genotypes were subsequently self-pollinated for five consecutive generations to develop highly homozygous inbred lines. The resulting lines were crossed in a half-diallel mating design, generating 28 F₁ hybrids. All hybrids and parents were evaluated during the 2023–2024 growing season in a greenhouse at the South Kerman Agricultural and Education Center (Iran) under a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each plot included 20 plants spaced 30 cm apart, with 100 cm between rows. Two commercial hybrids, Zola and Lombard, were used as standard checks for heterosis estimation. Data were collected for days to maturity, fruit length, fruit diameter, pedicel length and thickness, plant height, fruit weight, total fruit yield across fifteen harvests, and TSS. Combined ANOVA across years was performed using SAS 9.2. Diallel analysis followed Griffing’s Method II, Model I using AGD R v5.1 to estimate GCA, SCA, additive and dominance variances, Baker’s ratio, narrow sense heritability and degree of dominance. Baker’s ratio and heritability were computed according to conventional equations, and dominance degree was estimated following Gravois (1994). Relative heterosis and standard heterosis percentages were calculated for all F₁ hybrids using Microsoft Excel by comparing hybrid performance with the mid-parent values and commercial check cultivars, respectively.

Results and Discussion
Significant genotypic variation was observed for all traits, providing strong evidence of genetic diversity among the parents and confirming their suitability for hybrid breeding. Both GCA and SCA effects were highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits, indicating that additive and non additive gene actions contributed to trait inheritance. Baker’s ratio values showed that TSS (0.77), plant height (0.73), and fruit diameter (0.60) were predominantly influenced by additive gene action. In contrast, traits such as fruit yield (0.37), pedicel thickness (0.35), and days to maturity (0.43) were mainly governed by non additive effects. These observations were reinforced by narrow sense heritability estimates, which were moderate to high for fruit diameter (0.58), pedicel length (0.60), and TSS (0.76), but lower for yield (0.35) and pedicel thickness (0.38). Degrees of dominance greater than 1.0 for fruit yield (1.83), days to maturity (1.64), and pedicel thickness (1.90) indicated overdominance. Fruit weight also showed evidence of overdominance (1.33). On the other hand, incomplete dominance (degree <1.0) was detected for fruit length, fruit diameter, plant height, and TSS. These results align with previous studies demonstrating the importance of non additive gene action in pepper for key yield traits. Analysis of GCA revealed that parental line 400 was the most consistent and desirable general combiner for fruit yield, fruit weight, pedicel traits, and fruit diameter. Line 245 also performed well for yield related traits. Line 318 showed favorable GCA values for fruit weight and pedicel thickness, while lines 241, 208, and 265 exhibited significantly negative GCA for days to maturity, identifying them as good combiners for earliness. SCA effects identified several highly promising hybrid combinations. The hybrids 318 × 245, 296 × 400, 245 × 400, and 318 × 400 achieved the highest yields, ranging from 132 to 159 t ha⁻¹, all outperforming the parental means and commercial checks. These hybrids also showed strong SCA effects for fruit weight, fruit length, and pedicel thickness, indicating superior gene complementation and strong non additive interactions.
Relative and standard heterosis analyses revealed considerable hybrid vigor for fruit yield and several related traits. The hybrids 296 × 400, 318 × 245, 245 × 400, and 318 × 400 exhibited the highest levels of heterosis and achieved fruit yields ranging from 133 to 160 t ha⁻¹, substantially exceeding both parental means and commercial check cultivars. Among these, the cross 296 × 400 showed the highest standard heterosis for fruit yield (132.85%), accompanied by strong positive heterosis for fruit weight, fruit diameter, pedicel thickness, and TSS. Similarly, hybrids 296 × 245 and 296 × 265 displayed exceptionally high standard heterosis values exceeding 100% for fruit yield, highlighting their commercial potential. The positive relative heterosis observed for fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, and TSS suggests that the superiority of these hybrids resulted from the simultaneous improvement of several yield components and quality traits.
Conclusion
This study successfully identified superior parental lines and high performing hybrid combinations using half diallel analysis. Line 400 was the strongest general combiner across multiple traits, while hybrids 318 × 245, 296 × 400, 245 × 400, and 318 × 400 showed outstanding yield performance (>150 t ha⁻¹) and significant positive heterosis for several yield related traits. Considering the predominance of non additive gene action for key economic traits, heterosis breeding is highly effective for sweet pepper improvement. Although results were obtained under a single greenhouse environment, multi location and multi year trials are recommended to validate hybrid stability and determine their suitability for commercial seed production.

Abstract Introduction
Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum L.) is a medicinal and perennial herb plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Anise hyssop essential oil has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial properties and is used in pharmaceutical and food industries. Drought is a major environmental challenge that seriously affects the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants. Given the severe limitations of water resources in Iran, increasing productivity and optimizing water consumption in the agricultural sector are of great importance. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of deficit irrigation on the morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of the Anise hyssop, aiming to achieve an optimal balance between crop yield, and water conservation.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted at the Research Farm of Urmia University using a randomized complete block design with four replications. To prepare the land, plots measuring 2 × 2 m were established, with 1.5 m spacing between plots and 3 m between blocks. Seedlings produced in the greenhouse were transplanted to the field in early June and planted in rows spaced 30 cm apart, with 25 cm between plants within each row. Deficit irrigation treatments were applied by omitting one irrigation event at different growth stages as follows: (1) full irrigation during the growth period (control); (2) irrigation cut-off at complete plant establishment stage (20 leaves); (3) irrigation cut-off at inflorescence emergence stage; (4) irrigation cut-off at flowering stage; and (5) irrigation cut-off at both the establishment and inflorescence emergence stages. Plants were sampled at the full flowering stage to measure growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, number of lateral branches, total length of lateral branches, inflorscence length, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems, fresh and dry herb yield) chlorophyll index (SPAD), total phenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, essential oil content and yield, essential oil composition, and leaf nutrient (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus) concentration. Essential oil was extracted from shade-dried samples by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. Essential oil analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the deficit irrigation treatments significantly reduced inflorescence length, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems, fresh and dry herb yield, chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content. The highest fresh and dry herb yield (6322.1 and 2054.1 kg ha-1, respectively) and lowest (3039.5 and 973.4 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained in the control (full irrigation) and irrigation cut-off at both the establishment and inflorescence emergence stages, respectively. The reduction in plant growth indices and yield can be attributed to factors such as decreased cell turgor, impaired cell division and growth, reduced photosynthesis due to stomatal closure, degradation of leaf pigments, hormonal imbalance, and cellular damage resulting from oxidative stress. Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and essential oil content increased significantly in response to the deficit irrigation treatments. The highest (7.57 mg GAE g-1 DW) and lowest (6.4 mg GAE g-1 DW) total phenolic content were obtained in the irrigation cut-off at both the establishment and inflorescence emergence stages and full irrigation, respectively. There were no significant differences between the treatments in terms of plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, total flavonoid content, and leaf potassium and phosphorus concentrations. Although irrigation cut-off at different growth stages reduced the essential oil yield, the differences between the full irrigation treatment (47.06 L ha⁻¹) and the irrigation cut-off treatments at the plant establishment stage (38.91 L ha⁻¹) and the flowering stage (40.73 L ha⁻¹) were not significant. According to the results of essential oil analysis, seven different compounds including sabinene, β-pinene, limonene, linalool, methyl chavicol, E-caryophyllene, and germacrene D were identified in the essential oil. Methyl chavicol (92.46-95.02%) and limonene (3.34-5.69%) were identified as the main components of the essential oil, and their concentrations did not change significantly under different levels of deficit irrigation.
Conclusion
In conclusion, although irrigation cut-off caused a decrease in essential oil yield, this reduction was not significant during the plant establishment and flowering stages. Therefore, irrigation cut-off at these stages, particularly during the flowering stage, which coincides with summer water scarcity can be considered as a beneficial strategy for water management and conservation. Additionally, due to the lower growth of plants under water deficit conditions, increasing plant density can be recommended to compensate for the decrease in essential oil yield under water shortage conditions.

Abstract Introduction
Photography gardens have recently emerged as innovative recreational landscapes designed to support aesthetic experiences, visual attractiveness, and photography-related activities. Unlike traditional urban parks, these gardens are intentionally organized using ornamental planting patterns, thematic spatial arrangements, decorative elements, and visually attractive compositions that encourage visitors to interact with the environment and create memorable experiences. The rapid expansion of social media and image-sharing platforms has significantly increased the popularity of photography gardens because visitors increasingly seek aesthetically attractive spaces for personal photography, wedding ceremonies, family gatherings, and creative content production. Previous studies have demonstrated that environmental aesthetics, vegetation diversity, water features, natural lighting, and spatial organization significantly influence visitors’ landscape preferences and psychological satisfaction. Researchers have also emphasized that well-designed green spaces can improve emotional attachment, recreational quality, and environmental perception. However, most previous studies investigated these variables separately and rarely integrated horticultural landscape characteristics, perceptual processes, and visitor satisfaction into a comprehensive structural framework. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop and test a process-oriented structural model explaining visitor experience and satisfaction in photography gardens of Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Materials and Metods

This research was conducted using an applied descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population consisted of visitors to photography gardens located in different cities of Mazandaran Province during the second half of 2025. Twenty photography gardens from cities including Sari, Babol, Amol, Neka, Joybar, Chalus, Fereydonkenar, and Ghaemshahr were selected through field investigations and online searches because no official database for photography gardens existed. Selection criteria included active photography-related activities, public accessibility, diversity in planting design, and geographical distribution.Because the exact number of visitors was not identifiable, simple random sampling was employed. Based on Cochran’s formula for unlimited populations, the required sample size was estimated at 384 respondents. To increase reliability, 425 questionnaires were distributed among visitors, of which 384 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Data collection was performed using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on theories of environmental aesthetics, spatial cognition, tourism behavior, and landscape perception. The questionnaire included six main constructs: garden design style, visual preferences, aesthetic perception, subjective-spatial perception, conceptual attitude toward photography gardens, and overall visitor satisfaction. Questionnaire items were measured using a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Content validity was confirmed by specialists in horticultural sciences, landscape architecture, and agricultural extension. Reliability analysis demonstrated that Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values for all constructs exceeded 0.70. Due to non-normal data distribution according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied using SmartPLS version 4, while descriptive analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22.
Results and Discussion

The demographic findings showed that most respondents were female and between 25 and 35 years old. Wedding and engagement photography represented the primary purpose of visiting photography gardens, followed by family photography and recreational visits. These findings indicate the growing social and cultural importance of photography gardens as modern recreational landscapes associated with visual culture and social media practices. Among visual preference indicators, water features received the highest mean score, demonstrating the important role of water elements in increasing visual attractiveness and improving photographic composition. Natural lighting also obtained the highest score within aesthetic perception indicators, emphasizing the importance of light quality in enhancing both spatial beauty and photography experiences. Visitors additionally valued calm environments, visual diversity, and ease of movement within the gardens. The structural equation modeling results demonstrated that all direct and indirect relationships in the proposed conceptual model were statistically significant. Garden design style positively affected visual preferences and subjective-spatial perception. Visual preferences significantly influenced aesthetic perception, while spatial perception positively affected both aesthetic perception and conceptual attitudes toward photography gardens. Among all variables, conceptual attitude showed the strongest influence on overall visitor satisfaction. This finding suggests that visitor satisfaction is not solely dependent on physical beauty but also on emotional engagement, symbolic meaning, and creative interpretation of the environment.
Conclusion
The present study developed and validated a process-oriented structural model explaining visitor experience in photography gardens of Mazandaran Province. The findings revealed that visitor satisfaction is shaped through the interaction of landscape design characteristics, visual preferences, aesthetic perception, spatial cognition, and conceptual attitudes. The results further demonstrated that successful photography gardens require integrated landscape planning involving vegetation diversity, water features, natural lighting, spatial coherence, and emotionally engaging environments. Therefore, horticultural landscape designers should pay greater attention to experiential quality and aesthetic perception in the planning and management of photography gardens.

