Journal of Horticultural Science

Abstract Introduction
Citrus industry in Iran with 288 thousand hectares cultivated area, 5.5 million tons annual production and 20 tons per hectare Iran ranks sixth, seventh and fifth in the world, respectively. About 70% of orange production in Mazandaran province, the most important region for citrus production in Iran, is dedicated to the ‘Thomson navel’ variety and sour orange rootstock. So, it is very important to evaluate new varieties and suitable rootstocks to replace them, if necessary. In the present study, the effects of three trifoliate citrus rootstocks on vegetative growth, quantitative and qualitative yield of early maturing ‘Navelina’ orange was studied over a seven-year period in Mazandaran province in the North of Iran.
 
Materials and Methods
Research was performed in a complete randomized block design with ‘Navelina’ orange and three rootstocks (‘Carrizo citrange’; ‘Swingle citrumelo’ and ‘C-35 citrange’) with six replications and with 5 × 3 m planting distances during 2011 -2020. After planting in the main land, the young trees were trained for four years and then pruned annually in winter. Plant responses was included tree canopy volume, rootstock and scion morphological compatibility (affinity), fruit yield, yield efficiency, fruit characteristics in different time and on different rootstocks, appropriate time to start harvesting, and the theoretical space requirements of the trees for better land utilization.
 
Results and Discussion
Three trees on ‘C-35 citrange’ rootstock showed severe leaf chlorosis and leaf abscission in 2018 and 2019, but with nutrition and irrigation management, two of them returned to normal condition and one of them was completely declined. In the final year (2020), ‘Carrizo citrange’ rootstock showed the highest (0.765) and ‘Swingle citrumelo’ the lowest (0.655) morphological compatibility with ‘Navelina’ orange. The average tree canopy volume in 2020 ranged from a minimum of 4.48 m³ on ‘Swingle citrumelo’ to a maximum of 5.24 m³ on ‘C-35 citrange’ rootstock. So, the volume of Navolina orange trees on all three rootstocks were small. In early November of 2017-2020 some characteristics of fruits were evaluated. Results showed that ‘Navelina’ orange had elongated fruits (the ratio of fruit length to fruit width was higher than one), with a large size and weight (more than 280 grams), thick peel (about 4.4 mm), peel weight to the fruit weight was more than 46%, the juice content to fruit weight was more than 41%, and fruits in this time had a pale orange peel color. Average of harvest index in early November ranged from a minimum of 8.84 in ‘Swingle citrumelo’ to a maximum of 10.74 in ‘Carrizo citrange’ rootstock. ‘Carrizo citrange’ rootstock had the highest average four-year yield (16.61 ton.ha^-1) and the highest average and final-year yield efficiency (6.07 and 7.77 kg.m^-3, respectively). In the present study, of the seven-year field trials after planting on the main land, based on tree height and crown diameter and considering 2.5 m of space between rows of trees, the theoretical space required for each tree was about 7.5 m². Therefore, the number of trees can be increased to 1000 trees per hectare to make better use of the land in this region
 
Conclusion
Harvest time of ‘Navelina’ orange on ‘Carrizo’ and ‘C-35 citrange’ rootstocks begin in the third decade of October and on ‘Swingle citrumelo’ rootstock, starts at the first decade of November, at the same time as harvesting ‘Thomson navel’ orange (the common variety in the region). Due to the early discoloration of the fruit peel and the contamination of the region with the Mediterranean citrus fly, delay in harvesting causes high crop losses and pre-harvest fruit drop due to the bites of this insect pest. As well as, delay in harvest reasons the fruit to become larger and heavier, which reduces fruits marketability. Of the three rootstocks studied in this research, ‘Carrizo citrange’ was the best rootstock for ‘Navelina’ orange variety. In addition to showing no signs of decline, it had the highest average yield of four years and the highest average yield efficiency and final year. Also, the fruit harvest index reached the standard harvest level in late October, which is two weeks earlier than the common variety in the region.
 
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the experts and colleagues of the Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center who sincerely cooperated in the field and laboratory work of this research.

