تأثیر منابع تغذیه ای مختلف بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گوجه‌فرنگی (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) در یک نظام‌ زراعی اکولوژیک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد

2 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر کودهای مختلف بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گوجه‌فرنگی (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 88-1387 به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعة تحقیقاتی دانشکدة کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. کود مرغی (صفر و 20 تن در هکتار) و 5 نوع کود مختلف (شامل: کودهای بیولوژیک نیتروکسین (A) (دارای باکتری‌های Azotobacter sp. و Azospirillum sp.) و باکتری‌های حل‌کنندة فسفات (B) (دارای باکتری‌های Bacillus sp. و Pseudomonas sp.)، A+B، مخلوط کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر و شاهد (عدم‌استفاده از کود) به ترتیب به عنوان فاکتور اصلی و فرعی مد‌‌نظر قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمایش حاکی از آن بود که کاربرد کود مرغی موجب افزایش 15 درصدی عملکرد کل نسبت به عدم‌کاربرد کود مرغی شد. با‌توجه به نتایج آزمایش بیشترین و کمترین مقدار ویتامین‌ث به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای کود بیولوژیک نیتروکسین (44/11 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم نمونه) و کود شیمیایی (40/7 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم نمونه) مشاهده شد. تمامی کودهای بیولوژیک و شیمیایی مورد استفاده در آزمایش میزان لیکوپن را نسبت به شاهد افزایش دادند، به‌طوری که بیشترین میزان لیکوپن در کود بیولوژیک بیوفسفر (38/2 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم نمونه) بدست آمد. نتایج آزمایش بیانگر آن بود که وزن میوه در بوته در چین اول به مقدار قابل‌توجهی (61 درصد) بیشتر از چین دوم بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Different Sources of Nutrition on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum under Ecological Cropping System

نویسندگان [English]

  • M.B. Amiri 1
  • A. Koocheki 2
  • Mahdi nasiri mahalati 2
  • M. Jahan 2
1 Gonabad University
2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Increasing usage of chemical fertilizers imposes irreparable damages to the environment. Disadvantages of chemical fertilizers has led to more attention to the application of organic fertilizers and manures. The use of organic fertilizers and livestock, especially in nutrient poor soils, it is necessary to maintain soil quality. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) occupy the rhizosphere of many plant species and have beneficial effects on the host plant. They may influence the plant in a direct or indirect manner. A direct mechanism would be to increase plant growth by supplying the plant with nutrients and hormones. Indirect mechanisms on the otherhand, include, reduced susceptibility to diseases, and activing a form of defese referred to as induces systematic resistance. Examples of bacteria which have been found to enhance plant growth, include Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Arthrobacter. Biofertilizers contain organic compounds that increase soil fertility either directly or as a result of their decay (9, 10). Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) belongs to the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The plant typically grow 1-3 meters in height and a weak stem. It is a perennial in its native habitat, although often grown outdoors in temperate climates as an annual. An average common tomato weighs approximately 100 grams. Tomatoes contain the carotene lycopene, one of the most powerful natural antioxidants. In some studies, lycopene, especially in cooked tomatoes, has been found to help prevent prostate cancer. Lycopene has also been shown to improve the skin’s ability to protect against harmful UV rays. Tomatoes might help in managing human neurodegenerative diseases. The lycopene has no effect on the risk of developing diabetes, but may help relieve the oxidative stress of people who already have diabetes. The purpose of this study was the possibility of replacing chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers, reducing production costs and increasing product quality.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the effects of different fertilizers on the quantity and quality characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), a split plot experiment based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted in 2009-10 growing season in research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Two levels of poultry manure (zero and 20 ton ha-1) and five different fertilizers (nitroxin (A), phosphate solubizing bacteria (B), A+B, nitrogen and phosphorous chemical fertilizers and control) were considered as the main and sub factors, respectively. Studied traits were fruit number and weight per plant, total yield, marketable yield, spad number, brix index, c vitamin and lycopene content.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that poultry manure increased total yield of tomato compared with control. Chemical fertilizers led to the production of highest total yield. Biophosphorous+nitroxin and biophosphorous increased marketable yield by 17 and 11 percent compared to control, respectively. The highest and the lowest contents of vitamin C were observed in nitroxin and chemical fertilizer, respectively. Biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers increased lycopene content compared with control, so that the maximum content of lycopene was obtained in the biophosphorous with 2.38 mg per 100 g sample, Also, the fruit yield of tomato was more in the first stage of harvesting rather than the second stage. It seems organic fertilizers and biofertilizers increased morphological characteristics and yield of tomato due to provide better conditions to absorption and transportation of nutrient to the plant. It has been reported that this ecological inputs provide favorable conditions for plant growth and development through improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, therefore, it can be concluded that improvement of most of studied traits in the present study were due to use of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers.