Abstract Title
Performance Pattern and Multivariate Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Sweet Pepper Genotypes
Introduction:
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops in the world and is highly valued for both its nutritional and economic importance. Its fruits are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and other beneficial compounds, making them an important part of the human diet. In recent years, the demand for sweet pepper has increased considerably due to changing consumer preferences and the expansion of greenhouse production systems. As a result, improving yield and fruit quality has become a major goal in sweet pepper breeding programs. However, yield is a complex trait influenced by many genetic and environmental factors, which makes direct selection based only on yield less effective. For this reason, plant breeders often focus on traits that are closely associated with yield, such as fruit number, fruit weight, fruit size, plant growth, and earliness. Understanding the relationships among these traits can help breeders select superior genotypes more efficiently and improve breeding outcomes. In addition, evaluating the genetic diversity within available germplasm is an important step in identifying promising materials for future breeding programs. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate genetic variation among sweet pepper genotypes, examine the relationships among important morphological and yield-related traits, and develop simple predictive models for yield and its major components under greenhouse conditions.
Materials and Methods:
The experiment was conducted during the spring of 2023 in a research greenhouse located in Mashhad, Iran. A total of 72 sweet pepper genotypes were evaluated using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Greenhouse conditions were maintained at approximately 25°C with relative humidity ranging from 40% to 50%, and standard ventilation, cooling, and heating systems were used throughout the experiment. Seeds were sown in sterilized 128-cell trays containing a substrate mixture of cocopeat, peat moss, and perlite. After reaching the four-leaf stage, healthy and uniform seedlings were transplanted into prepared greenhouse soil with 60 cm spacing between plants and 80 cm between rows. All plants received the same management practices during the growing season, including drip irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weed control, and pest management. Several morphological and yield-related traits were evaluated, including plant height, fruit yield per plant, fruit number, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, cortex thickness, pedicel length, and pedicel thickness. Fruit dimensions were measured using a digital caliper, while fruit weight was determined using a precision digital balance. Plant yield was calculated based on the average of three harvests per plant. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, cluster analysis using Ward’s method, and multiple regression analysis to determine relationships among traits and predict yield components.
Results and Discussion:
The results showed significant variation among the studied genotypes for most of the measured traits, indicating the presence of considerable genetic diversity within the population. Such diversity is highly valuable in breeding programs because it increases the chances of identifying superior genotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics. Among the evaluated genotypes, G71 produced the highest yield (3138.06 g per plant), while G27 recorded the highest average fruit weight (301.30 g). Yield showed strong positive relationships with fruit number, fruit weight, fruit width, and plant height. The strongest correlation was observed between yield and fruit number, suggesting that increasing fruit set plays a key role in improving productivity in sweet pepper. Fruit weight was also positively associated with fruit width, fruit length, pedicel length, and pedicel thickness. Similarly, cortex thickness showed positive relationships with both yield and fruit quality traits, highlighting its importance in fruit development and market value. These findings suggest that several of these traits can be effectively used for indirect selection in breeding programs. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into three distinct clusters, reflecting clear phenotypic differences among the studied materials. Cluster 3 showed the highest yield and the greatest level of variation, indicating strong potential for selection and future breeding work. Cluster 1 was mainly characterized by better fruit quality traits, including larger fruit size and greater cortex thickness, whereas Cluster 2 generally showed weaker performance across most traits. The box plot analysis further confirmed the differences among clusters. Cluster 3 combined high yield with broad variability, suggesting the presence of promising genotypes for yield improvement. In contrast, Cluster 1 produced heavier fruits with better quality characteristics, making it more suitable for fruit quality improvement. These results indicate that different genotype groups may serve different breeding objectives depending on whether the focus is on yield or fruit quality. Multiple regression analysis also demonstrated that yield and its components could be predicted using simple morphological and phenological traits. Plant height, pedicel thickness, and earliness index were identified as important predictors of fruit number, while fruit width, fruit length, and cortex thickness had the greatest influence on fruit weight. The ability to predict yield using easily measurable traits may help breeders identify superior genotypes at earlier growth stages and improve the efficiency of selection programs.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrated the presence of substantial genetic and phenotypic diversity among sweet pepper genotypes grown under greenhouse conditions. Yield was mainly influenced by fruit number, fruit weight, and vegetative growth characteristics, while several fruit quality traits also showed strong positive relationships with productivity. Cluster analysis successfully identified genotype groups with different breeding potentials, where Cluster 3 appeared more suitable for yield improvement and Cluster 1 showed greater potential for enhancing fruit quality traits. In addition, the regression models highlighted the importance of easily measurable traits such as plant height, earliness, fruit dimensions, and cortex thickness in predicting yield and its components. Overall, the findings suggest that combining correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and regression models can improve the efficiency of sweet pepper breeding programs and support the development of high-yielding and high-quality cultivars.
Acknowledgement:
The authors sincerely appreciate the greenhouse staff in Mashhad, Iran, for their valuable technical assistance and support throughout the experiment.
Keywords:
Sweet pepper, Genetic diversity, Modeling, Cluster analysis, Production per plant

Abstract Evaluation of the Effect of Color Harmony Based on Goethe’s Theory on the Visual Quality of Mixed Ornamental Flower Plantings
Introduction
Ornamental flower plantings play a crucial role in enhancing environmental quality and enriching the aesthetic experience of observers in urban and landscape settings. In this context, planting design—particularly in mixed compositions—is a decisive factor governing visual performance and psychological well-being. As a prominent element of landscape design, color plays a defining role in shaping aesthetic appraisal; neglecting chromatic relationships can result in visual disorder, cognitive fatigue, or monotonous layouts that fail to engage the observer.
The complexity of color perception in landscape design stems from the interaction between light, surface reflectance, and human neurobiology. According to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s color theory, color is not merely a physical phenomenon but a perceptual one that affects human emotion and equilibrium. To establish harmonic equilibrium and moderate the perceived visual weight of high-luminosity colors, the surface areas occupied by colors should be proportioned inversely to their inherent lightness (luminosity) values. This principle suggests that high-luminosity hues (such as yellow and orange) possess a high “perceptual impact” and can easily overwhelm a composition if used in large quantities. Consequently, lower-luminosity hues (such as purple and blue) require larger spatial extents within a composition to achieve perceptual balance and visual stability compared to smaller, strategic areas of high-luminosity hues. While modern landscape design often relies on intuitive color selection, there is a significant gap in applying classical, quantifiable color theories to practical seasonal planting schemes. The present study was conducted to empirically evaluate the effect of color harmony, specifically based on Goethe’s inverse luminosity-based proportions, on the visual quality and psychological perception of mixed seasonal flower plantings in green spaces.
Materials and Methods
This field experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, utilizing a randomized block design with two distinct planting compositions arranged in two replications to ensure environmental consistency. The experimental groups were categorized based on their chromatic arrangement: Group 1 consisted of Zinnia elegans ‘Lilliput rose’, Ageratum houstonianum ‘Blue Danube’, Tagetes patula ‘Hero Harmony’, Tagetes erecta ‘Discovery Yellow’, and Gomphrena globosa ‘Gnome White’. Group 2 comprised Ageratum houstonianum ‘Blue Danube’, Tagetes erecta ‘Discovery Yellow’, Celosia plumosa, Gomphrena globosa ‘Buddy Purple’, and Gomphrena globosa ‘Gnome White’.
For each group, two distinct plots were established to test the core hypothesis: a control plot, where color area proportions were distributed equally regardless of luminosity, and a Goethe plot, where color areas were precisely allocated according to the recommended luminosity-based inverse proportions to achieve chromatic equilibrium.
In-situ visual quality assessments were conducted during the peak flowering period to ensure maximum color expression. Structured landscape evaluation questionnaires were utilized, designed to capture multidimensional aesthetic responses. The assessments were completed by 19 undergraduate students specializing in Landscape Architecture and Horticultural Sciences, chosen to ensure a level of professional familiarity with planting compositions. The evaluated parameters included overall beauty, visual balance, perceived tranquility, perceived density, and color diversity. Data were subjected to rigorous statistical processing, using independent Student’s t-tests for parametric comparison and Mann–Whitney U tests for non-parametric distribution, ensuring the reliability of the results at a significance level of P≤0.05.
Results and Discussion
Statistical analyses revealed that across both experimental groups, plots designed based on Goethe’s theory achieved significantly higher mean scores in color area proportion, perceived tranquility, and overall beauty compared to control plots. Interestingly, a divergence was observed in the “visual excitement” parameter, where control treatments yielded higher scores. In Group 1, the mean tranquility score in the Goethe plot (47.36±10.05) was significantly higher than in the control plot (36.94±8.65; P=0.002), indicating that the moderating effect of balanced luminosity proportions effectively reduces visual clutter and cognitive load. Overall beauty also demonstrated significant superiority in the Goethe plot A2 (85.10±5.48) compared to the control plot A1 (80.47±5.26).
In Group 2, the impact of Goethe’s theory was even more pronounced: mean beauty increased substantially from 82.63±6.09 in the control to 91.26±5.78 in the Goethe plot, and perceived tranquility rose sharply from 42.36±6.74 to 72.36±13.57 (P≤0.001). In contrast, perceived plant density and color diversity showed no statistically significant differences in either group. This finding is critical as it confirms that the observed perceptual enhancements were specifically driven by harmonic color area relationships rather than changes in physical planting density or the number of species used.
The higher visual excitement scores in control plots suggest that random or high-contrast chromatic arrangements, while capable of capturing immediate visual attention through “sensory shock,” do not necessarily lead to a harmonious or restorative aesthetic experience. Instead, they may cause visual tension. These results are consistent with previous literature indicating that long-term landscape preference is governed by perceptual balance and the ability of a composition to provide restorative psychological effects, rather than mere chromatic richness or intensity. By applying Goethe’s theory, the “weight” of bright colors was effectively balanced by the spatial presence of darker tones, creating a more cohesive and calming visual field.
Conclusion
The findings demonstrate that applying Goethe’s color harmony principles, based on inverse luminosity ratios, significantly enhances overall beauty, perceived tranquility, and color area proportion in mixed seasonal flower plantings. While uncoordinated control arrangements may increase momentary visual excitement, they fail to provide the same level of aesthetic stability and restorative quality. Consequently, utilizing Goethe’s inverse luminosity proportions serves as a practical, quantitative, and cost-effective guideline for landscape planting design. This approach allows designers to maximize human visual preference and psychological well-being without requiring additional plant species or increased implementation costs. Future studies are recommended to examine these effects across different seasonal cycles, diverse plant species, and varied cultural contexts to further validate the universality of these chromatic principles.
Keywords
Aesthetic perception, Goethe’s color theory, Landscape quality, Mixed planting, Visual balance.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, for providing the research field and technical support throughout this study.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Salvia nemorosa L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae. The genus Salvia has more than 900 species and is distributed in different parts of the world. In Iran, there are 58 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants, of which 17 species are endemic. The common persian name of Salvia is “Maryam-Goli” and is mainly used as a flavoring agent, perfume additive and condiment. The genus Salvia has been of special interest in the collection of medicinal plants since ancient times, and today the essential oil of its various species has important applications in the pharmaceutical, perfumery, health and cosmetic industries, as well as a flavoring in the food and beverage industries. Different species of Salvia have various applications in the pharmaceutical and therapeutic industries due to their antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and are used in traditional medicine to treat colds, sore throats, bronchitis, digestive disorders, eczema, and tuberculosis.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of morphological traits and essential oil compositions of eleven populations of Salvia nemorosa L. in different regions of Hamedan province in June 2025. Plant samples were collected at the flowering stage and after measuring some morphological traits, they were dried in the shade. The measured traits were: plant height, stem diameter, number of inflorescence cycles, distance between 2 inflorescence cycles, fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the flowering branch, leaf length and width, petal and sepal length, number of flowers in the inflorescence cycle, and inflorescence length. To investigate the constituents of the essential oil, essential oil extraction was performed by water distillation and the essential oil components were identified and quantified using a gas chromatograph (GC) and a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS).