Abstract   Introduction Hypericum perforatum L. is an important medicinal plant that used for depression treatment. In vitro regeneration has been successfully achieved for many Hypericum species from a range of explants sources with different growth regulators. Recent studies have demonstrated that in vitro culture is an option for multiplication of different Hypericum species. With consideration this notice that tissue culture can provide an affordable alternative method for propagation with high speed to production of intensive plant material as well as suitable materials for breeding programs of H. perforatum, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of explant types (leaf and stem), plant growth regulators (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Benzyl Adenine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin)), light (dark and weak light), media culture (MS medium and MS medium with B5 vitamins) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on callus induction in H. perforatum at in vitro culture condition.   Materials and Methods For preparation of sterile plantlets, the seeds of Iranian H. perforatum (Azadshahr population) were cultured in 1.2 MS growth regulator free-media. For investigation the callus induction of Iranian H. perforatum the leaf and stem explants of in vitro obtained plantlets were used. Explants were cultured in different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg.l^-1) with two kinds of cytokines BA and Kin (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg.l^-1) as well as 1 mg.l^-1 NAA. For browning control of calli the effects of light (dark and weak light), media culture (MS medium and MS medium with B5 vitamins) and four concentrations of poly vinyl pyrrolidone (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg.l^-1) were also surveyed.    Results and Discussion Callus cultures could be used for cell suspension initiation, studying of their morphogenetic potential and screening of secondary metabolite profile. In present study the response of two H. perforatum explants (leaf and stem) to different levels and combinations of auxins and cytokinins were tested. The callus induction in both studied explants (leaf and stem) was just observed in supplemented media with plant growth regulators. The calli of leaf explants were showed better growth in dark and the highest callus fresh weight was obtained in 0.25 mg.l^-1 2,4-D + 1 mg.l^-1 Kin and 0.5 mg.l^-1 2.4-D + 1 mg.l^-1 BA. of the various concentrations and combination of growth regulators, the minimum response about callus induction was observed in the presence of 1 mg.l^-1 2,4-D in combination with 1 mg.l^-1 NAA. The obtained calli got browning shortly after induction. The investigation of light effect on callus quantity and quality showed that not only light did not affect the callus induction and callus browning but also reduced the callus growth. The highest callus fresh weight was obtained in 100 mg.l^-1 poly vinyl pyrrolidone in leaf explant. Few species within the genus Hypericum have been used to produce callus. In H. perforatum seedling, different explants such as shoot apical meristem, stem segments and leaves were used for callus induction. In H. erectum callus induction was obtained by culturing seedlings in the presence of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and BA under darkness. The combination of cytokinins and auxins did not support callus growth of H. brasiliense and callus of nodal explants was only obtained in the presence of 2,4-D or NAA using either MS or B5 medium. These differences among literatures can be due to different cultivars, culture conditions, explant type and medium composition.   Conclusion The plant growth regulators is necessary for callus induction in Iranian H. perforatum and leaf is suitable for this purpose. The light intensity and poly vinyl pyrrolidone did not control the browning of of H. perforatum calli.

Abstract Introduction
Rosa hybrida is known as one of the most important cut flowers. Rosa hybrida is one of the most diverse and widespread plants in the Northern hemisphere in terms of growth habit, flower color and shape. Roses are mostly grown in the ornamental industries as cut flowers, potted plants and bedding plants due to their ornamental value. In addition, roses and their products have many applications in various industries such as beverages, cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals. So, salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the cultivation of this plant. Appropriate plant nutrition plays a significant role in raising the tolerance level of plants against various stresses.
 
Materials and Methods
This experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Experimental treatments included control, salinity with the concentration of 120 mM, salinity + fulvic acid 10 mg.L^-1, salinity + fulvic acid 30 mg.L^-1, salinity + fulvic acid 60 mg.L^-1, salinity + fulvic acid 90 mg.L^-1, salinity + fulvic acid 120 mg.L^-1. After the plants were established in the original pots, they were placed on platforms one meter above the ground. On average, each pot was fed twice a day with a basal nutrient solution based on modified Hoagland nutrient solution. Experimental treatments were applied approximately 50 days after the plants were established. Salinity treatment was applied by sodium chloride. 100 to 150 ml of nutrient solution was added to each treatment according to the growth stage of the plant. The growth medium was rinsed once a week to minimize EC changes. The pH of the nutrient solution was adjusted to 6.5 with 37% hydrochloric acid. Flowers were harvested at the beginning of sepal opening (economic harvest stage) from a height of 45 cm of the flowering stem with a sharp knife. The stem was immediately placed in 500 ml bottles filled with 250 ml of distilled water containing 75 mg /L Sodium hypochlorite.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the application of salt stress with a concentration of 120 mM caused a significant decrease in leaf fresh weight, stem fresh weight, number of flowers, vase life, flower diameter, relative water content of leaves and the amount of a, b and total chlorophyll in comparison with the control treatment. Also, the results showed that the application of fulvic acid had a significant effect on the studied traits. So that the application of fulvic acid increased the growth, physiological and quality parameters of roses. The results showed that leaf fresh weight, stem fresh weight, flower number, flower length and vase life were significantly affected by salinity and fulvic acid treatments. So that under salinity stress conditions, the highest leaf fresh weight (3.56 g) and stem fresh weight (27.51 g) were obtained in the 30 mg.L^-1 fulvic acid treatment. Also, the highest number of flowers (2.25), flower length (45.51 mm) and vase life (10.50) were observed in the 30 mg.L^-1 fulvic acid treatments in the non-salinity conditions, and the lowest levels of these traits were obtained in the salinity and non-fulvic acid treatments. Fulvic acid increases the availability of the elements in the plant by chelating the minerals including, potassium, magnesium, zinc, calcium, iron, copper and increasing enhance the growth of lateral roots.
 
Conclusion
It seems that the application of fulvic acid can be useful in removing osmotic stress and improving the growth and efficiency of rose plants under salt stress conditions. This experiment shows that adding fulvic acid to saline water can reduce the effects of salinity stress on rose plants. So that using different concentrations of fulvic acid (10, 30, 60 and 90 mg.L^-1), especially the concentration of 30 mg.L^-1, improved the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and calcium and photosynthetic pigments and moderated the adverse effects of salinity stress.

