با همکاری انجمن علمی منظر ایران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی علوم باغبانی و فضای سبز، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 گروه پژوهشی زیست فناوری مولکولی گیاهی، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، تهران، ایران

3 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مازندران، ساری، ایران

4 گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

کیفیت بیرونی و درونی مرکبات از قبیل رنگ، شکل و طعم موجب افزایش سود اقتصادی می‌گردد. قدرت رشدی پایه نیز سبب تغییرات کمی و کیفی و عامل مؤثر بر زمان بلوغ تجاری میوه می‌باشد که برای باغداران و تولیدکنندگان حائز اهمیت است. با توجه به ویژگی‌های میوه در درختان پیوندی، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات سه پایه مختلف مرکبات بر برخی صفات ریخت‌شناسی، فیتوشیمیایی و مولکولی میوه پرتقال ’تامسون‌ناول‘ صورت گرفت. این تحقیق در سال 1398 در ایستگاه تحقیقات باغبانی قائم‌شهر، مازندران در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با درختان یکنواخت و 10 ساله پرتقال ’تامسون‌ناول‘ پیوند شده روی سه پایه ’پونسیروس‘، ’سیترنج‘ و ’سیتروملو‘ در چهار تکرار انجام شد. نمونه‌ها در اواخر مهر‌ماه جمع‌آوری شده و به‌منظور ادامه تحقیقات به آزمایشگاه تحقیقاتی گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان منتقل گردیدند. اندازه‌گیری روی صفات ریخت‌شناسی، ویژگی‌های کیفی و ترکیبات فنلی میوه و نیز بیان نسبی ژن ساکارز‌فسفات‌سنتاز صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که صفات طول، قطر، نسبت طول به قطر، وزن و چگالی میوه پرتقال ’تامسون‌ناول‘ در زمان بلوغ تجاری روی پایه ’پونسیروس‘ نسبت به دو پایه دیگر میزان بیشتری داشت. در حالی‌که میزان ویتامین ث در پایه ’سیتروملو‘ بالاتر بود. بیشترین میزان اسیدیته و EC متعلق به پایه ’پونسیروس‘ و کمترین میزان آن متعلق به پایه ’سیترنج‘ بود. میزان قند‌کل و مواد جامد محلول در پایه پاکوتاه ’پونسیروس‘ بالاتر از سایر پایه‌ها مشاهده شد در حالی‌که کمترین میزان آن‌ها در پایه پابلند ’سیتروملو‘ ثبت گردید. اسیدیته قابل تیتراسیون و بیان نسبی ژن CitSPS1 در پایه ’سیترنج‘ نسبت به دو پایه دیگر بالاترین مقدار بود. بیشترین میزان فنل‌کل، فلاونوئید‌کل و درصد فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی در پایه ’پونسیروس‘ وجود داشت. قدرت رشدی پایه‌های مختلف مرکبات سبب شد که درختان پاکوتاه نسبت به درختان پابلند، میزان انباشت شاخص‌های فیتو‌شیمیایی بالاتری داشته باشند. به‌طور کلی پایه ’پونسیروس‘ به‌دلیل بلوغ تجاری زودرس میوه از توان مناسبی برای تازه‌خوری برخوردار گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Different Rootstocks on Morphological, Phytochemical and Molecular Indicators of ‘Thomson Navel’ Orange Fruit at Commercial Maturity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Ahmadi 1
  • Mohammad Mehdi Sharifani 1
  • Amir Mousavi 2
  • Negin Akhlaghi Amiri 3
  • Mostafa Khoshhal Sarmast 1
  • Khalil Zaynali Nezhad 4

1 Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Horticulture Crops Research, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran

4 Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
External and internal quality of citrus such as color, shape and taste increase economic benefit. The vigour of each rootstock causes qualitative and quantitative change and the effective factor on commercial maturity, which is important for gardeners and producers. Considering the characteristics of the fruit in grafted trees, the present research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of trifoliate orange, Citrange and Citrumelo rootstocks on some morphological, phytochemical and molecular traits of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange fruit.
 