Results: 25 compounds were identified in the essential oil and there was a great variation in the amount and components of the essential oil in the studied populations. Caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene E, Sabinene and Hexenal<(2E)-> were the main components of the essential oil. The highest plant height (82.40 cm), the highest fresh plant weight (33.51 g) and the dry weight (10.95 g) were obtained in the Deh Sorkheh population. The highest number of inflorescence cycles (32.80) and the longest inflorescence (30.80 cm) were observed in the Deh Musa population. The highest fresh and dry weights of flowering heads (3.31 g and 0.94 g, respectively) and the highest number of flowers per inflorescence cycle (8 flowers) were observed in the Avarzaman population. There was a positive correlation between calcium carbonate and Sabinene. There was a negative correlation between Sabinene and caryophyllene oxide. There was a negative correlation between altitude and fresh and dry weight of the plant and fresh and dry weight of flowering branch. Eleven Salvia nemorosa L. populations were grouped based on morphological traits and essential oil using the "Ward" method. Based on dendrogram analysis of morphological traits, the studied populations were divided into two main groups. The first group was classified into four subgroups including A (Joorab, Tuchaghaz and Saleh Abad populations), B (Dehno Olya population), C (Jowkar, Sheverin and Kasavand populations) and D (Heydareh Bala Shahr population). The second group was also divided into two subgroups including E (Deh Musa and Deh Sorkheh populations) and F (Avarzaman population). Also, based on dendrogram analysis obtained from essential oil cluster analysis, the studied populations were divided into two main groups. The first group was classified into five subgroups including A (Avarzaman, Tuchaghaz, Saleh Abad and Kasavand populations), B (Heydareh Bala Shahr population), C (Joorab and Deh Sorkheh populations), D (Dehno Olya population) and E (Jowkar population). The second group was divided into a subgroup consisting of F (Sheverin and Deh Musa populations). The placement of populations in one group indicates greater uniformity in the populations of that group compared to other populations. On the other hand, the placement of populations in two separate groups could be due to the genetic diversity of the populations and the environmental conditions of their collection sites.

Conclusion: The results of the study showed that environmental factors, like genetic factors, are effective in creating diversity in morphological and phytochemical characteristics, including diversity in the amount and components of essential oils.

Abstract Introduction
Allium ampeloprasum ssp. persicum (Shadegan leek) is an endemic and economically valuable plant in Iran, particularly adapted to the arid and semi-arid conditions of Khuzestan province. Traditional cultivation methods in northern Khuzestan, characterized by wide ridge planting, often result in suboptimal productivity due to low plant density, inefficient water use, and high weed competition. Recent advances in planting patterns and harvest management strategies offer potential for improving yield and resource efficiency (Ojong et al., 2024). However, the interaction between planting patterns and cutting frequency and their combined effects on both vegetative and reproductive production in Shadegan leek remain inadequately studied. This research aimed to investigate these interactions to optimize dual-purpose cultivation strategies for enhanced leaf and seed yield.
Materials and Methods
A two-year field experiment was conducted during the 2019–2021 growing seasons at a research station in northern Khuzestan to evaluate the effects of planting pattern and cutting frequency on crop performance. The study utilized a split-plot design arranged within a randomized complete block framework with three replications. The main plot factor consisted of three distinct planting patterns: irregular manual planting, which served as the conventional control method; two-row ridge cultivation; and four-row ridge cultivation on 75-cm wide ridges. Assigned to the sub-plots were three cutting frequency regimes: 3, 5, and 7 harvests, all applied uniformly until the initial flowering stage. Each experimental unit included four ridges, each four meters long. To ensure data accuracy and minimize edge effects, all measurements were consistently taken from the two central ridges within each plot. Throughout both growing seasons, standardized agronomic practices—including irrigation, weeding, and fertilization—were meticulously maintained across all treatments to isolate the effects of the experimental variables.
A comprehensive set of agronomic and qualitative parameters was measured. These included plant density and height, the flowering rate at key phenological stages, and yield components such as the cumulative fresh leaf yield from all cuttings and the final seed yield at maturity. Seed quality was further assessed by measuring the 1000-seed weight and conducting standardized germination tests to determine seed viability. All collected data were statistically analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4). A combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the two-year period was performed after verifying the underlying statistical assumptions. For treatment means where the F-test indicated significant differences, a comparison was conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% probability level. This robust experimental and analytical approach was designed to provide reliable insights into the interactions between planting geometry and harvest management for optimizing production.
Results and Discussion
Plant density and survival were significantly influenced by cutting frequency and planting pattern, with four-row cultivation maintaining higher plant stands under frequent harvesting. Plant height remained stable across treatments, suggesting genetic control over this trait. The three-way interaction (year × cutting frequency × planting pattern) significantly influenced cumulative fresh leaf yield. The highest leaf yield (86.83 t ha⁻¹) was achieved in the second year under the combination of 7 cuts and two-row ridge cultivation, while the lowest yield (18.83 t ha⁻¹) was recorded in the first year with 3 cuts and irregular manual planting. The superior performance in the second year underscores the role of perennial adaptation and soil improvement over time (Wekgari et al., 2024). Flowering rate was highest (82.67%) under 5 cuts with four-row cultivation, while 7 cuts suppressed flowering due to resource depletion.
These results highlight a clear trade-off between leaf and seed production (Saini et al., 2022). Frequent cutting (7 cuts) combined with two-row ridge cultivation maximized leaf yield but compromised seed yield and quality. In contrast, moderate cutting (3 cuts) with high-density planting (four-row ridges) optimized seed production and quality.The highest seed yield (224.83 kg ha⁻¹) was obtained with 3 cuts and four-row ridge cultivation, whereas the lowest (44.16 kg ha⁻¹) occurred with 5 cuts and irregular manual planting. Frequent cutting adversely affected seed quality: the 1000-seed weight declined from 2.72 g (3 cuts) to 2.37 g (7 cuts), and the seed viability decreased from 83.5% (3 cuts with two-row cultivation) to 58.8% (7 cuts with four-row cultivation).
Conclusion
The study demonstrates that integrated management of planting patterns and cutting frequency is essential for optimizing Shadegan leek production. For maximal leaf yield, 7 cuts with two-row ridge cultivation is recommended. For high-quality seed production, 3 cuts with four-row ridge cultivation is ideal. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing sustainable cultivation protocols tailored to specific production objectives, thereby enhancing the productivity and economic viability of Shadegan leek farming in the region.

Abstract The Effect of Auxin and Chitosan Elicitors on Yield and Selected Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller)