Conclusions: The cost of this study has been funded by Research and Technology Deputy of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of agriculture, the financial supports is appreciated.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biophosphorous
  • Market yield
  • Lycopene
  • Nitroxin
  • C vitamin
1- Aminifard M.H. 2005. Evaluation of plant density and nitrogen on growth, yield and oil of Capsicum annumvar. MSc thesis of horticulture, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
2- Arancon N.Q., Edwards C.A., Bierman P., Metzeger J.D. and Lee S. 2005. Effect of vermicompost on growth and marketable fruits of field – grown tomato, peppers and strawberries. Bioresource Technology, 47: 731-735.
3- Arancon N.Q., Edwards C.A. and Bierman P. 2006. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: Part 2. Effect on soil microbiological and chemical properties. Bioresource Technology, 97: 831-840.
4- Arun K.S. 2002. A Handbook of Organic Farming Pub. Agrobios, India.
5- Astaraee A. and Koocheki A. 1996. Biofertilizers in agriculture. Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. (in Persian with English abstract).
6- Azzaz N.A., Hassan E.A. and Hamad E.H. 2009. The chemical constituent and vegetative and yielding characteristics of Fennel plants treated with organic and bio-fertilizer instead of mineral Fertilizer. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3: 579-587.
7- Behnamian M. and Masiha S. 2002. Tomato with most emphasis on the greenhouse tomato. Tabriz Sotoode Press. (In Persian with English abstract).
8- Barea J.M., Pozo M.J., Azcon R. and Azcon-Aguilar C. 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56: 1761-1778.
9- Bar-Tal A., Aloni B., Karin L. and Rosenberg R. 2001. Nitrogen nutrition of greenhouse pepper. I. Effects of nitrogen concentration and No3: NH4 ratio on yield, Fruit shape, and the incidence of blossom-end rot in relation to plant minral composition. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 36: 1244-1251.
10- Bauer A. and Black A.L. 1994. Quantification of the effect of soil organic matter content on soil productivity. Soil Science Society of America, 58: 185-193.
11- Biari A., Gholami A. and Asadi Rahmani H. 2006. Sustainable production and improve the absorption of nutrients of maize in reaction to the inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Proceeding of the 2th national conference of Ecological Agriculture in Iran (Gorgan), 17-18 October. 2004. (In Persian with English abstract).
12- Borguini R.G. and Turres E.A.F.S. 2009. Tomatoes and Tomato Products as Dietary Sources of Antioxidants. Food Reviews International, 25: 313-325.
13- Celik I., Ortas I. and Kilic S. 2004. Effects of compost, mycorrhiza, manure and fertilizer on some physical properties of a Chromoxerert soil. 2004. Soil and Tillage Research, 78: 59-67.
14- Darzi M.T., Sefidkan A.F. and Rajali F. 2008. Effect of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphorous biofertilizers on the oil quantity and quality of fennel. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Iran, 24: 396-413. (In Persian with English abstract).