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out in 2018 at Ghaemshahr Horticultural Research Station, Mazandaran. It was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) of uniform and 10-year-old ‘Thomson Navel’ orange grafted on ‘trifoliate orange’, ‘Citrange’ and ‘Citrumelo’ rootstocks with four replications. The samples were collected at the end of October and were transferred to the research laboratory of Horticulture Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources for further research. Measurements were made on the morphological traits, quality characteristics of the fruit, the phenolic compounds of the peel and the pulp of the fruit and relative expression of fruit pulp sucrose phosphate synthase1 gene. Data variance analysis was done using SAS software (version 9.0). Mean comparisons were done with Duncan's multiple range test.
 
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance showed that the rootstock effect on traits of length-to-diameter ratio, weight and density of ‘Thomson Navel’orange was significant at the five percent probability level (p<0.05) and the fruit length and diameter traits were significant at the one percent probability level (p<0.01). The results of mean comparison showed that the characteristics of length, diameter, length-to-diameter ratio, weight and density of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange at commercial maturity on the trifoliate orange rootstock were more than the two other rootstocks. Due to the early harvest, the density of the fruit was recorded lower than one, so that the highest amount (0.5 g per cm3) was observed in the rootstock of trifoliate orange however it was not significantly different from Citrange rootstock. Based on the results of analysis of variance, it showed that the effect of rootstock on total soluble solids was significant at the level of five percent. Also, the rootstock had a significant effect on titratable acidity, taste index, vitamin C, acidity, EC and total sugar at the level of one percent. However, the amount of vitamin C was higher in the Citrumelo rootstock. The highest amount of acidity and EC belonged to trifoliate orange rootstock and the lowest amount belonged to Citrange rootstock. The highest amount of total sugar was observed in the dwarfing trifoliate orange rootstock, while its lowest amount was recorded in the vigorous Citrumelo rootstock. The highest amount of total soluble solids was observed at the rootstock of the trifoliate orange. The amount of titratable acid in the Citrange rootstock was higher than the other two rootstocks. The taste index was higher in the trifoliate orange rootstock than the other rootstocks. According to the results of analysis of variance, the rootstock effect on the index of total phenol of fruit peel and pulp and total flavonoid of fruit peel was significant at the five percent probability level (p<0.05) and only on the antioxidant activity of the fruit peel at the statistical level of one percent (p<0.01). Also, there was no significant difference in total flavonoid traits and antioxidant capacity of fruit pulp. The highest amount of total phenolic, total flavonoid and percentage of antioxidant activity was found in the trifoliate orange rootstock. Also, between the fruit organs, phenolic compounds were recorded more in the fruit peel compare to the fruit pulp. The peel of orange is more exposed to ultraviolet rays and changes in environmental conditions, Therefore more secondary metabolites accumulate in that part of the plant. The highest relative expression of fruit pulp sucrose phosphate synthase1 gene was obtained in the Citrange rootstock.
 
Conclusion
The vigor of different citrus rootstocks caused the dwarf trees to have a higher accumulation rate of phytochemical indices than the vigorous trees. The trifoliate orange rootstock is suitable for fresh consumption due to the early commercial maturity of the fruit. Fruit peel rich in phenolic compounds is used for medicinal purposes. The technical knowledge from this research will be useful for citrus producers in East Mazandaran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Commercial maturity
  • Fruit size
  • Phenolic compounds
  • Rootstock
  • SPS gene