Introduction
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is recognized as one of the most important medicinal plants worldwide due to its extensive therapeutic, cosmetic, and nutritional applications. The global economic importance of this species is substantial, with a high market value for both raw materials and processed products. Therefore, improving both yield and quality-related traits of Aloe vera has become an important research objective.Among the various agronomic strategies, the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and biostimulants has emerged as an effective approach to enhance plant growth, physiological performance, and metabolite accumulation. Auxin, as a key plant hormone, regulates cell elongation, division, and differentiation, while chitosan, a natural biopolymer, has been widely investigated for its role in stimulating plant growth and secondary metabolite production. Despite numerous studies on different crops, limited information is available regarding the combined effects of auxin and chitosan on Aloe vera. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of auxin and chitosan-based elicitor applications on yield and selected quantitative and qualitative attributes of Aloe vera.
Materials and Methods
A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was carried out in the greenhouse of the Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran. Treatments consisted of four concentrations of auxin (NAA)(0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg L⁻¹) and four concentrations of chitosan (0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L⁻¹). Uniform clonal plantlets with four leaves and identical genetic backgrounds were transplanted into pots containing an equal mixture of well-decomposed farmyard manure, soil, and sand. After transplanting, pots were uniformly arranged, irrigated twice weekly, and weeded regularly for a 10-month growth period. The first foliar spray was applied at the six-leaf stage and the second at the ten-leaf stage. Two months after the second application, the following parameters were recorded: number of leaves, number of offshoots, leaf diameter, plant height, gel percentage, total yield, gel yield, and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that auxin significantly influenced plant growth, particularly plant height, which increased with auxin concentration up to 1000 mg L⁻¹, likely due to its role in promoting cell elongation and apical dominance. However, further increase in auxin concentration did not significantly enhance plant height, indicating a saturation effect. In contrast, leaf number decreased with increasing auxin concentration, suggesting a shift in assimilate allocation toward vertical growth rather than leaf proliferation. Neither auxin nor chitosan significantly affected the number of suckers, indicating that these treatments had limited influence on vegetative propagation under the experimental conditions.
A significant interaction between auxin and chitosan was observed for leaf weight and thickness, demonstrating a synergistic effect of these treatments on leaf development. The highest leaf weight was obtained with 1000 mg L⁻¹ auxin combined with 500 mg L⁻¹ chitosan, while optimal leaf thickness occurred at moderate auxin levels. This enhancement can be attributed to improved water retention, nutrient uptake, and cell expansion induced by chitosan, along with auxin-mediated growth regulation. However, excessive auxin levels appeared to reduce these traits, supporting previous findings that high auxin concentrations may inhibit cell expansion.
Yield and gel-related traits responded strongly to both treatments and their interaction. The highest gel percentage was achieved at the highest levels of auxin (1500 mg L⁻¹) and chitosan (1000 mg L⁻¹), whereas maximum plant yield and gel yield were obtained with 1000 mg L⁻¹ auxin combined with 500 mg L⁻¹ chitosan. These results suggest that moderate concentrations are more effective for maximizing overall productivity, while higher concentrations may primarily enhance gel concentration rather than total biomass. The observed yield improvement can be explained by enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, delayed leaf senescence, and improved assimilate translocation induced by auxin and chitosan.
Biochemical analyses further supported these findings. Chlorophyll a and b contents increased with auxin application up to 1000 mg L⁻¹, followed by a decline at higher concentrations, indicating that optimal auxin levels promote pigment synthesis while excessive levels may disrupt metabolic balance. Chitosan significantly increased chlorophyll content across all concentrations, likely due to its role in enhancing nutrient uptake and photosynthetic activity. Carotenoid content was primarily affected by chitosan and increased with its concentration, suggesting improved antioxidant capacity and stress tolerance.
Gel carbohydrate content was significantly enhanced by both auxin and chitosan, with higher concentrations leading to substantial increases compared to the control. This increase may be attributed to the role of auxin in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and the ability of chitosan to enhance photosynthesis and carbon–nitrogen balance. The combined application of these treatments likely improved enzymatic activity involved in sugar synthesis and accumulation.
Conclusion
Overall, the combined application of auxin and chitosan elicitors significantly improved the growth performance, yield, and biochemical traits of Aloe vera. Co-application of these regulators had more pronounced effects compared to their individual use. Therefore, a combined treatment of 1500 mg L⁻¹ auxin and 1000 mg L⁻¹ chitosan is recommended to maximize gel percentage, whereas the combination of 1000 mg L⁻¹ auxin and 500 mg L⁻¹ chitosan is optimal for achieving higher leaf and gel yields.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Evaluation of Biochemical Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Anisosciadium orientale DC. Populations in Fars Province
Introduction
Anisosciadium orientale is a native medicinal and aromatic plant of Iran belonging to the Apiaceae family and is naturally distributed in southern regions of the country. The plant is locally known as Khalilou, Khalilouk, and Jalilou and has long been used in traditional medicine and local cuisine. Different parts of the plant are consumed as fresh vegetables, spices, pickles, and traditional foods. Ethnobotanical reports indicate its application in alleviating toothache, treating diarrhea, and controlling epilepsy. Previous phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of valuable bioactive compounds and demonstrated antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of this species. The quantity and quality of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Variations in ecological conditions such as altitude, temperature, precipitation, soil characteristics, and solar radiation may significantly affect the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and other phytochemicals. Therefore, evaluating biochemical diversity among natural populations is an important step toward identifying superior germplasm for domestication, breeding programs, and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Despite its medicinal and nutritional importance, information regarding biochemical variation among natural populations of A. orientale remains very limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate biochemical traits and antioxidant activity among seven natural populations of A. orientale collected from different regions of Fars Province.
Materials and Methods
Seven wild populations of A. orientale were collected from different regions of Fars Province, including Khafr, Jahrom, Gorm mount, Zarrindasht, Khonj, Darab, and Fasa during the early flowering stage in April 2024. The aerial parts of plant materials were dried under shade at laboratory temperature and used for biochemical analyses. A completely randomized design with three replications (about 50 plants) was employed. Total phenolic content, total flavonoids, flavones and flavonols, the ratio of flavones and flavonols to total flavonoids, tannins, total soluble carbohydrates, antioxidant activity and biomass were evaluated. Extraction was performed using ethanol solvent and a Soxhlet apparatus. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Total flavonoids, flavones and flavonols, tannins, and total soluble carbohydrates were quantified spectrophotometrically following standard analytical procedures. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean comparisons were conducted using Tukey’s test at the 5% probability level. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed in Minitab v.16 using Euclidean distance and average linkage to assess the similarity among Anisosciadium populations based on biochemical traits.
Results and Discussion
Significant differences were observed among populations for all evaluated biochemical traits (P ≤ 0.01), indicating substantial biochemical diversity within the species. The highest total phenolic content was recorded in the Jahrom population (15.02 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), whereas the lowest value was observed in Zarrindasht (7.68 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW). Similar trends were observed for total flavonoids and flavones/flavonols, with Jahrom exhibiting the highest concentrations. These findings suggest enhanced activity of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway in this population. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids play important roles in plant defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and environmental challenges (Sharma et al., 2019; Zagoskina et al., 2023). The Fasa population exhibited the highest tannin content (5.96 mg catechin equivalent g⁻¹ DW). Elevated tannin accumulation may be associated with environmental adaptation and ecological conditions of the habitat, particularly altitude-related stresses. Tannins contribute significantly to plant defense against herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stress factors (Iqbal & Poór, 2025). The highest soluble carbohydrate content was observed in the Kouh-Gorm population (100.40 mg glucose equivalent g⁻¹ DW), while the lowest amount was recorded in Zarrindasht (30.03 mg glucose equivalent g⁻¹ DW). Soluble carbohydrates are known to participate in osmotic adjustment and stress tolerance mechanisms under adverse environmental conditions (Blum, 2017; Rosa et al., 2009; Sami et al., 2016). Interestingly, the highest antioxidant activity was found in the Zarrindasht population (94.43%), despite its relatively low phenolic and flavonoid contents. This observation suggests that compounds other than phenolics, such as terpenoids, vitamins, and other antioxidant metabolites, may substantially contribute to the antioxidant capacity of this population. Previous studies have similarly reported that antioxidant activity is not always directly correlated with total phenolic concentration (Shahidi & Ambigaipalan, 2015; Apak et al., 2016). Overall, the observed biochemical variability among populations can be attributed to the combined effects of genetic background and environmental conditions. Such diversity represents a valuable resource for selecting superior populations with desirable phytochemical characteristics. Biomass varied significantly among populations (p ≤ 0.01), ranging from 0.48 to 3.57 g dry weight plant⁻¹, with the highest value recorded in Kuh-Garm and the lowest in Khafr. The approximately 4.7-fold difference suggests substantial population-level variation in biomass production, likely reflecting the combined effects of population characteristics and site-specific environmental conditions rather than a single climatic factor.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated considerable biochemical diversity among natural populations of Anisosciadium orientale in Fars Province. The Jahrom population showed superior performance regarding phenolic compounds and flavonoids, whereas Fasa exhibited the highest tannin content and Gorm mount accumulated the greatest amount of soluble carbohydrates. In contrast, the Zarrindasht population displayed the strongest antioxidant activity. These findings highlight the existence of valuable biochemical variation within natural populations of A. orientale and emphasize the potential of selected populations for future breeding programs, domestication efforts, conservation strategies, and the commercial production of bioactive compounds.

Abstract Introduction
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is among the most economically important and widely consumed small fruits worldwide, owing to its high nutritional value, desirable flavor, and strong antioxidant properties. It is rich in vitamins (particularly vitamin C), minerals, and phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and ellagic acid, which contribute significantly to human health. As a non-climacteric fruit, strawberry does not undergo further ripening after harvest; therefore, its final quality is largely determined during the pre-harvest stage. This underscores the importance of pre-harvest management strategies to enhance fruit quality. In recent years, biostimulants have emerged as sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical inputs in agriculture., Even at low concentrations, these substances can enhance plant physiological processes, improve stress tolerance, and promote crop quality. Among them, amino acids and seaweed extracts have attracted considerable attention. Tryptophan serves as a precursor for auxin (IAA) and melatonin, playing a crucial role in cell division, enlargement, fruit set, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite. External application of tryptophan can increase endogenous auxin levels, improve nutrient uptake efficiency, and enhance plant growth and productivity. The brown seaweed extract Ascophyllum nodosum is widely used in agriculture due to its rich content of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, plant hormones (cytokinin, auxins, gibberellins), betaines, micronutrients, and antioxidants. Previous studies have shown that this extract can improve vegetative growth, nutrient absorption, and phenolic compound biosynthesis, ultimately enhancing fruit quality and yield. Hydroponic cultivation, which allows precise control of plant nutrition and eliminates soil-related limitations, provides an ideal system for producing high-quality strawberries. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of tryptophan and A. nodosum extract on morphological and biochemical traits of strawberry (cv. Albion) under hydroponic conditions.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Zanjan, Iran, on strawberry (cv.Albion) plants, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications. Treatments included three concentrations of tryptophan (1, 2, and 3 mM), three concentrations of A.nodosum extract (1, 2, and 3 gL-1), and a control (distilled water). Foliar spraying was applied twice during the green fruit stage. Plants were grown in cocopeat and perlite substrate under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Various traits were measured, including fruit weight, size, volume, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), dry matter, leaf chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin content. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.
Results and Discussion
Treatments significantly affected fruit weight, length, diameter, volume, and firmness. The 1 mM tryptophan treatment produced the highest fruit weight, length, and volume, showing notable improvements compared to the control. Seaweed extract treatments (especially 2 and 3 gL-1) also increased fruit size and volume. These effects are mainly attributed to increased auxin synthesis, which stimulates cell division and enlargement. However, fruit firmness decreased in all treatments, especially with tryptophan. This reduction may be due to enhanced ripening processes influenced by melatonin and auxin, which regulate cell wall degradation. Although softer fruits may indicate better ripeness, this could negatively affect storage and transport.
The treatments significantly influenced dry matter, chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin, but had no significant effect on TSS, TA, or taste index. The significantly enhancement of leaf chlorophyll content in all treatments, especially in 1 and 2 mM tryptophan, shows the role of this bio stimulate in improving the photosynthetic efficiency of plant. Amino acids involve in growing up chlorophyll content by increasing the absorbance of micronutrients like Iron and magnesium which attend in chlorophyll structure. The highest content of ascorbic acid was observed in 1 mM tryptophan and 1 gL-1 A. nodosum extract, this issue could be the result of enhancement of chlorophyll content and raising of photosynthesis level by amino acids efficiency. Amino acids improve the antioxidant system of plants by enhancing the activity of enzymes that involves in ascorbic acid synthesis. In addition, the results showed the highest content of total phenol in 2 and 3 gL-1 A. nodosum extract and the highest flavonoids content in 3 gL-1 concentrations of this treatment. The extract of A. nodosum is full of compositions which act as elicitors that stimulate the expression of genes which involve in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The highest antioxidant capacity belonged to 3 gL-1 A. nodosum extract and also the highest content of anthocyanin was determined in 3 mM tryptophan and 2 gL-1 A. nodosum extract. Sea weeds are the affluent sources of antioxidants like various phenolic compounds that play the role in prevention of oxidation. Moreover, A. nodosum extract possess high content of potassium which participate in anthocyanin synthesis as a co-factor. Enhancement of anthocyanin in fruits treated with tryptophan can be related to the activity of this substance as precursor of IAA and melatonin synthesis that impact the signaling path and lead to expression of key genes of anthocyanin synthesis.
Conclusion
This research indicates that the pre-harvest application of tryptophan and extract of A.nodosum, could be an effective and environmentally friendly technique to ameliorate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics and enhancement the nutritional values of strawberry fruit (cv. Albion) which cultivated in hydroponic system. Based on obtained results, 1 mM tryptophan is recommended due to its ability to enhance the fruit weight and dimensions. On the other, the extract of A.nodosum in 3 gL-1 concentration is suggested because of capability in increasing of dry matter, antioxidant capacity and total phenols content of strawberry fruit. Moreover, 3 mM tryptophan and 2 gL-1 A.nodosum extract were more effective in rising of anthocyanin content. According to non-climacteric nature of strawberry fruit and determination of fruit terminal quality in pre-harvest phase, usage of bio stimulates could be an influential way for producing high quality and healthy crops with lower dependence to chemical inputs.