Abstract Introduction Polyamines are a group of low molecular weight organic compounds with two or more amine groups that are present in almost all living organisms. Polyamines are organic compounds that play a crucial role in various physiological processes in plants, particularly in response to stress. Research has demonstrated that these compounds-primarily putrescine, spermidine, and spermine-are involved in cellular functions such as growth regulation, cell division, and differentiation. Their role in stress responses is complex and varies significantly depending on the plant species and the specific type of stress encountered. The level of polyamines in plants increases under stress conditions, and this increase of polyamines from the plant against salinity by removing free radicals, stabilizing membrane and cell structure, creating cation and anion balance, regulating it protects ion channels. The foliar application of putrescine can significantly improve various physiological traits in plants subjected to salinity stress. By enhancing growth, photosynthetic efficiency, osmotic adjustment and oxidative stress tolerance, putrescine acts as a valuable tool for improving plant resilience under challenging environmental conditions. Echium amoenum is an annual plant of Boraginaceae family and is considered as one of the important medicinal plants in traditional medicine. Blue-violet petals of E. amoenum are used in Iranian traditional medicine as a painkiller, relaxant, invigorator, anti-inflammatory and pain reliever. To investigate the impact of putrescine on the morpho-physiological characteristics of Echium amoenum seedlings under salinity stress, a greenhouse experiment was conducted.   Materials and Methods The experimental design was factorial, incorporating two factors: the application of putrescine and salinity stress induced by sodium chloride. This was organized as a completely randomized design. The first factor involved two levels of putrescine (0 and 1.5 mM), while the second factor included three levels of salinity stress (1600, 4000, and 8000 dS.m^-1). Seeds were purchased from Pakaan Seed Company in Isfahan. Selecting high-quality seeds suitable for the growing conditions is crucial for successful plant growth. After soaking, the seeds were transferred to small pots containing a mixture of three parts peat moss and one part perlite. This mixture enhances aeration and moisture retention in the soil, creating an optimal environment for root development. One week after transplanting the seedlings to the main pots, a foliar application of putrescine was performed. Putrescine is a polyamine compound that can enhance plant growth and resilience against stress. This application was repeated every two weeks. One week after the first application of putrescine, salinity stress was introduced. To prevent shock to the plants, the salinity treatment was gradually applied in three stages. This gradual approach helps the plants acclimate to the new conditions. To prevent salt buildup in the soil, leaching with regular water was conducted every two weeks.   Results and Discussion The results indicated that both the individual effects of salinity and putrescine, as well as their interaction, significantly influenced shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, root length, and the overall dry weight of the Iranian borage plants. The application of putrescine enhanced the levels of proline and potassium in the leaves, which mitigated the detrimental effects of salinity stress on the Iranian borage plants. Furthermore, foliar spraying of putrescine increased chlorophyll content, thereby promoting photosynthesis and improving plant growth under saline conditions. Comparative analysis of the average data revealed that the highest dry weight of Iranian borage seedlings (0.6 g), relative leaf water content (85%), chlorophyll a (4 mg.g^-1), and chlorophyll b (1.2 mg.g^-1) were achieved with the combination of putrescine and salinity at 1.6 mm.m^-1. The results underscore the potential of putrescine as a practical strategy for enhancing the growth and resilience of Iranian borage plants under salinity stress. By improving growth parameters such as shoot and root weights, root length, and overall dry weight, as well as enhancing physiological traits like proline and potassium levels, putrescine plays a crucial role in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity.   Conclusion The foliar application of putrescine at 1.5 mM presents a valuable and practical strategy for managing salinity stress in Iranian borage seedling production. By enhancing photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant properties, putrescine helps the plant maintain its physiological functions and resilience under stress. This approach not only supports the growth and health of Iranian borage but also has implications for improving the quality and yield of its medicinal properties.