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

1- Akhlaghi Amiri, N., & Asadi Kangarshahi, A. (2022). Effect of C-35 Citrange rootstock on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Miyagawa Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu ‘Miyagawa’) in the plain and foothills of East Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 23(1), 79-88. (In Persian)
2- Aguilar-Hernandez, M., Sanchez-Rodriguez, L., Hernandez, F., Forner-Giner, M.A., Postor-Perez, J., & Legua, P. (2020). Influence of new citrus rootstocks on lemon quality. Agronomy, 10(974), 10070974. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070974
3- Bakhshi, D., Fathollahi, S., & Arakawa, O. (2011). Evaluation of the relationship between phenolic compounds and skin color in three red apple cultivars in Japan. Journal of Horticultural Science, 24(2), 251-258. (In Persian)
4- Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 26, 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
5- Castle, W., Baldwin, J., & Muraro, R. (2010). Performance of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange rrees on 12 rootstocks at two locations and an economic interpretation as a basis for rootstock selection. HortScience, 45(4), 523-533. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.45.4.523
6- Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H., & Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food Drug Analysis, 10, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
7- Cherng, A.P., & Ouyang, F. (2003). A firmness index for fruit of ellipsoidal shape. Biosystems Engineering, 86(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00096-5
8- Citrus World Statistics. (2022). Word Citrus Organization. Summer 2021-Winter 2021-22.
9- Dong, T., Xiong, Bo., Huang, Sh., Liao, L., Qiu, X., Sun, G., He, Y., Duan, Ch., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Li, S., & Wang, Zh. (2019). Investigation of the cause of reduced sugar content in Kiyomi tangor fruit of ziyang xiangcheng (Citrus junos sieb. ex Tanaka) rootstock. Scientific Reports, 9,19263. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55957-3
10- Fattahi Moghaddam, J., Seyed Ghasemi, A., & Madani, S. (2016). The effect of five rootstocks on the physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics of Yashar tangerine fruit during ripening stage. Journal of Plant Production, 24(2), 109-123. (In Persian)
11- Fallahi, M. (1990). Postharvest physiology of vegetables. Book (vol.I). Dashte Morghab Productive Group, pub. Shahin.
12- Fotouhi Ghazvini, R., & Fattahi Moghadam, J. (2007). Citrus growing in Iran. The University of Guilan Press. Second Edition, pp, 143-184. (In Persian)
13- Gaikwad, K.A., Patil, S.R., Nagre, P.K., & Potdukhe, NR. (2018). Morphological characterization of citrus rootstock genotypes. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(2), 516-529.
14- Hayat, F., Li, J., Iqbal, Sh., Peng, Y., Hong, L., Balal, R., Khan, M.N., Nawaz, M., Nawa, M.A., Khan, U., Farhan, M.A., Li, C., Song, W., Tu, P., & Cheng, J. (2022). A mini review of citrus rootstocks and their role in high-density orchards. Plants, 11, 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212876
15- Hemmati, N., Ghasemnezhad, A., Fattahi Moghaddam, J., & Ebrahimi, P. (2015). Investigating the relationship between the accumulation of fruit phenolic compounds in Salvestiana and Italian orange cultivars, with their rootstock fruits. Journal of Crop Improvement, 17(3), 571-581. (In Persian)
16- Hemmati, N., Ghasemnezhad, A., Fattahi Moghaddam, J., & Ebrahimi, P. (2018). Variation in the content of bioflavonoids of orange as affected by scion, rootstock, and fruit part. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 40, 83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-018-2648-1
17- Hong, H.R., Oh, E.U., Han, S.G., Yun, S.H., Kim, H.B., & Song, K.J. (2022). Characterization of soluble sugar content, related enzyme activity and gene expression in the fruits of ‘Minihyang’ mandarin on different rootstocks. Horticulturae, 8, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010047
18- Iglesias, D.J., Cercos, M., Colmenero-Flores, J., Naranjo, M., Rios, G., Carrera, E., Ruiz-River, O., Liso, I., Morillon, R., Tadeo, F., & Talon, M. (2007). Physiology of citrus fruiting. Plant Physiology, 9(4), 333-362. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202007000400006
19- Irigoyen, J.J., Emerich, D.W., & Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb08764.x
20- Jaskani, M., Abbas, H., Khan, M., Shahzad, U., & Hussain, Z. (2006). Morphological despcription of three potential citrus rootstocks. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 38(2), 311-317.
21- Kato, M., Ikoma, Y., Matsumoto, H., Sugiura, M., Hyodo, H., & Yano, M. (2004). Accumulation of carotenoids and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during maturation in citrus fruit. Plant Physiology, 134, 824–837. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.031104