Abstract Introduction
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important and widely consumed vegetables in the human diet. Due to its specific physiological characteristics, it is very sensitive to drought stress and water deficit conditions. In recent years, the use of biological compounds as natural elicitors to increase plant resistance to abiotic stresses has received attention. This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of melatonin and silicon on physiological and defense indices of bell pepper under drought stress.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as a split factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with drought as the main factor at three levels (90, 70, and 50 percent of field capacity), the first subfactor, melatonin at three levels (0, 100, and 200 µM), and the second subfactor, silicon at three levels (0, 100, and 200 mg/L) in the greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. The studied traits included antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble leaf carbohydrates.
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of treatments on the levels of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, leaf soluble carbohydrates, proline, and malondialdehyde were significant at the 1% probability level. The highest activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes was obtained under non-stress conditions and foliar application of 100 μM melatonin and 100 mg/L silicon. Also, the highest proline accumulation was observed at the highest stress level along with foliar application of 200 μM melatonin. Foliar application of silicon at levels of 100 and 200 mg/L and 200 μM melatonin significantly reduced the amount of MDA in stressed plants. The highest amount of leaf soluble carbohydrates was observed in the moderate stress treatment and 100 mg/L silicon foliar application.
Conclusion
These results indicate that simultaneous application of melatonin and silicon effectively improves the tolerance of bell pepper to drought stress by strengthening the antioxidant defense system, increasing the accumulation of osmolytes, and reducing oxidative damage. Therefore, the combined use of these two compounds can be proposed as a biological and low-risk solution for managing drought stress in the sustainable production of this plant.
Introduction
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important and widely consumed vegetables in the human diet. Due to its specific physiological characteristics, it is very sensitive to drought stress and water deficit conditions. In recent years, the use of biological compounds as natural elicitors to increase plant resistance to abiotic stresses has received attention. This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of melatonin and silicon on physiological and defense indices of bell pepper under drought stress.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as a split factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with drought as the main factor at three levels (90, 70, and 50 percent of field capacity), the first subfactor, melatonin at three levels (0, 100, and 200 µM), and the second subfactor, silicon at three levels (0, 100, and 200 mg/L) in the greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. The studied traits included antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble leaf carbohydrates.
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of treatments on the levels of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, leaf soluble carbohydrates, proline, and malondialdehyde were significant at the 1% probability level. The highest activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes was obtained under non-stress conditions and foliar application of 100 μM melatonin and 100 mg/L silicon. Also, the highest proline accumulation was observed at the highest stress level along with foliar application of 200 μM melatonin. Foliar application of silicon at levels of 100 and 200 mg/L and 200 μM melatonin significantly reduced the amount of MDA in stressed plants. The highest amount of leaf soluble carbohydrates was observed in the moderate stress treatment and 100 mg/L silicon foliar application.
Conclusion
These results indicate that simultaneous application of melatonin and silicon effectively improves the tolerance of bell pepper to drought stress by strengthening the antioxidant defense system, increasing the accumulation of osmolytes, and reducing oxidative damage. Therefore, the combined use of these two compounds can be proposed as a biological and low-risk solution for managing drought stress in the sustainable production of this plant.

Abstract Introduction: The walnut is one of the most important fruits which has been defined as a "superfood" in recent years, garnering significant attention for its high nutritional value, flavor, and aroma. Walnut production and productivity have increased significantly over the past two decades in leading walnut-producing countries such as China, Türkiye, and Iran. In Iran, although the area under cultivation has expanded more rapidly than in competing countries, yield per unit area has declined; this trend is attributed to the use of seedling-derived trees for orchard establishment and increasing climatic stresses specifically damage caused by late spring frosts. Today, top-working (crown grafting) is employed as the optimal and fastest method to modify tree canopies and convert seedling-based orchards into high-yielding orchards featuring improved cultivars that are tolerant to late spring frosts and other biotic and abiotic stresses. In recent years, the practice of replacing walnut tree canopies with improved cultivars has expanded rapidly, with numerous projects currently underway through government support or orchardists' own initiatives.
Material and methods: To monitor and evaluate the growth of top-worked walnut trees in Hamedan Province, the county of Tuyserkan designated as the "Global Walnut City" and the site of the most extensive walnut top-working activity was selected as the pilot area. In this project, several orchards grafted with the 'Chandler' cultivar were selected across various elevations. Over a four-year period (2021–2024), the phenological, vegetative, and fruiting characteristics of the top-worked trees were evaluated across different locations within the county, ranging from 1500 to 2100 meters above sea level. Measurements included the timing of leaf emergence, the number of catkins, the number of female flowers, fruit count and fruit set percentage per tree, tree canopy radius and cross-sectional area, as well as the timing of physiological maturity and harvest.
Results and discussion: The results of this study during 2021–2024 showed that with increasing altitude (1500–2100 m aboves sea level) harvest (up to October 19) were delayed. Based on the results, both of site and cultivar showed significant effects on the characteristics of leafing time, harvest time, yield and quality. Based on the results, the altitude of the orchard location showed significant effects on the characteristics of leafing time, harvesting time, yield and quality. The number of fruits per tree and the percentage of fruit formation, which varied between 21 and 45 percent, increased with increasing tree age and reaching maturity of the grafted trees. The latest physiological ripening time occurred at an altitude of 2100 meters and the earliest physiological ripening time was at an altitude of 1500. The largest cross-sectional area of the tree crowns was obtained at an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level and the lowest amount of these traits was also obtained at an altitude of 2100 meters above sea level. In Hamadan province and other parts of the country, the greatest concern arises from the incorrect location of the late-leaved walnut orchards and incorrect orchard management (mixed cultivation with forage and summer crops) or without considering the proportion of pollinating varieties planted. Unfortunately, thousands of seedlings without pollinators are distributed every year. Although the production of grafted seedlings of the Late leafing cultivars was started in the region 20 years ago (2005), the production of grafted seedlings has peaked in the past 10 years, and unfortunately, unauthorized people without knowledge of the fruiting behavior of these cultivars are also trying to propagate and distribute these seedlings, so that the production of grafted walnut seedlings has reached saturation point from zero in 2001 to 2024. Walnut cultivation in Tuyserkan is possible up to an altitude of 2100 meters above sea level, but at higher altitudes, achieving optimal productivity requires appropriate management methods that are compatible with climatic conditions.
Conclusion: Based on the overall results, both of site and cultivar showed significant effects on the characteristics of leafing time, harvest time, yield and quality. the latest physiological ripening time occurred at an altitude of 2100 meters and the earliest physiological ripening time was at an altitude of 1500. In West Hamadan province and other parts of the country, the greatest concern arises from the incorrect location of the late-leaved walnut orchards and incorrect orchard management (mixed cultivation with forage and summer crops) or without considering the proportion of pollinating varieties planted. Unfortunately, thousands of seedlings without pollinators are distributed every year. Walnut cultivation in Hamadan Province is feasible up to an altitude of 2100 meters above sea level, but at higher elevations achieving optimal productivity requires more precise and improved management practices.

Abstract Introduction
Despite a large number of studies on tomato, there is still limited information on how inbreeding depression affects seedling morphological traits under greenhouse conditions. These traits are important because they influence early plant establishment in the field and, consequently, the expression of yield-related characteristics. In tomato, hybrids are preferred because of their superiority in yield and fruit quality compared to their parents. The productive capacity of the F1 hybrid is broken in the F2 and subsequent generations due to segregation of favorable genes. Inbreeding depression, which occurs due to increased homozygosity and the expression of deleterious recessive alleles, can lead to reduced vegetative vigor and weakened morphological traits in segregating generations such as F2. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate seedling morphological traits in F1 and F2 generations and to calculate the percentage of inbreeding depression in some common tomato hybrids.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out during 2023 and 2024 in the research field and greenhouse of the University of Zanjan, Iran. In the first year, 22 cultivars were evaluated using a split block design (based on randomized complete blocks) with two replications. Eight superior F1 hybrids (SUPESET, JENNIFER, KAKI, MARVEL, FERGUSON, 8320, BASSIMO, and BRIVIO) were selected based on yield and growth indices, and their F2 seeds were produced. Due to the self-pollinating nature of tomato and the very low outcrossing rate (0.0–5.2%), individual flower isolation was not performed in the first year. However, plots were spaced 2 meters apart in the field to reduce any possibility of cross-pollination. In the second year, the F1 and F2 generations of these hybrids were grown in the research greenhouse under a randomized complete block design with two replications. Seedling traits including stem diameter (using digital caliper with 0.01 mm accuracy), plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, root length, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight were measured. Inbreeding depression percentage was calculated using the formula: [(F1 mean - F2 mean) / F1 mean] × 100. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26, and mean comparisons were done using Tukey's test. Independent t-test was used to compare F1 and F2 means.
Results and Discussion
The genotype effect was significant for most of the traits, indicating significant genetic diversity among the studied materials. A comparison of F1 and F2 revealed a considerable difference, indicating a decline in trait values from F1 to F2. The highest inbreeding depression was observed for plant height (21.28%), root fresh weight (21.08%), stem diameter (13.82%), and root length (13.56%), while the lowest was recorded for leaf length (5.90%) and petiole length (6.89%). A greater degree of inbreeding depression may point to higher heterosis as well as a greater contribution of dominance effects. The extent of inbreeding depression for stem diameter, plant height, and leaf length varied among the eight hybrids examined. For example, in stem diameter, the highest inbreeding depression was observed in Ferguson and Kaki hybrids (20.57% and 19.90%), while the lowest was in Marvel hybrid (0.98%). In plant height, Jennifer hybrid showed the highest inbreeding depression (32.80%), followed by Superset (27.87%). In root length, genotype 8320 showed the highest inbreeding depression (21.09%), while Marvel and Superset showed the lowest (1.48% and 3.60%, respectively). In shoot fresh weight, the highest inbreeding depression was observed in Bassimo (17.76%), while Marvel showed the lowest (0.33%). Some hybrids showed negative inbreeding depression, indicating the superiority of F2 over F1 for that trait, such as leaf length in Bassimo (-10.93%) and petiole length in Brivio (-6.10%). Independent t-test results showed that differences between F1 and F2 means were significant for all seedling morphological traits at the 5% probability level. The highest t-values were observed for stem diameter (5.822), root length (5.628), and leaf width (5.060).
Conclusion
These results can be applied in tomato breeding programs in advanced generations obtained from self-pollination of these cultivars. For cultivars with low inbreeding depression, the best derived inbred lines can be introduced as new varieties. When inbreeding depression is high, it is necessary to exploit heterosis through reciprocal crosses and selection of the best hybrid. The amount of inbreeding depression can be a practical indicator for evaluating the stability of seedling morphological traits and selecting the appropriate breeding strategy for improving tomato traits at the seedling stage. The findings of this study also highlight the importance of considering both shoot and root traits when evaluating inbreeding depression in tomato seedlings.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the University of Zanjan for providing research facilities. Also, the supervisor and advisor are thanked for their valuable guidance.