Abstract Introduction Artemisia herba-alba is a silvery perennial shrub whose essential oil contains 1, 8-cineole, chrysanthenone, chrysanthenol, thujone, and camphor. The therapeutic properties of the plant include antioxidant, antibacterial, antispasmodic, treatment of respiratory and digestive disorders, diabetes, disinfectant, vasodilator, insecticidal, anthelmintic, and nematicide. Nowadays, the wild population of this species has been severely reduced, and it is now considered as a rare and endangered plant. The cultivation or domestication of this medicinal species could be a promising alternative for its conservation and sustainable use. Physiological studies have proven that the seeds of A. herba-alba contain phytotoxic chemicals that prevent germination under adverse conditions.   Materials and Methods To investigate the elimination of seed dormancy and enhance the germination of A. herba-alba seeds, different concentrations of potassium nitrate and gibberellic acid for two periods of time were studied. Moreover, the superior treatment was combined with light treatment at four levels. The first experiment was implemented as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the laboratory of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. The first factor included the gibberellic acid at three concentrations (250, 500, and 1000 mg.L^-1) and potassium nitrate at three concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mM) which were applied separately. The second factor included the duration of priming at two periods (12 and 24 hours). Based on the results of the first experiment, the second experiment was conducted with the superior treatment in the first experiment (500 ppm gibberellic acid for 12 hours) along with dry and wet chilling treatments as the first factor in combination with light treatment at four levels (0, 8, 16, and 24 h) as the second factor. At the end of the experiments, the length of the root, shoot, seedling height, fresh and dry weight, seed longitudinal and weight vigor index, germination percentage and rate, and alpha-amylase enzyme activity were measured. Statistical analysis of the measured traits was performed using SAS version 9.4 statistical software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The LSD test (P=0.05) was used to compare the means. Also, principal component analysis (PCA) and heat map correlation (HMC) were performed to identify the relationships between traits and the dispersion of treatments using the R studio v1.3.959 package. Results and Discussion The results showed that the gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate treatments had a significant effect on the studied traits at all levels, while the impact of priming duration treatment was not significant. Based on the findings of the first experiment, the highest shoot length (13 mm), root length (12 mm), seedling length (25 mm), fresh weight (0.0110 g), seedling dry weight (0.0022 g), longitudinal vigor index (1806.3), weight vigor index (0.1604), germination percentage (71 %), germination rate (8.1 seed.day^-1), and alpha-amylase enzyme activity (0.0676 mg.g^-1 FW.min^-1) were recorded in the 500 mg/L gibberellic acid treatment. The results of the second experiment showed that the combined treatment of 16 hours of light with the gibberellic acid was able to increase the longitudinal and weight vigor index of the seedling, percentage, speed, and activity of the alpha-amylase enzyme by 240.13 %, 221.2 %, 358.82 %, 356.8 %, and 60.78 % compared to the control, respectively. The combined treatment of 16 hours of light with the gibberellic acid had the greatest effect on the dormancy breaking of A. herba-alba seeds (78 % germination). The results of the heat map correlation (HMC) showed that there was a positive correlation between the traits of seedling height, root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weight, longitudinal and weight vigor index, speed, and percentage germination. Also, the alpha-amylase enzyme was positively correlated with the longitudinal and weight vigor index, speed, and germination percentage and negatively correlated with seedling height, root and shoot length, and seedling fresh and dry weight. In the first experiment, principal component analysis showed that the combination of the first two components explained 86.35 % of the variations, which accordingly included 78.53 % of the first component and 7.82 % of the second component. Based on this analysis, seedling height, root, and shoot length, longitudinal and weight vigor index, speed, germination percentage, and alpha-amylase enzyme, which were the highest of these traits recorded in the treatments of gibberellic acid hormone and potassium nitrate, played a role in the loading of the first component. Also, in the second experiment, it was determined that the combination of the first three components explained 92.73 % of the variations, which included 56.17 % of the first component, 28.85 % of the second component, and 7.71 % of the third component. Based on this analysis, seedling height, root and shoot length, longitudinal and weight vigor index, and germination rate, which were the highest in the light treatment, played a role in the loading of the first component. Germination percentage and alpha-amylase enzyme, which were the highest in the combined light treatment with gibberellic acid, played a crucial role in the loading of the second component.   Conclusion In this study, the results showed that A. herba-alba seeds are photoblastic positive, and since gibberellic acid is generally effective in breaking dormancy caused by metabolic barriers, it can be said that metabolic barriers mainly cause dormancy in the seeds. Therefore, in the light treatment (16 hours) and combination with gibberellic acid (500 mg.L^-1), the highest values of the longitudinal and weight vigor index traits of the seedling, the percentage and speed of germination, and the activity of the alpha-amylase enzyme were recorded. In the same treatment, germination increased nine days after the treatment, and the germination percentage increased from 20 % in untreated seeds to 78 % in primed seeds. Also, in the treatment of the gibberellic acid (500 mg.L^-1) alone, the highest shoot length, root length, seedling height, and fresh and dry weight were recorded. Therefore, light treatment (16 hours) combined with gibberellic acid (500 mg.L^-1) was introduced as the most effective strategy to increase seed germination of A. herba-alba and thus help save this species from extinction. The present study showed that the use of combined light treatment with gibberellic acid is a very effective and low-cost strategy to break seed dormancy and germinate A. herba-alba medicinal plant.

Abstract Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual plant from the mint family that grows in tropical and subtropical regions. Due to its distinctive aroma and flavor, it is used both fresh and as a spice and medicinal herb. Basil contains essential oils with antifungal, antibacterial, and insect-repellent properties, which are utilized in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Phenylpropanoids are among the main compounds in its essential oil. Seaweeds have emerged as a novel source for producing organic fertilizers. These aquatic organisms contain valuable compounds such as plant hormones, trace elements, vitamins, and amino acids, which are beneficial for plant growth. Carbohydrates play a vital role in plant physiology. Sucrose, the primary form of carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, is crucial for energy transport and regulating plant growth. At high concentrations, these compounds act as protective agents, while at lower concentrations, they serve as signaling molecules in response to environmental stresses. Sucrose plays a regulatory role in various stages of plant growth, from germination to senescence. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of seaweed and sucrose on the morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of basil.   Materials and Methods This study aimed to investigate the effects of seaweed extract fertilizer and sucrose on the morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of basil. The experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a greenhouse in Neyshabur during the 2022 growing season. The first factor included different levels of seaweed fertilizer (0, 1, 2, and 3 Ml.L^-1(A₀, A₁, A₂ & A₃)), and the second factor consisted of sucrose levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g.L^-1(S₀, S_2.5, S₅ & S_7.5)), applied as foliar sprays every 10 days. Plant moisture was maintained through drip irrigation. At the end of the vegetative growth stage, morphophysiological traits (plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight, leaf area) and phytochemical properties (photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin, antioxidant activity, total phenols, and flavonoids) were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9, and means were compared using Duncan's test. Results and Discussion The interaction effect of seaweed and sucrose foliar application on plant height, fresh and dry leaf weight, fresh stem weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b, and total, carotenoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant activity percentage, total phenol, and flavonoids was significant at the 1% probability level. The application of A₁S_7.5 as a foliar spray on the medicinal plant basil resulted in the highest plant height (43.83 cm), fresh weight (5.34 g), dry weight of aerial parts (0.65 g), and antioxidant activity percentage (64.46%). Using A₂S_7.5, the highest levels of chlorophyll a (0.865 mg.g^-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (0.636 mg.g^-1 fresh weight), and total chlorophyll (1.052 mg.g^-1 fresh weight) were obtained. Additionally, the highest leaf area (9.65 cm²) was observed with the A₂S_2.5 treatment, carotenoid (0.636 mg.g^-1 fresh weight) with A₃S₀, anthocyanin (10.28 mg.g^-1 dry weight) with A₃S_2.5, and total phenol (1.60 mg gallic acid.g^-1 dry weight) and flavonoids (1.32 mg quercetin.g^-1 dry weight) were achieved with the A₂S_7.5 treatment. These findings demonstrate that seaweed-sucrose foliar sprays can effectively enhance basil's agronomic and phytochemical traits, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic fertilizers in medicinal plant production. The significant improvement in both yield and bioactive compounds underscores the dual benefit of this approach for commercial cultivation. Furthermore, this eco-friendly technique could be particularly valuable for organic farming systems and in regions where synthetic fertilizers are either expensive or environmentally restricted. The optimized treatments provide actionable insights for farmers and researchers aiming to improve both yield and bioactive compound quality in basil cultivation.   Conclusion Overall, the combined treatments A₁S_7.5 and A₂S_2.5 had the most significant impact on morphophysiological traits. Photosynthetic pigments were influenced by the combinations A₂S_7.5 and A₃S₀. Additionally, the phytochemical characteristics of basil were affected by the treatments A₁S_7.5, A₂S_7.5, and A₃S_2.5. This study demonstrates that seaweed-sucrose combinations can simultaneously enhance plant growth (by improving morphophysiological traits) and medicinal quality of basil (by boosting phytochemical content). This sustainable agriculture approach serves as an effective alternative to chemical fertilizers, improving both crop yield and bioactive compound content.