22- Khojastehnazhand, M., Omid, M., & Tebatabaeefar, A. (2010). Development of a lemon sorting system basedon color and size. African Journal of Plant Science, 4(4), 122-127.
23- Kim, D.O., Padilla-Zakour, O.I., & Griffiths, P.D. (2004). Flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of various cabbage genotypes at juvenile stage. Journal of Food Science, 69, 685-689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb09916.x
24- Komatsu, A., Moriguchi, T., Koyama, K., Omura, M., & Akihama, T. (2002). Analysis of sucrose synthase genes in citrus suggests different roles and phylogentic relationship. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53(366), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.366.61
25- Maazoun, A.M., Zerai, O., Aounallh, M.K., Bey, N., Hemmami, S., & Bettaieb, T. (2022). Rootstocks effects on yield, fruit characteristics, and juice quality of the Tunisian Malttese half-blood (Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck): an important citrus cultivar. International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.6.3.4
26- Macia-Vazquez, A., Martinez-Nicolas, J., Nunez-Gomez, D., Melgarejo, P., & Legua, P. (2024). Influnce of rootstock on yield, morphological, biochemical and sensory characteristics of Afourer variety mandarins. Scentia Horticulturae, 325, 112644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112644
27- Magwaza, L.S., Mditshwa, A., Tesfay, S.Z., & Opra, U.L. (2017). An overview of preharvest factors affecting vitamin C content of citrus fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 216, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.12.021
28- Mashayekhi, K., & Atashi, S. (2017). The analyzing methods in plant physiology. Agricultural Education Research Publications. pp. 163-164. (In Persian)
29- Mashayekhi, K., Sadeghi, H., Akbarpour, V., Atashi, S., Mosavizadeh, J., Abshai, M., & Nazari, Z. (2014). The effect of several different citrus rootstocks on the amount of biochemical compounds of Parson Brown and Mars oranges in Jiroft. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(1), 10-17. (In Persian)
30- Mccready, R., Guggolz, M. J., Silviera, V., & Owens, H.S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables analytical. Analytical Chemistry, 22, 1156-1158.
31- Mesejo, C., Marzal, A., Martinez-Fuentes, A., Reig, C., & Agusti, M., (2021). On how auxin, ethylene and IDA-peptide relate during mature Citrus fruit abscission. Scientia Horticulturae, 278, 109855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109855
32- Milosevic, T., Milosevic, N., & Mladenovic, J. (2023). Diversity of plums belonging to P.domestica L., P.insititia L. and prunus ´ rossica Erem. Tree vigour, yielding and fruit quality attributes. Scientia Horticulturae, 320, 112220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112220
33- Nawaz, R., Abbasi, N.A., Ahmad Hafiz, I., & Khalid, A. (2020). Impact of climate variables on fruit internal quality of Kinnow mandarin in ripening phase grown under varing environmental conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 265, 109235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109235
34- Oustric, J., Morillon, R., Luro, F., Herbette, S., Lourkisti, R., Giannettini, J., Berti, L., & Santini, J. (2017). Tetraploid Carrizo Citrange rootstock (Citrus sinensis Osb.´Poncirus trifoliate L. Raf.) enhances natural chilling stress tolerance of common clementine (Citrus clementine Hort. ex Tan). Journal of Plant Physiology, 214, 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.014
35- Peng, G., Xie, X., Jiang, Q., Song, S., & Xu, Ch. (2013). Chlorophyll a/b binding protein plays a key role in natural and ethylene-induced degreening of Ponkan (Citrus reticulate Blanco). Scientia Horticulturae, 160, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.05.022
36- Razavi, M.A., & Akbari, R. (2009). Biophysical properties of agricultural products and foodstuffs. Jahad Daneshgahi of Mashad University. Press, p. 304.
37- Sarkar, N., Srivastava, P.K., & Dubey, V.K. (2009). Understanding the language of vitamin C. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 5, 53–5. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340109787314767
38- Sattar, N., Ziauddin, Sh., Kalsoom, S., Shahid, A., Ullah, R., & Dar, A. (2014). An orange sorting technique based on size and external defects. ResearchGate, 274314889.
39- Skinner, J. (1997). Measuring the amount of vitamin C in fruit drinks. Experiments. Royal Society of Chemistry. p.67.
40- Swingle, W.T., & Reece, P.C. (1967). The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives. The citrus industry, vol 1. University of California, Berkeley, pp. 190–430.
41- Tehranifar, A., Zarei, M., Esfandiyari, B., & Nemati, Z. (2014). Study of physical properties, phenolics compounds and antioxidant activity of thirty different Iranian cultivars of pomegranates peels. Journal of Horticultural Science, 28(3), 312-318. (In Persian)
42- Yamaki, S. (2010). Metabolism and accumulation of sugars translocated to fruit and their regulation. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 79(1), 1-15.
CAPTCHA Image