Abstract Introduction:
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is an important medicinal and industrial crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions due to its high nutritional value and rich content of bioactive compounds. The calyces of this plant are extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries as natural sources of antioxidants, organic acids, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds. These secondary metabolites play a key role in determining the nutritional, medicinal, and commercial quality of roselle products. Among agronomic practices, planting date is considered a critical management factor that strongly influences plant growth, yield formation, and secondary metabolite accumulation by determining the environmental conditions experienced during key phenological stages. Synchronizing plant development with favorable temperature and radiation regimes can enhance both quantitative and qualitative traits. In warm and semi-arid regions such as Khuzestan province, inappropriate planting dates may expose plants to excessive heat stress during flowering and calyx development, thereby reducing yield and quality. Despite the increasing interest in Roselle cultivation in Iran, information regarding optimal planting dates under local climatic conditions remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the response of quantitative, qualitative, and biochemical traits of Roselle to different planting dates in the warm and semi-arid climate of Hamidieh County, Khuzestan, Iran.
Materials and Methods:
A field experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 growing seasons at a research farm located in Hamidieh County, Khuzestan province, Iran. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four planting date treatments and five replications. The planting dates included April 14, May 5, May 22, and June 5, which were selected based on common regional cultivation practices to represent early to late planting conditions. Standard agronomic management practices were applied uniformly across all treatments throughout the growing period on the farm. Quantitative traits measured at harvest included plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, number of calyces, and fresh and dry weight of calyces, which collectively reflect vegetative growth, reproductive performance, and yield potential. In addition, several biochemical traits were assessed using standard laboratory methods to evaluate the quality of the harvested calyces. These traits included total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin content, representing the major bioactive compounds contributing to the nutritional and medicinal value of Roselle.
Results and Discussion:
The results indicated that planting date significantly affected most quantitative and biochemical traits of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). The earliest planting date (April 14) resulted in the highest plant height (217 cm), number of lateral branches (18 per plant), number of calyces (215 per plant), calyx fresh weight (2.37 g), calyx dry weight (0.44 g), and calyx yield (1,130 kg ha⁻¹). In contrast, the latest planting date (June 5) resulted in the lowest plant height (78 cm), number of lateral branches (2 per plant), calyx fresh weight (1.37 g), calyx dry weight (0.25 g), and calyx yield (181 kg ha⁻¹). The lowest mean number of calyces (40 per plant) was also recorded on June 5, although it did not differ significantly from the May 5 and May 22 treatments. Calyx dry weight on May 22 (0.42 g) was statistically comparable to that on April 14. Regarding biochemical traits, the highest total phenolic content (33.30 mg g⁻¹) was recorded on May 5, whereas the lowest (24.24 mg g⁻¹) occurred on April 14. Total flavonoid content ranged from 10.51 mg g⁻¹ on June 5 to 12.78 mg g⁻¹ on May 5. Anthocyanin content was highest on April 14 (18.47 mg g⁻¹) and lowest on June 5 (14.83 mg g⁻¹). Antioxidant capacity showed its highest mean value (19%) on June 5 and its lowest value (7%) on May 5. Total soluble carbohydrate content was highest on June 5 (33.06) and lowest on May 5 (18.55), while ascorbic acid content was highest on May 22 (59.45 mg g⁻¹) and lowest on June 5 (37.43 mg g⁻¹). Overall, early planting favored vegetative growth and calyx yield, whereas planting date influenced biochemical composition differently, indicating that the optimal planting date may depend on whether yield or specific quality attributes are prioritized.
Conclusion:
Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that planting date plays an important role in determining the growth, calyx yield, and biochemical composition of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under the warm, semi-arid conditions of Hamidieh, Khuzestan, Iran. Early planting on April 14 was the most favorable treatment for vegetative growth and calyx production, resulting in the highest plant height, number of lateral branches, number of calyces, calyx fresh and dry weights, and calyx yield. However, the effects of planting date on biochemical traits varied depending on the compound measured. While anthocyanin content was highest in the earliest planting treatment, the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded on May 5, and the highest ascorbic acid content was observed on May 22. The highest mean antioxidant capacity and total soluble carbohydrate content were recorded in the latest planting treatment, although the statistical significance of these differences should be considered when interpreting the results. These findings indicate that the planting date that maximizes calyx yield may not necessarily optimize all biochemical quality attributes. Therefore, April 14 can be recommended as a promising planting date when the primary objective is to maximize calyx production under the conditions of this study. Further research evaluating planting date, phenological development, and environmental conditions across multiple locations and growing seasons is needed to confirm this recommendation and identify suitable planting dates for specific yield and quality objectives.

Abstract Introduction:
Cut roses (Rosa spp.) are among the most widely cultivated and economically significant ornamental flowers worldwide, with particularly high cultural and commercial importance in Iran. These flowers are highly valued not only for their aesthetic appeal and fragrance but also for their role in the floriculture industry, which contributes significantly to local economies. Despite their popularity, a major limitation in the cut flower industry is the relatively short vase life of roses, which is often further reduced during transportation, storage, and marketing. Early senescence, petal wilting, and stem bending are common postharvest problems that negatively affect flower quality and market value. Consequently, finding effective, safe, and cost-efficient preservative solutions to extend the vase life and maintain the quality of cut roses has been a long-standing challenge in horticultural research. Various strategies have been investigated, including the use of sugars, antimicrobial agents, and plant growth regulators. Sugars serve as an energy source and help maintain osmotic balance, antimicrobial agents can reduce microbial blockage in xylem vessels, and growth regulators can delay senescence by stabilizing cellular membranes and regulating physiological processes. In this context, combining sucrose with either natural compounds such as propolis or synthetic regulators like 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) may offer a promising approach for improving postharvest performance of cut roses. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of sucrose, propolis, and 2,4-D, alone and in combination, on the vase life, water relations, and quality traits of cut roses under controlled laboratory conditions.

Materials and Methods:
The experiment was conducted in the Horticultural Sciences Laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and two observation periods. Six treatment solutions were evaluated: T1) distilled water (control), T2) distilled water + 3% sucrose, T3) distilled water + 3% sucrose + 0.5% propolis, T4) distilled water + 3% sucrose + 1% propolis, T5) distilled water + 3% sucrose + 2,4-D (5 ppm), and T6) distilled water + 3% sucrose + 2,4-D (10 ppm). The sucrose concentration was chosen based on its optimal osmotic and nutritional effects on cut flowers, while the propolis concentrations were selected due to their reported antimicrobial properties. The 2,4-D concentrations were based on previous studies showing effectiveness in delaying senescence in ornamental plants. Tofordi (96% purity) and sucrose (3%) were purchased from Betagen Company (Mashhad, Iran), whereas propolis was collected from honeybee hives in Firouzi village, Golbahar, Mashhad, Iran. Flowers were harvested at commercial maturity, immediately recut under water to prevent xylem blockage, and placed in their respective treatment solutions. Vase life, relative fresh weight, petal water content, flower and stem diameter, solution uptake, and chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a and b) were measured at regular intervals during the observation period using standard laboratory techniques. All measurements were conducted under controlled temperature, humidity, and light conditions to minimize environmental variability.

Results and Discussion:
All treatments significantly improved the vase life of cut roses compared with the control, which had an average vase life of 5.7 days (p < 0.05). The T6 treatment (distilled water + 3% sucrose + 10 ppm 2,4-D) resulted in the longest vase life of 9.3 days, followed by T3 and T4 treatments (approximately 9.0 days each). The T2 treatment (3% sucrose) increased average vase life to 8.67 days and also improved flower and stem diameter (260.44 mm and 180.6 mm, respectively), as well as relative fresh weight and petal water content. T3 treatment (0.5% propolis + 3% sucrose) showed the highest stem diameter, solution uptake, and chlorophyll b content, indicating enhanced water relations and photosynthetic potential. Similarly, T4 (1% propolis + 3% sucrose) extended vase life to about 9 days, suggesting a dose-dependent effect of propolis on maintaining postharvest quality. The T5 treatment (5 ppm 2,4-D + 3% sucrose) resulted in the highest petal water content and relative fresh weight, highlighting the role of growth regulators in delaying senescence and maintaining tissue turgor. Overall, combining sucrose with either propolis or 2,4-D effectively improved water balance, reduced vascular blockage, and delayed senescence, which collectively contributed to prolonged vase life and enhanced flower quality. Sucrose likely provided an energy source for metabolic activity while maintaining osmotic potential, propolis contributed antimicrobial activity to prevent microbial-induced xylem blockage, and 2,4-D acted as a senescence-delaying growth regulator. These findings demonstrate that integrated postharvest solutions combining sugars, natural extracts, and growth regulators can substantially improve the commercial value and longevity of cut roses.

Acknowledgement:
The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, for providing laboratory facilities to conduct this study.

Abstract Hazelnut tree belonging to the Betulaceae family and Corylus genus, is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran and has always played an important economical and social role for orchardists. Iran's potential to become one of the world's major producers of this product. Gilan province has 13809 hectares of hazelnut orchards, which constitute 74.5% of the cultivated area of hazelnut orchards in the country. The production in Iran relies almost entirely on local cultivar that characterized by low quality and yield. Therefore it seems imperative to replace them with suitable commercial varieties that could boost crop yield and productivity resulting in higher sale and income for the farmers. Identifying imported varieties compatible with desired performance and quality directly and indirectly affects the livelihoods of farmers. Cultivation of many cultivars in different areas is of fundamental importance to test their adaptability to different environmental conditions.

Materials and Methods

Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate hazelnut cultivars imported from Russia in an area of Rudsar County, Gilan Province, at an altitude of 1750 masl, in Samadabad village, since 2023, in a randomized complete block design with five replications (each replication three uniform and same-aged suckers of each cultivar). Fifteen cultivars Bakhamerensky, Vartashen, Khettuvy, Chelsea, Volgras, Proones, Sochi, Koban, Morfineski, Trabzon, Kalib, Atrak, Qafqaz, Izdab, Prehistorica were planted without a local control cultivar at 4x4 m spacing. Adaptation to the environment and vegetative and reproductive traits such as the length of the current season's shoot, the number of buds per shoot, the height of the seedling, the number of male flowers (catkins), the number of fruits, nut weight, the shell weight, kernel weight and weight of the woody shell were studied in the years 2023 and 2025. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using a combined analysis. The data were analyzed using SAS software (Version 9.1), and treatment means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level.

Results and Discussion

The results of the study of leaf and catkin emergence phenology showed, during both years 2024-2025, the Bakhamarensky and Vartashan cultivars were recorded as early-leafing cultivars, and the Prostorika cultivar was recorded as late-leafing cultivars. In addition, in both years, the emergence of catkin occurred earlier in the Bakhamarensky cultivar and later in the Khettuvy cultivar. Among the cultivars studied, the Qafqaz cultivar showed the highest shoot length and number of buds per shoot. The seedling length in the Atrak cultivar (179.28 cm) was higher than other cultivars and the lowest value was observed in the Koban cultivar (47.45 cm). The Morfineski cultivar showed the highest number of sucker, and the Qafqaz and Proones cultivars showed the lowest number of sucker. The highest number of catkin in the studied cultivars was observed in the Vartashan cultivar and the lowest number was observed in the Koban cultivar. The Bakhamerensky cultivar had the catkin length with an average of 2.11 cm, and the Koban cultivar had the lowest value of this index with an average of 0.28 cm. In addition, the Sochi, Prostorika, Chelsea, Vartashan, Qafqaz, and Kalib cultivars fruit set earlier than the other cultivars studied. The Vartashan cultivar (3.70) had the highest number of nuts per cluster. The highest fruit weight and kernel weight were observed in the Chelsea and Prehistorica cultivars.

Conclusion

This study highlights the potential of imported hazelnut cultivars for further evaluation as possible alternatives to low-yielding local cultivars in Iran. By selecting the right cultivars, farmers can significantly improve productivity and profitability. Increasing production per unit area has significant social and economic impacts in the region in terms of family and local employment, reducing rural migration, and stabilizing the livelihood of gardeners. In addition to playing an effective role in economic development and employment in the region, this issue is also effective in ensuring food security. Despite the high number of hazelnuts per cluster, the Vartashen cultivar does not have the necessary marketability due to the small size of the nut weight, but due to the higher number of catkin, it can be considered in the pollination management of orchards. According to the results, Sochi, Prehistorica, Chelsea and Qafqaz cultivars are recommended as initial options with good potential for further evaluation as possible alternatives to local cultivars due to their earlier fruiting and suitable pomological traits. Despite the limitation due to the lack of local cultivars in the preliminary phase, the findings of this study provide a first and necessary step for initial screening and selection of susceptible genotypes for more accurate multi-year evaluations and comparisons with local cultivars in future studies and provide practical recommendations for hazelnut cultivation in Iran.