Abstract Introduction Sage (Salvia spp.), which belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae), is considered one of the largest and most important genera in terms of aromatic and medicinal properties. This diverse genus includes approximately 900 species, each with unique characteristics, and is mainly native to the northern Mediterranean and North African regions. It is used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases and as a seasoning and flavoring in the food industry. Sage is a remarkable plant that is widely known for its numerous medicinal properties, including antispasmodic, antiseptic and sedative effects, which makes it very valuable in traditional and modern medicine. In addition to its therapeutic benefits, this aromatic plant usually reaches a height of 60 cm. The plant is suitable for cultivation in green spaces and parks due to its ornamental properties and resistance to environmental stresses. Numerous features, including the diversity of the native Iranian sage genus, aesthetic aspects, and high adaptability to environmental stresses such as drought, increase the potential of these plants for use in urban green spaces, and their widespread use can help create sustainable green spaces. Considering the beauty of the leaves and flowers of these plants, the presence of abundant fragrance during the flowering stage, the lack of need for special conditions for cultivation, and their resistance to adverse conditions, it seems that these plants are very suitable for cultivation in green spaces for ornamental purposes. Most previous research on sage has focused on the medicinal value and the increase in its medicinal compounds and secondary metabolites, and the ornamental potential of the plant for use in green spaces has not been considered. Considering the diversity of this genus in Iran and its beauty, its use in urban green spaces as a native plant compatible with the country's climatic conditions can be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the vegetative and ornamental traits of different native and imported sage species, as well as the potential of this plant for ornamental uses in the climatic conditions of Birjand.   Materials and Methods This study was conducted on 14 genotypes of medicinal sage (Salvia spp.) in the research farm and greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand during 2022-2024 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. During the plant growth period, vegetative traits including plant height, plant width and number of leaves were examined every 15 days. At the full flowering stage, peduncle length, number of peduncle, number of florets in main and axillary inflorescences, number of axillary inflorescence peduncles, inflorescence diameter, peduncle diameter, diameter and length of floret, length of main and axillary inflorescence, interfloral distance of florets, number of days to flowering, and flower durability on the plant were measured.   Results and Discussion The results of variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between different sage species for all studied traits at the 1% probability level. The highest plant height (32.93 cm), leaf width (63.80 cm), and number of leaves (337) were obtained from the species Salvia nemorosa SA036, Salvia sclarea var turkestanica SA060 and Salvia officinalis, respectively. In addition, the lowest plant height (3.20 cm) was obtained from Salvia chorassanica, leaf width (6.05 cm) and number of leaves (6) from the species Salvia virgata. In terms of reproductive traits, the highest peduncle length (49.15 cm), main inflorescence length (34.10 cm) and number of axillary inflorescence (12) were observed in the Salvia sclarea SA058 species. The lowest flower durability on the plant (25 days) was observed in the Salvia chorassanica species, and the other species had the highest flower persistence and no significant difference was observed between them. The highest (23) and lowest (2) number of peduncle were observed in the Salvia reuterina and Salvia firgida species, respectively. The highest inflorescence diameter (51.81 mm) and peduncle diameter (4.45 mm) were obtained from Salvia reuterina and Salvia sclarea var turkestanica SA060, respectively. The results of this study showed that there was high genetic diversity in terms of morphological traits among different sage species, which have the potential to be used as ornamental plants in urban green spaces.   Conclusion The results of this study showed that native and imported sage species have significant diversity in terms of vegetative and ornamental traits, indicating the high genetic potential of this genus. Some imported sage species, especially in terms of ornamental characteristics, perform better than native species. These species show significant potential for cultivation in urban green spaces, making them very valuable for landscaping purposes. By intelligently selecting and including these species in urban planning, a significant contribution can be made in increasing and maintaining the aesthetic appeal of urban environments. Given the diversity of sage species in the country, it is essential to examine this diversity and use it in breeding programs for ornamental purposes and cultivation in urban green spaces.  