15- Eghball B., Binford G.D., Power J.F. and Anderson F.D. 1995. Maize temporal yield variability under long term manure and fertilizer application: Fractal analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59: 1360-1364.
16- Fallahi J., Koocheki A. and Rezvani Moghaddam P. 2008. Effect of biofertilizers on quantity and quality yield of Matricaria chamomilla. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 7: 127-136. (In Persian with English abstract).
17- Farahmand A., Fardad H., Liaghat A. and Kashi A. 2005. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency of tomato. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Sciences, 19: 263-270. (In Persian with English abstract).
18- Federico A., Santiago-Borraz J., Molina J.A., Nafate C.C. and Dendooven L. 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology, 98: 2781–2786.
19- George B., Kaur C., Khurdiya D.S. and Kapoor H.C. 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food chemistry, 84: 45-51.
20- Gharib F.A., Moussa L.A. and Massoud O.N. 2008. Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agricultura and Biology, 10: 381–387.
21- Gheshm R. and Kafi M. 1998. Industrial tomato, from planting to harvest time. Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. (In Persian with English abstract).
22- Ghorbani H. 2006. A review of biofertilizers in Iran and their role in keeping the community. Proceeding of the 2th national conference of Ecological Agriculture in Iran (Gorgan), 17-18 October. 2004. (In Persian with English abstract).
23- Girish N. and Umesha S. 2005. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on bacterial canker of tomato. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 38: 235-243.
24- Ghorbani R., Koocheki A., Asadi G.A. and Jahan M. 2008. Effect of organic amendments and compost extracts on tomato production and storability in ecological production systems. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 6: 116-126. (In Persian with English abstract).
25- Griffe P., Metha S. and Shankar D. 2003. Organic Production of Medicinal, Aromatic and Dye-Yielding Plants (MADPs): Forward, Preface and Introduction, FAO.
26- Guler S. and Kar H. 2002. Response of field-grown tomatoes to nitrogen and potassium applied with drip or furrow irrigation. Acta Horticulturae, 571: 187-193.
27- Hamze Eu J. and Najari S. 2013. The possibility of reducing the use of nitrogen chemical fertilizers through the application of nitroxin biofertilizer in the production of anise. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production, 23: 41-55. (In Persian with English abstract).
28- Harshavardhan P.G., Vasundhara Raviraja M., Shetty G., Nataraja A., Sreeramu B.S., Chandre Gowda M. and Sreenivasappa K.N. 2007. Influence of spacing and integrated nutrient management on yield and quality of essential oil in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L). Biomed, 2: 288.
29- Jafari M. and Kashi A.K. 2000. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on quantity and quality characteristics of Capsicum Anuum. 2th Congress of Horticultural Science, September. 2000. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract).
30- Jahan M., Koocheki A., Nassiri Mahallati M., and Dehghanipoor F. 2007. The effects of different manure levels and two branch management methods on organic production of Cucurbita pepo L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 5: 1-9. (In Persian with English abstract).
31- Jahan M., Nassiri Mahallati M., Salari M.D. and Ghorbani R. 2010. The effects of time of manure application and different biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Cucurbita pepo L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8: 726-737. (In Persian with English abstract).
32- Jahan M., Amiri M.B., Aghhavani Shajari M. and Tahami Zarandi M.K. 2013. Effect of cover crop and biofertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8: 737-726. (In Persian with English abstract).
33- Kennedy I.R., Choudhury A.T.M.A., Kecskes M.L., Roughley R.J. and Hien N.T. 2004. Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36: 1229-1244.
34- Khattak M., MuhammadIshtlag N. and Naeem N. 2001. Effect of different levels of nitrogen on growth and yield of different cultivars of eggplant under the agro-climatic conditions of peshwar. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture.
35- Kuepper G. 2000. Manure for organic crop production. ATTRA, Fayetteville, AR72702. Available Online (July 2004): www.attra.org/attra-pub/manure.htm.
36- Kuepper G.L., Born H. and Bachmann J. 2003. Organic culture of bramble fruits. Horticulture production guides. http://www.attra.ncat.org.