Abstract Abstract Among the propagation methods of mango, grafting is the most common method, but growers do not have enough knowledge about the suitable time and grafting methods of this fruit tree. This problem is the most important factor in production of grafted mango plants. This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement and 10 replications. Factors included the time of grafting with levels of (4 and 19 April, 5 May, 6 and 21 August, 6 and 21 September, 7 and 22 October and 15 November) and two grafting methods (vener side graft and cleft graft). Rootstocks were seedling and scions taken from a single plant of mango cv. ″Langra″. Results showed that the best time for grafting was 4 April with 100 percent and cleft graft with 85 percent success was better than whip grafting. After 60 days from each grafting times, plants that grafted in 4 and 19 April had higher growth. In general, it could be concluded that in Roudan city grafting with cleft method on 4-19 April is suitable for propagation of mango. Key words: Mango, Grafting, Grafting time, Grafting method

Abstract Introduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Iran. This plant is mainly grown in the south of the country, where pH of soil is high, resulting in poor nutrient uptake. Furthermore, because of high yield and annual pruning of date palm, large amounts of macro and micronutrients are removed from soil. So, annual fertilizing should be applied for good performance. Research shows that use of manure alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers improves physico-chemical indices of fruits and leaves of palm trees. Regarding to high nutrition dependency of date palm, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of different fertilizers on physico-chemical indices of its leaf and fruit. The main objectives of this study were thus to evaluate the effect of cow manure, ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate on physico-chemical indices in fruit and leaf of Mazafati date. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in bam zone, Kerman, Iran, in 2011- 2012. The area was located at 28°53′40′′N latitude, 58°37′18′′E longitude and 1050 m above sea level. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was performed during month of March. Factors included ammonium sulfate (0, 500 and 1000 g/tree), potassium sulfate (0, 750 and 1500 g/tree) accompanied by cow manure (5 kg/tree). For leaf and fruit analysis, sampling was performed during month of June. Physico-chemical indices including nitrogen, potassium, iron, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, TSS and TSS/TA were evaluated. Chlorophyll was measured by using the method of Lichtenthaler (1987). Total soluble solid (TSS) was measured by using refractometer. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and the treatment means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range tests. Results and Discussion: Results showed that because of supplying nitrogen, sulfur and potassium and their significant effects on noted physico-chemical indices, the highest nitrogen and iron content, photosynthetic pigments of carotenoid and chlorophyll (a and total) of leaf, and fruit weight were obtained in treatments of ammonium sulfate (1000 g/tree) and potassium sulfate (1500 g/tree) combination with cow manure (5 kg/tree). The highest potassium content of leaf, TSS and TSS/TA ratio of fruit were obtained by using ammonium sulfate (500 g/tree) and potassium sulfate (1500 g/tree) in combination with cow manure. The general increase in physico-chemical indices of fruits and leaves of date palm by the application of cow manure plus mineral fertilizer might be due to the increase in the availability of nutrients especially available N, P and K in the soil. In many reports, the effects of mineral fertilizers on nitrogen, potassium and iron content of the plant tissues were discussed. For example, date palm (two cultivars including Zaghloul and Samany) treated by ammonium nitrate and nitrobean (a bio-fertilizer) had the highest amount of leaf nitrogen and potassium. The highest rates of nitrogen, iron and potassium in palm fruit were obtained from cow manure in combination with NPK. Nitrogen, iron and potassium contents of the date and pistachio were increased by using ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Fruit weight, length, diameter and dry weight increased, while fruit moisture content decreased by organic manures either alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared to the mineral N. Higher fruit TSS was obtained by the application of organic manures alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared with mineral fertilization alone. Nitrogen concentration can be increased by using nitrogen fertilizer, for example ammonium increased leaf nitrogen concentration more than nitrate. Mineral nutrient, especially sulfur and nitrogen supplied by ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, increased the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid due to their roles in the synthesis of these compounds. Higher potassium content of leaves promotes photosynthetic rate of chloroplast, phloem transport of photosynthates to sink tissues and finally improves quality and yield of the fruit, which is associated with high sugar content. Conclusions: For feeding of date palm tree, cow manure fertilization alone is insufficient. Ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate alone or in combination with cow manure could improve physico-chemical indices of leaves and fruits. This mixed fertilizer, supplying nitrogen, potassium and sulfur macronutrients, had significant effect on physico-chemical parameters, and subsequently improved the content of nitrogen, iron, potassium, photosynthetic pigments (a, b and total, carotenoid), TSS, TSS/TA ratio and the fruit weight.

Abstract Abstract Planting of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree due to salt and drought tolerance and ever green habit increasingly is considered in urban landscape in recent years. The low resistance to cold has been a major problem in using this tree in temperate and cold zones. So, determination of frost resistance cultivars is one of the important measures for use of this tree in urban landscape. To evaluate frost resistance of 15 olive cultivars and to compare the visual assessment and chlorophyll fluorescence methods, a factorial experiment was carried out using 7- year- old olive trees which were planted in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. In visual method, frost damage of winters 2007 and 2008 to plants (percentage of drying by scoring and percentage of leaf abscission) were measured. Results of this experiment showed that ‘Amphisis’ followed by 'Gorgan' and 'Shengeh' were tolerant and ‘Kroneiki’ and ‘Rashid’ were sensitive cultivars to low temperatures. In method of chlorophyll fluorescence, in July 2008 leave samples of each cultivar was gradually incubated in 0, -5, -10, -15 and -20 ° C for one hour at least. Then Fv/Fm value of each sample was measured with fluorescence spectrometer. Results indicated that 0 and -5 ° C had no damage on samples and all cultivars tolerated these temperatures (Fv/Fm> 0.83). When temperature reduced to -10 and -15 ° C the stress on plants increased and ‘Rashid’ showed the lowest Fv/Fm (0.243 and 0.001 respectively) and was the most frost sensitive. Decreasing temperature to -20 °C had no further significant effect on reduction of Fv/Fm index and showed no difference between cultivars. Based on this method, ‘Shengeh’, ‘Gorgan’ and ‘Amphisis’ were tolerant cultivars and ‘Rashid’, ‘Spain’, ‘Manzanilla’ and ‘Kroneiki’ were sensitive cultivars to low temperatures which confirmed the results of visual assessment. Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence, Frost resistance, Olive, Visual assessment

Abstract Introduction: Cultivation of ornamental plants in terrariums is common, but the use of flowering plants in such environment is difficult and rarely seen. Common geranium (Pelargonium hortorum L.H.) is the most well-known potted and garden plant in the top of 25 popular world's market rankings. Today, one of the main goals of commercial producers is the production of the uniform plants in terms of morphological traits such as uniformity in the height that needs some management. To achieve this objective plant genetic potential, managing the growth and environmental factors, restrictions on root environment, water and nutrition to a level that does not affect the quality as well as application of chemical plant growth retardants (PGRs) could be considered. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) commercially known as Bonzi and chlromequat chloride (CCC) known as cycocel are commonly used to control the height of some pot plants. Additionally, Benzyladenine (BA) as a synthetic cytokinin can influence the growth characters of plants. This experiment conducted to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol, cycocel and benzyladenine on the growth and flowering of geranium as a flowering terrarium plant. Materials and Methods: The effect of PBZ, CCC and BA evaluated as a factorial experiment based on CRD on the growth and flowering of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bailey ‘Horizon’) as terrarium plant. At first, geranium seeds planted in tray cells as plugs filled by sieved black peat to below 2 mm in early autumn, Oct. 2015. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse conditions with an average day/night temperatures of 25/20 ± 2 °C, nourished with 1:2 ratio diluted Hoagland nutrient solution as irrigation demand, until 2-4 leaves stage then transferred into terrarium containers (with 20 cm of middle diameter and 15 cm of height). Inside container relative air humidity was about 75±5% and growing environment light intensity (PPF) was about 500 µmole m-2S-1. Irrigation and nutrition also applied at seedling stage in terrarium. Terrarium glass container totally filled to a quarter of volume considering a drainage layer of gravel, activated charcoal, a layer of substrate barrier (plastic net), potting soil containing of 20 vol.% sieved field loam soil, 10 vol.% of fine perlite and 70 vol.% of sieved black peat. PBZ at the levels of 0, 25 and 50 ppm and CCC at the levels of 0, 1000 and 2000 ppm applied one month after transplanting (Feb. 2015) and BA treatment for flowering management applied at the levels of 0, 50 and 100 ppm four months after transplanting (May 2016). Growth and flowering characters evaluated thoroughly while root and shoot fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanin index assessed at the end of the experiment. Results and Discussion: Both growth retardants PBZ and CCC led to a significant reduction in plant height in high concentrations. Thus, the effect of PGRs on plant height was significant, while the effect of BA and its interactions by PGRs on this trait was not considerable. Effective treatments on this trait were PBZ in concentration of 50 ppm and then CCC in 2000 ppm. In particular, the use of these concentrations without BA treatment led to the shortest plants. Comparison of plants cultivated in the pot and terrarium conditions showed that the growth conditions had a considerable and significant impact on plant height and growth. Stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area significantly reduced by PBZ compared to the control, but CCC did not show a significant effect on these traits. Smaller stem diameter occurred through 25 ppm of PBZ together with 50 ppm of BA. Application of PBZ especially at 25 ppm resulted in a significantly reduced number of plant leaves and leaf area compared to the control and application of CCC. Application of CCC at the level of 2000 ppm combined with BA of 50 ppm caused to a significant increase of leaf area compared to the control. Results on the number of lateral branches showed that application of PGRs had no effect on this character, while restriction of growth in terrarium conditions led to decrease in the number of lateral branches. Number of lateral branches raised by application of BA and CCC, while less number of branches observed with PBZ treatments especially at the level of 25 ppm. Chlorophyll and anthocyanin content of leaves decreased by both retardants. Days to flowering shortened by PBZ treatment of 50 ppm and slightly by CCC treatment of 1000 ppm in terrarium conditions. In general, flowering process accelerated via these treatments, while PBZ of 25 ppm and CCC of 2000 ppm delayed the flowering of plants compared to the control. The acceleration effect of 50 ppm PBZ was superior to the effect of 1000 ppm of CCC. The effect of BA on flowering time was insignificant despite of initial prospect. Finally, the photosynthetic pigments, leaf area and stem diameter increased because of BA, while flowering characters not influenced by means of BA. In general, 50 ppm of PBZ and without BA treatment was able to improve production characters of geranium plants in terrarium conditions. Conclusions: The goal of this research was managing the growth and flowering of geranium in the restricted terrarium conditions by PGRs. It was found that treatment of plants by 50 ppm of PBZ could properly control the plant height and whereas positively accelerated flowering without and negative side effects on the plant performance. It seems that a good hormonal balance performed by this concentration of PBZ compared to CCC and BA. Early flowering is a positive quality trait for the most flowering ornamental plants. However, BA application itself and in interaction with CCC could enhance the photosynthetic pigment contents and thus improved the growth characters but it could not influence flowering traits even though delayed the flowering, significantly. Restriction of the root area via planting in terrarium could considerably limit the vegetative growth characters and delayed the flowering compared to the potted plants.