Abstract Introduction Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, has been widely recognized for its medicinal and culinary uses. Its essential oils and bioactive compounds, such as anethole, fenchone, and estragole, have made it a significant crop in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Fennel is not only prized for its aromatic seeds and leaves but also for its therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. Given the increasing global demand for high-quality medicinal plants, optimizing cultivation practices to enhance growth, yield, and essential oil production is crucial. Traditional agricultural practices often face challenges such as nutrient inefficiency, environmental degradation, and resource depletion, which can limit the productivity and sustainability of medicinal plant cultivation. In this context, nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanofertilizers, has emerged as a promising approach to improve nutrient efficiency and plant performance. Nanofertilizers offer several advantages over conventional fertilizers, including enhanced nutrient uptake, reduced application rates, and minimized environmental impact. This study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application timing and varying concentrations of potassium nanoparticles on the growth characteristics and essential oil yield of fennel over two cropping years (2021-2022 and 2022-2023). By exploring the potential of nanotechnology in fennel cultivation, this research seeks to contribute to the development of sustainable agricultural practices that can meet the growing demand for medicinal plants while preserving environmental health.   Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included foliar application timing at three growth stages: stem formation, flowering, and fruiting; and nano potassium oxide concentrations at five levels: 0 (control), 2, 3, 4, and 5 parts per thousand (ppt). The measured parameters included plant height, biomass yield, seed yield, 1000-seed weight, number of umbels per plant, seed carbohydrate content, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll levels, as well as essential oil percentage and yield.       Result and Discussion The results demonstrated that foliar application of potassium nanoparticles significantly influenced the growth and essential oil production of fennel. The application of 3 ppt potassium nanoparticles had the most pronounced positive effects on plant height, biomass yield, seed yield, 1000-seed weight, number of umbels per plant, seed carbohydrate content, and chlorophyll levels (a, b, and total). This concentration was found to optimize nutrient uptake and utilization, leading to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and overall plant vigor. In terms of essential oil production, the highest essential oil percentage (4.37%) was observed in plants treated with 5 ppt potassium nanoparticles. However, the maximum essential oil yield (5.69 kg.ha^-1) was achieved with 4 ppt potassium nanoparticles applied during the fruiting stage. This indicates that while higher concentrations of potassium nanoparticles may increase the essential oil percentage, the optimal concentration for maximizing essential oil yield is 4 ppt during the fruiting stage. The fruiting stage was identified as the most critical period for foliar application, as it coincides with the peak demand for nutrients to support seed and essential oil developmentThe findings of this study highlight the importance of precise nutrient management in fennel cultivation. Potassium, as a vital macronutrient, plays a key role in various physiological processes, including enzyme activation, osmoregulation, and stress tolerance. The use of potassium nanoparticles enhances nutrient use efficiency by providing a controlled and sustained release of potassium, thereby improving plant growth and essential oil production. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnology in agriculture offers an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fertilizers, reducing the risk of groundwater contamination and soil salinity. From an agronomic perspective, the results suggest that foliar application of 4 ppt potassium nanoparticles during the fruiting stage is the most effective strategy for maximizing essential oil yield in fennel. This approach not only improves the economic viability of fennel cultivation but also aligns with sustainable agricultural practices by minimizing input waste and environmental impact.   Conclusion In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of nanotechnology, particularly potassium nanoparticles, in enhancing the growth and essential oil production of fennel. By optimizing foliar application timing and concentration, farmers can achieve higher yields and better-quality essential oils, thereby increasing the profitability of fennel cultivation. The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the role of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture and its potential to address global challenges in food and medicinal plant production. Future research should explore the long-term effects of nanofertilizers on soil health and plant physiology, as well as their applicability to other medicinal plants. Additionally, studies on the economic feasibility and scalability of nanofertilizer use in different agricultural systems would be beneficial. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable agricultural practices and highlights the importance of integrating innovative technologies into traditional farming systems to ensure food security and environmental sustainability in the face of a changing climate and growing population.