37- Lebaschi M.H., Matin A. and Amin Gh. 2000. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and oil of Hypericum perforatum. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31: 1-15. (In Persian with English abstract).
38- Leithy S., El-Meseiry T.A. and Abdallah E.F. 2006. Effect of biofertilizer, cell stabilizer and irrigation regime on rosemary herbage oil yield and quality. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2: 773-779.
39- Mahfouz S.A. and Sharaf-Eldin M.A. 2007. Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Agrophysics Journal, 21: 361-366.
40- Mehnaz S. and Lazarovits G. 2006. Inoculation effects of Pseudomonas putida, Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans, and Azospirillum lipoferum on corn plant growth under greenhouse conditions. Microbial Ecology, 51: 326–335.
41- Mirzaee Talarposhti R., Kambozia J., Sabahi H. and Mahdavi Damghani A. 2009. Effect of organic fertilizers application on of soil physicochemical characteristics and production of tomato. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 7: 257-268. (In Persian with English abstract).
42- Mostofi Y. and Najafi F. 2008. Laboratory and analytical methods in horticultural science. Tehran University Press. (In Persian with English abstract).
43- Paksoy M. and Aydin C. 2004. Some physical properties of edible squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 65: 225-231.
44- Posca G., Candido V., Lovelli S. and Miccolis V. 2001. Nitrogen and pepper. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology (abstract), 71(9): 1081.
45- Poudel D.D., Hoawath W.R., Lanini W.T., Temple S.R. and. Van Bruggen A.H.C. 2002. Comparison of soil N availability and conventional farming systems in northern California. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 90:125-137.
46- Rajendran K. and Devaraj P. 2004. Biomass and nutrient distribution and their return of Casuarina equisetifolia inoculated with biofertilizers in farm land. Biomass and Bioenergy, 26: 235-249.
47- Ratti N., Kumar S., Verma H.N. and Gautam S.P. 2001. Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogon martinii var. motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiol Research, 156: 145-149.
48- Salehi M., Koocheki A. and Nassiri Mahallati M. 2004. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content as an indicator of salinity stress in wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 2: 25-33. (In Persian with English abstract).
49- Salehi B., Bagherzade A., Ghasemi M. and Ebrahimi M. 2013. Effect of different amounts of organic fertilizers (humic acid) on quantity and quality characteristics of different varieties of tomato. Iranian Journal of Plant production Research, 20: 189-198. (In Persian with English abstract).
50- Siddiqui Z.A. 2004. Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria and composed organic fertilizers on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and tomato growth. Bioresource Technology, 95: 223–227.
51- Tabrizi L. 2004. Effect of water stress and manure on quantity and quality of Plantage ovate and Plantago psyllium. MSc thesis of Agronomy, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English abstract).
52- Tu C., Ristaino J.B. and Hu S. 2006. Soil microbial biomass and activity in organic tomato farming systems: Effects of organic inputs and straw mulching. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38: 247-255.
53- Tumbare A.D. and Nikam D.R. 2004. Effect of planting and fertigation on growth and yield of green chilli (Capsicum annum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 74: 242-245.
54- Vessey J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizer. Plant and Soil, 255: 571–586.
55- Yazdani R. 2009. Investigating the effects of seed priming using Azotobacter, manure, organic and chemical fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). MSc thesis of Agronomy, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English abstract).
56- Yousefpour M., Chaichi M.R., Mazaheri D., Fakhretabatabaeii M. and Jafari A. 2007. Effect of different soil fertilizing systems on seed and mucilage yield and seed P content of isabgol (Plantago ovata forsk). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6: 1088-1099.
57- Yousefpour Z. and Badavi A. 2014. Effect of biofertilizers, nitrogen and phosphorous chemical fertilizers on quantity and quality yield of Helianthus annuus. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production, 1: 95-112. (In Persian with English abstract).
CAPTCHA Image