Abstract Introduction: The basic characteristic of modern table grape production is its adaptation to the requirements of the market aiming to improve grape quality, such as equal cluster size, equal size and shape of the berry, and equal coloration of all the berries in the cluster. Furthermore, an important attribute of the grape berry quality is seedlessness. Seedless cultivars are characterized with small berries, which can be increased by using some management techniques. Plant hormones may play an important role in the growth and development of grape berries. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is known to stimulate development of parthenocarpic fruit in grapes and other fruits. The exogenous pre-bloom application of GA3 to grapevine is commonly used to induce seedlessness, accelerate early ripening, and enhance berry size in seedless cultivars. Although there are a large number of studies on seedless grape varieties, no previous research has been performed on the effect of GA3 on the seeded grape cultivars. Differences in the types of berry set affect the growth of berries and their size. It is well known that there is an important relationship between seed development and berry growth, which has been attributed to hormones such as auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins. Materials and Methods: To study the effects of 100 mg/L pre-bloom (7 and 14 days before blooming) GA3 application on the induction of seedlessness and some berry and cluster characteristics of three seeded Iranian cultivars, Qzl ouzum, Rish babab Qermez and Khalili Qermez, this research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. The vines of each cultivar were selected in the vineyard of Horticultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Urmia, Iran. The vines were 13 years old and bi-lateral cordon system had been used as their training system. Pollen germination test was performed at the time of flowering, and several qualitative and quantitative traits including fruit set percentage, cluster length, rachis fresh weight, number of shot berries, number of seedless berries in clusters, the average weight of seedless berries, length of pedicle, berry weight, total soluble solids (TSS) and pH were measured. Results and Discussion: The results of the study showed that GA3 at 100 mg/L showed significant difference from control regarding pollen germination rate, fruit set percentage, length of cluster and rachis, number of shot berries, weight and number of seedless berries, length of pedicle, weight of berry and TSS. Pollen germination was reduced in those cultivars treated with GA3 but the responses of cultivars were different. Gibberellin caused an increase in cluster length, but the rate of increase in Rish baba and Qzl ouzum was greater than Khalili. In terms of inducing seedlessness in berries, GA3 caused greater effect in Qzl ouzum than Rish baba and Khalili Qermez. The greatest seedless berries weight obtained with the treatment of GA3 spray 7 days before blooming in Qzl ouzum, although the number of seedless berries in this cultivar was fewer than other cultivars. The difference in berry number per cluster between clusters receiving GA3 pre- vs. post-anthesis appeared to consist largely of seedless berries. Perhaps, GA3 stimulated non-fertilized or otherwise nonviable fruits to be retained. The longest pedicle observed in Qzl ouzum treated with 100 mg/lit GA3 14 days before blooming, while Khalili Qermez had the shortest pedicle. In all the cultivars, treatment with GA3 caused an increase in the average length of pedicle. The content of total soluble solids (TSS) in fruits treated with GA3 was higher than control. Gibberellic acid promotes cell division, stimulates earlier flowering, increases the size and yield of fruits, and induces seedlessness in seedless cultivars. The effect of GA3 depends on variety, concentration and time of application. Conclusion: In conclusion, application of GA3 at 100 mg/lit increased fruit set and seedless berries. The increased number of seedless berries was also noticed when GA3 applied at 100 mg/L. In general, GA3 application before flowering in Qzl ouzum, Rish babab Qermez and Khalili Qermez cultivars produced shot berries and seeded berries, and repeated GA3 application after fruit set can resulted in seedless berries with an acceptable size. More research is needed to establish guidelines for the proper use of GA3 for production of seedless berries from the studied seeded cultivars.

Abstract Abstract Dormancy in potato minituber buds is one of the limiting factors on planting them after harvesting. This study was undertaken in a completely randomized Nested with arrengment three replications to examine the effective hormonal and temperature treatments on rapid breaking of minitubers dormancy at 2008. Treatments included gibberellic acid (2 and 5 mg/l), benzyl adenine (5 and 10 mg/l), zeatine (1.5 and 3 mg/l) and temperature (5, 10 and 15oC). Results showed that germination rate and percentage, length of sprouts, number of active sprouts, tuber weight were affected by hormonal and temperature. Germination rate and percentage were not significantly different amoung hormones under temperature 15oc but lowest was respectively 14.4 and 11 for control. Most effect on length of sprouts was resulted in 5 mg/l gibberellic acid. Temperature 10oc had most affect on number of active sprouts. Under low temperature effect of hormones on studied was not significant. Loss of Tuber weight under low temperature (5oc) and high temperature (15oc) was high and low respectively. Key words: Potato, Dormancy of minituber, Dormancy breaking

Abstract Introduction
Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is used as a multi-purpose species. The flower essential oil of this plant has many applications in various industries. There is a wide variety of morphological, phonological, flower shape, yield and yield of essential oils among genotypes and different populations of Damask rose in various ecological conditions in Iran. Evaluation of genetic diversity among Damask rose of Iran is important in order for breeding purposes. Some studies on phenotype, essential oil and genetic diversity were also carried out among different cultivars of rose flowers in other parts of the world. Significant diversity has been reported among the populations and genotypes of rose in different ecological conditions for many traits. Identifying superior species, cultivars and populations is important for commercial cultivation and more essential oil production. It is difficult to understand genetic diversity in roses because natural hybridization and spontaneous mutations with high abundance occurs in this plant. Morphological differences can be due to the geographical coordinates, natural hybridization and mutations. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the genetic variety of Damask rose in Guilan, Ilam, Golestan, Tehran and Kashan in order to introduce superior genotype based on essence content and some other morphological and physiological traits.
 
Materials and Methods
Five genotypes of Damask rose including Kashan, Ilam, Golestan, Tehran and Guilan genotypes were evaluated as plant materials. Plant materials were collected from mentioned-above regions as root-sucker and transferred to the farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of the country. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block, which was performed with 3 replications and was considered for each 5-suckers’ repetition (total: 75 suckers). In each replication, three specimens of each genotype were planted in pits with diameter and depth of 50-60 cm. The distance between scions per rows was 2.5 meters and row spacing from each other was 2 meters. During the experimental period, the bushes were irrigated using drip (trickle) irrigation method. The sampling was performed to measure morphological and physiological parameters after the blooms were opened in early May. Evaluated parameters were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petal number, stamen number, carpel number, fresh weight of petals, petal anthocyanin levels, petals essential oil levels, chlorophyll content and leaf carotenoids. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and, if significant, Tukey analysis was used. SPSS software was employed for statistical analysis.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the highest amount of essential oil (0.042 and 0.038%) was extracted from the petals of Ilam and Kashan genotypes, respectively. The highest petal weight (2.70 and 2.30 g) was related to the petals of Ilam and Kashan genotypes, respectively. The highest petal length and width were obtained in these two genotypes. The largest number of petals (71.80 per each plant) was related to Guilan samples. The highest amount of chlorophyll a was related to Ilam genotype and the highest amount of chlorophyll b, carotenoids and anthocyanin was related to Kashan genotype. In the present study, rose flower genotypes collected from different parts of Iran showed significant diversity in relation to morphological and physiological properties, especially essence. The results of the present study showed that there was a significant correlation between the amount of essence in the petals and the weight and dimensions of the petals. Similar findings related to the correlation between flower yield and its components in roses flowers were presented in some studies. Some studies have shown that the weight of the flower has a very strong, positive and significant correlation with the flower yield. Despite the geographical distance between some genotypes, the high similarity coefficient between them may indicate the common origin or continuous and purposeful genotypes. On the other hand, the low similarity coefficient between genotypes proposes relatively low geographical connection and different primary origin. In the present study, there was a low correlation between the amount of essence in the petals and the weight and dimensions of the petals in the Ilam and Kashan genotypes with the Golestan and Guilan genotypes. Generative traits, including flower characteristics, are more suitable for genetic and evolutionary evaluations than vegetative traits. The results of some researchers in Iran and elsewhere in the world showed that flower yield per plant is associated with some other traits, including flower number, dimensions and weight of flowers, and the number of branches in the plant. The genetic analysis of rose flower genotypes showed that some genotypes collected from different areas are genetically relevant and some are separate. This subject shows effective role of ecological conditions in changing and variability of different species and varieties. The results indicated that the difference in the amount of essential oil compounds is mostly influenced by environmental and physiological factors.
 
Conclusion
The morphological differences observed among the flower genotypes indicate the presence of valuable germplasm and a strong potential for trait improvement. These differences also demonstrate the feasibility of selecting superior genotypes using morphological markers to enhance flower yield within the country. Overall, the Ilam and Kashan genotypes are recommended as promising candidates for use in breeding programs.
 
Acknowledgement
We thank Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch for its assistance.
 
 
 

Abstract Introduction
Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) is one of the most important citrus fruits that undergoes significant postharvest quality deterioration. This deterioration is primarily due to moisture loss, physiological changes, and pathogen infections. To maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of kinnow mandarins, various postharvest treatments and storage conditions have been explored. Melatonin, being a nontoxic and safe chemical, has application potential in the improvement of fruit quality. By stimulating the production of antioxidants like ascorbic acid and phenolics, melatonin can boost the overall antioxidant capacity of fruits. It has been reported that by influencing pigment production, melatonin can enhance fruit color and appearance. Further research is needed to optimize the application methods and determine the most effective melatonin concentrations for different cultivars and storage conditions. Additionally, the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which melatonin enhances fruit quality during postharvest storage warrant further investigation. Implementing melatonin treatments in commercial postharvest operations could provide a valuable strategy for maintaining the quality and extending the shelf-life of Kinnow mandarins and other citrus fruits.
 
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted at a citrus orchard located in Rudkhan district, Rudan, Iran. Ten-year-old Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa) trees were treated with three melatonin concentrations: 0 µM (distilled water as control), 100 µM, and 200 µM. The treatments were applied as foliar sprays one month prior to harvest, repeated three times at weekly intervals. Mature fruits were harvested in December and randomly divided into two groups: one for immediate analysis and the other for storage. Fruits destined for storage were disinfected with 0.05% sodium hypochlorite for one min, rinsed with distilled water, and then subjected to a 30-min immerse in melatonin solutions (100 µM or 200 µM) corresponding to the previous foliar treatment. The fruits were then stored at 5 ± 1°C. Samples were evaluated for physicochemical properties at 30 and 60 days of storage. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design. Data were analyzed using SAS software, version 9.4. Means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level of significance. Graphs were generated using Excel software.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that melatonin treatments significantly increased fruit weight, pulp weight, juice volume, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content at harvest. During storage, both sprayed and immersed fruits exhibited less weight loss. At the end of the storage period, treated fruits also had higher ascorbic acid content compared to the control. Fruit immersion was more effective in preserving total flavonoids at the end of the experiment. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits sprayed with 100 μM melatonin. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and protecting cellular components from oxidative damage. In addition, by modulating ethylene production, melatonin can influence fruit ripening rate and overall quality. Melatonin has been studied in fruits like mango and papaya, where it has shown potential to improve fruit quality and extend shelf life. Studies on citrus fruits have indicated that melatonin can reduce chilling injury, maintain juice quality, and increase antioxidant content. It's important to note that the optimal melatonin concentration and application method can vary significantly between fruit species. Overall, the sprayed treatments showed better performance in terms of marketability and various quality attributes compared to the other treatments. The findings of this study suggest that pre- and post-harvest melatonin treatments can effectively maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of Kinnow mandarin fruit during cold storage. Melatonin's antioxidant properties and ability to regulate physiological processes may contribute to the observed improvements in fruit quality. These results have important implications for the postharvest management of Kinnow mandarins, as melatonin could be a valuable tool for preserving the fruit's nutritional and sensory attributes during storage and transportation.
 
Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrate that melatonin application had a beneficial impact on Kinnow mandarin fruits. Overall, the melatonin spray treatment, particularly at a concentration of 100 µM, led to increased fruit weight, water content, ascorbic acid content, and titratable acidity at harvest. During storage, treated fruits exhibited higher antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid content, and ascorbic acid levels, along with reduced weight loss compared to the control group. Consequently, the use of melatonin is proposed as a promising strategy to enhance the quality and marketability of Kinnow mandarins during postharvest storage.