Abstract Eucalyptus essential oils are among the most commercially important plant-derived oils due to their high content of bioactive terpenoid compounds, particularly 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, which are widely used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and hygienic products. In recent years, the increasing global demand for natural and plant-based ingredients has further enhanced the industrial significance of eucalyptus essential oils. Although various Eucalyptus species have been introduced and cultivated in different regions of Iran, comprehensive comparative information on the yield and chemical quality of locally produced oils, especially in relation to international standards, remains limited. Among the cultivated species, Eucalyptus globulus  and Eucalyptus camaldulensis are of particular economic and industrial importance. Evaluating their essential oil characteristics under local climatic conditions is crucial for assessing their suitability for industrial applications and their potential competitiveness in global markets. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze and compare the essential oil yield and chemical composition of E. globulus and E. camaldulensis cultivated in Northern Iran, with special emphasis on their conformity with ISO 770:2002 and ISO 3065:2011 standards and their potential industrial value.   Materials and Methods Fresh leaves of E. globulus and E. camaldulensis were collected from mature trees grown in the Behshahr region of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran, an area characterized by a humid temperate climate. To minimize the loss of volatile compounds, the leaves were shade-dried under controlled conditions at 24 °C and 40% relative humidity. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours, and oil yield was calculated on a dry weight basis. The chemical composition of the extracted essential oils was determined using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) equipped with a DB-5 capillary column. Compound identification was carried out by comparing mass spectra and retention indices with those reported in the Wiley7 and Adams spectral libraries. The resulting chemical profiles were evaluated and interpreted in accordance with the requirements of ISO 770:2002 and ISO 3065:2011 standards.   Results and Discussion The results demonstrated a clear difference in essential oil yield between the two species. E. globulus exhibited a higher oil yield (2.6%) compared with E. camaldulensis (1.2%), indicating superior productivity under the studied environmental conditions. In both species, oxygenated monoterpenes constituted the dominant class of compounds; however, their relative proportions varied substantially. In the essential oil of E. globulus, 1,8-cineole was the predominant compound, accounting for 83.19% of the total oil composition. This value fully satisfied the minimum cineole requirements specified in both ISO 770:2002 and ISO 3065:2011 standards, confirming the high quality of this oil and its suitability for pharmaceutical, food-grade, and medicinal applications. Comparative evaluation with previously reported data from other regions indicated that the chemical profile and yield of E. globulus essential oil produced in Northern Iran are highly competitive at the international level. In contrast, the essential oil of E. camaldulensis contained a lower proportion of 1,8-cineole (39.46%), which did not meet the cineole thresholds defined by the ISO standards. Nevertheless, this oil exhibited a more chemically diverse composition, characterized by notable amounts of α-pinene (13.28%), p-cymene (11.83%), spathulenol (7.38%), and caryophyllene oxide (2.33%). The broader distribution of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds suggests that, despite its lower cineole content, E. camaldulensis essential oil may be advantageous for specialized industrial applications requiring a more complex terpene profile, such as fragrance formulation, antimicrobial products, and functional additives.   Conclusion This study demonstrates the high potential of Iranian Eucalyptus essential oils. E. globulus showed superior yield and composition in line with global quality standards, rendering it suitable for pharmaceutical and food industries. E. camaldulensis, with its chemically diverse profile, offers promising opportunities for broader industrial applications. Given Iran’s availability of suitable cultivation zones and the growing demand for sustainable plant-based raw materials, the expansion of Eucalyptus farming and essential oil production could strengthen Iran’s position in the international essential oil sector. Further research is encouraged to improve cultivation practices and support industrial-scale development.   Acknowledgements This research was financially supported by Tarbiat Modares University, for which the authors are sincerely grateful.  

Abstract Introduction Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), belonging to the Solanaceae family with a chromosome number of 2n=2x=24, is recognized as the second most cultivated vegetable worldwide after potatoes. Despite its global importance, a significant proportion of tomato seeds used in Iran are imported. To address this, a comprehensive breeding program has been undertaken, resulting in the development of over 1,500 inbred lines. The most promising lines have been selected for hybrid development. This study focuses on evaluating and comparing 26 selected hybrids out of a total of 180, intending to identify superior varieties in terms of yield and fruit quality. Gaining insights into the advantages of these superior hybrids can contribute to the development of varieties that better meet consumer demands while also promoting agricultural sustainability.   Material and Methods This research was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station in Mohammadshahr, Karaj City, Alborz Province, involving the evaluation of 26 selected tomato hybrids from the Abouraihan Campus of Tehran University. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight plants per plot. The hybrids were compared to three commercial cultivars—‘Matin’, ‘Brivio’, and ‘Bedero’—as well as an old hybrid, ‘H12’, used as a control. Seedlings were prepared in February 2024, with 32 seeds from each genotype sown into trays filled with a 1:1 mixture of peat moss and perlite. The spacing between rows was 2 meters, and the distance between two plants within a row was 50 centimeters. Throughout the trial, standard agronomic practices, including irrigation, fertilization, and pest management, were implemented. Evaluations encompassed both field and laboratory assessments, focusing on quantitative and qualitative traits. Over a single growing season, the hybrids were assessed for attributes such as fruit size, weight, color, and biochemical parameters including pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity. After the experiment, raw data were organized using Excel, followed by normality tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean comparisons via Duncan’s method in SAS software. Qualitative traits were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and principal component analysis was performed with R software.   Results and discussion The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the hybrids across various traits. Key quantitative traits evaluated included fruit yield per plant, fruit weight, number of fruits, calyx stability, and ripening index. Results showed that hybrid ‘H114’ produced the highest number of fruits (83), while ‘gH74’ had the lowest (38). The average fruit weight ranged from 62 grams in ‘gH15’ to 136 grams in ‘gH47’. Calyx stability was notably higher in hybrids ‘gH54’ and ‘H95’, which is important for maintaining post-harvest quality. Regarding ripening, hybrids ‘H186’, ‘H165’, ‘H163’, and ‘H114’ were among the earliest to mature, requiring less than 95 days to reach harvest readiness. In terms of shelf life, hybrids ‘gH168’, ‘gH181’, and ‘gH54’ exhibited superior durability, lasting up to 13 days. The study also identified significant correlations among traits; for instance, a positive relationship between fruit firmness and overall yield suggested that denser fruits are often associated with higher productivity. Qualitative assessments, which included fruit firmness, shape uniformity, and taste, showed a wide variation in firmness levels, with commercial varieties ‘Brivio’ and ‘Bedero’ displaying the highest firmness. Additionally, meaningful correlations among traits—such as the positive relationship between the number of fruits and total yield—were observed. The discussion emphasizes the implications of these findings for breeding programs, highlighting the potential to select hybrids not only for higher yield but also for improved quality traits like flavor and shelf life.   Conclusion In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of hybrid selection for optimizing tomato production. The results revealed significant differences among the evaluated hybrids in several key quantitative and qualitative traits. Some hybrids demonstrated the potential to rival commercial varieties used as controls. To identify the superior hybrids, comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the measured traits were performed, with prioritization based on their relative importance. All traits were assessed simultaneously across all hybrids, with certain hybrids excelling in specific characteristics. Based on the overall findings, hybrids ‘H163’, ‘gH55’, and ‘gH57’ were identified as the top-performing options. Further research involving long-term field trials under diverse environmental conditions is recommended to enhance the adaptability and practical viability of these hybrids in agricultural production.   Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge Zhinodaneh Company and the University of Tehran for their support.  

Abstract Introduction The Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable commercial crop with high economic and nutritional value. Nutrition management is one of the most important factors affecting the growth and performance of modern walnut orchards. The demand for high-quality walnuts is increasing day by day in the national and international markets. Horticultural production has undergone tremendous changes in recent years due to the development of innovative technologies, including nutrient management practices. Nutrient management of walnuts is one of the important factors for increasing yield and improving the quality of walnut kernels. The use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is essential for tree growth and the production of fruits such as walnuts. The enhancement in the use of fertilizers in an irrational manner has led to a decrease in soil productivity and multiple nutrient deficiencies. Minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers in fruit cultivation is the goal of integrated fruit production. The gravity of environmental degradation caused by the faulty cultivation practices has led to focus on ecologically sound, viable and sustainable farming systems. In this study, in order to investigate the efficiency and feasibility of replacing sulfate-containing fertilizers with thiosulfate-based fertilizers, the effect of calcium thiosulfate and potassium thiosulfate fertilizers on increasing the yield and quality of walnut fruit was evaluated in an experiment.   Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in 1402, in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 5 trees per experimental unit in an orchard with 6-year-old Chandler trees grown from tissue culture seedlings in the Khoramdareh Agro-Industrial Complex. The experimental treatments included T1: regular orchard nutrition (control) including 50 kg.ha^-1 potassium nitrate calcium + 200 kg.ha^-1 potassium sulfate, T2: 100 L.ha^-1 calcium thiosulfate plus 200 kg.ha^-1 potassium sulfate, T3: 50 kg.ha^-1 potassium nitrate and calcium plus 100 L.ha^-1 potassium thiosulfate plus 125 kg potassium sulfate, T4: 100 L.ha^-1 calcium thiosulfate plus 100 L.ha^-1 potassium thiosulfate plus 125 kg potassium sulfate. After applying the treatments, after observing signs of ripening, the fruits of the tree were harvested and transferred to the laboratory for evaluation of biochemical and physical traits.   Results and Discussion Analysis of variance for fruit and yield traits showed significant differences at the 1 and 5 % levels. Comparison of the means of these traits showed that the highest fruit dry weight, fresh and dry kernel weights, and kernel percentage were obtained in the calcium and potassium thiosulfate treatment, and the highest tree yield and yield efficiency per trunk cross-section were obtained in the calcium thiosulfate treatment. Calcium increases the growth of hairy roots, root cell division, root length and also enhance the absorption and transfer of nutrients and water to the plant, This led to an improvement in fresh and dry weight of the plant and yield. Calcium also increases the fresh and dry weight of the plant by increasing the transfer of carbohydrates from leaves to fruit. On the other side, potassium increases fresh and dry weight and yield by enhancing photosynthesis, carbohydrate formation and transport, maintaining intracellular pH, and absorbing nutrients from the soil. In addition, the results of the comparison of means showed that all treatments used increased the total phenol and flavonoid content of walnut fruit compared to the control, so that the highest total phenol and flavonoid content were obtained in the potassium thiosulfate and potassium and calcium thiosulfate treatments. Calcium reduces oxidative stress in the membrane through membrane strength and delays the degradation and reduction of phenolic compounds by strengthening the membrane and cell wall. Moreover, Potassium increases plant growth and photosynthetic activity, increasing the allocation of additional carbon to the shikimic acid pathway, thereby increasing phenolic substances such as phenols and total flavonoids. Potassium also increases phenolic compounds and antioxidants by increasing the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase, which is a key enzyme in the synthesis of phenolic compounds. Analysis of variance of data related to crude fiber, total protein and crude fat of fruit showed significant difference between treatments at 1% level, but the effect of treatments on ash content of samples was not significant. Results of mean comparison showed that the highest amount of crude fiber was related to potassium and calcium thiosulfate treatment. Increased absorption and transport of nutrients is one of the important factors in increasing crude fiber in plants, and it seems that rapid absorption and transport of thiosulfate-containing compounds has led to improved fiber production. Analysis of variance of data related to linoleic and oleic acid traits of walnut fruit showed significant difference between treatments at 1% level and results of mean comparison also showed significant increase in linoleic acid content in fruits under calcium and potassium thiosulfate treatment and potassium thiosulfate treatment. There are two important sources for assimilation and oil formation. The first is the carbohydrate pathway that is produced in the leaf after photosynthesis and transferred to the fruit, and the second is the carbohydrate pathway that is formed during photosynthesis in the walnut fruit, which is converted into fatty acids after enzymatic processes. In this study, increasing sulfur, potassium, and calcium and increasing the absorption of trace elements due to thiosulfate consumption increased photosynthetic activity and increased the production of plant metabolites, which increased the fatty acids in walnuts. Therefore, the obtained results indicate high efficiency of calcium and potassium thiosulfate fertilizers in increasing quality and yield of walnut fruit.   Conclusion Our findings indicated that calcium thiosulfate - potassium thiosulfate combination were the best treatments for increasing quantitative and qualitative characteristics of walnut fruit. These findings demonstrate the potential of calcium and potassium thiosulfate fertilizers to enhance walnut orchard productivity and fruit quality, making them a recommended choice for nutrient management strategies.