نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شهرکرد، ایران
2 پژوهشکده میوه های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
چکیده
این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی خصوصیات رویشی، کمّی و کیفی خشک‌میوه و مغز در 36 رقم و ژنوتیپ امیدبخش بادام (Prunus dulcis L) انجام شد. ارقام و ژنوتیپهای امیدبخش در یک شرایط محیطی یکسان در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در ایستگاه تحقیقات بادام در منطقه سامان وابسته به مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری روی پایه رویشی 15GN در سال 1397 پیوند و در بهار، تابستان و پاییز 1402 از نظر صفات مهم رویشی، فنولوژیکی، کمّی و کیفی خشک‌میوه و مغز ارزیابی و مقایسه شدند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که صفات ارتفاع درخت، عرض تاج‌پوشش درخت ، قطر پایه و پیوندک، طول و قطر شاخه و نسبت ارتفاع به طول تاج‌پوشش درخت در ارقام و ژنوتیپهای مورد بررسی معنیدار بود. نتایج نشان داد که ارقام و ژنوتیپهای مورد بررسی از نظر کلیه صفات خشک‌میوه و مغز تفاوت معنیداری داشتند که نشان‌دهنده وجود تنوع بین ارقام و ژنوتیپهای مورد بررسی است. براساس نتایج مقایسه میانگین صفات رویشی، بیشترین ارتفاع در ژنوتیپهای 4GA، 3GA و 35GA، بیشترین عرض تاج‌پوشش درخت در ژنوتیپهای 5GA، 17GA، 3GA، 20GA، 15GA و 5GA و بیشترین قطر پایه و پیوندک و بیشترین طول و قطر شاخه یک‌ساله در ژنوتیپ 18GA مشاهده شد. بیشترین عملکرد در ژنوتیپهای 20GA، 16GA و 26GA مشاهده شد. براساس نتایج به‌دست آمده، ارقام و ژنوتیپهای 5GA، 24GA، 12GA، 9GA و 1GA از نظر صفات خشک‌میوه و مغز برتری نسبی نشان دادند به‌طوری‌که ژنوتیپ 24GA نسبتاً دیرگل، ژنوتیپهای 1GA و 5GA خیلی دیرگل بودند و گل‌دهی ارقام و ژنوتیپهای 9GA، 12GA و 24GA روی اسپور و 5GA و 1GA مختلط بود. قطر خشک‌میوه همبستگی مثبت و معنیداری با وزن خشک‌میوه و طول و قطر مغز (7/0=r) نشان داد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که ژنوتیپ 35GA پیوند شده روی پایه 15GN بیشترین طول، عرض و قطر خشک‌میوه، بیشترین وزن خشک و وزن مغز، رنگ مغز روشن، مغز بدون چروکیدگی، بیشترین درصد مغز و بیشترین نسبت وزن مغز به وزن خشک‌میوه را دارا بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Evaluation of Important Vegetative, Phenological and Pomological Characteristics of 36 Promising Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) Genotypes on GN15 Vegetative Rootstock
نویسندگان [English]
- S.A. Mousavi 1
- A. Vatankhah 1
- A. Imani 2
1 Horticulture Crops Research Department, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension organization (AREEO), Shahrekord, Iran
2 Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) is one of the valuable nut trees that is cultivated in many temperate regions and Mediterranean climatic conditions for domestic consumption and export. Almond belongs to the genus Prunus, from the Rosaceae family. Identifying and introducing genotypes and cultivars of late bloom is one of the most important goals of almond breeding programs. The correct choice of almond rootstock causes better management of the garden, compatibility with all types of soil and resistance to nematodes. Peach × almond hybrid has been the most widely used rootstock in both dry and irrigated conditions in the past years. Creating an orchard by selecting grafted genotypes on suitable rootstock for sustainable cultivation of almonds is particularly important. Cultivation of superior genotypes grafted on fruit trees has an effect on pomological characteristics, yield and quality of nuts. The requirement for the introduction and production of superior cultivars is an accurate selection between cultivars, which is possible through the identification of cultivars and their diversity. The purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the most important vegetative, phenological, quantitative, and qualitative characteristics of nuts and kernels in 36 promising cultivars and genotypes grafted onto GN15 rootstock, with the goal of identifying and introducing superior cultivars.
Materials and Methods
In this research, 36 promising almond cultivars and genotypes on GN15 rootstock were investigated in garden conditions in terms of various vegetative traits, nut and kernel characteristics in order to obtain suitable commercial cultivars. This research was conducted at the Badam research station in Saman region affiliated to the Center for Research and Education of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The cultivars and genotypes studied are presented in Table 1. Vegetative traits of tree height, canopy length, canopy width, and branch length were measured by meter in the garden, and rootstock diameter, scion diameter, and branch diameter were measured in the garden with calipers. In order to measure the nut and kernels, 100 fruits were harvested from each of the studied cultivars and genotypes at the time of fruit ripening, and their green shell was separated and dried. Measurement of traits such as length, width, diameter of nut and kernel was done by digital caliper and weight of nut and kernel was measured by digital scale with accuracy of 0.01. Coding of some traits was done based on almond descriptor (Gülcan, 1985) with some changes. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS software (version 3.1.9). To compare the means, Duncan's multiple range test was used at the 5% probability level.
Table 1- Promising cultivars and genotypes examined in this study (based on the sent label of the scion)
Cultivar/genotype
Cultivar/genotype code
Cultivar/genotype
Cultivar/genotype code
TS-16
GA1
2-29 (D7)
GA 19
D
GA 2
100-1-1
GA 20
TS-21
GA 3
2-0-4
GA 21
TS-14
GA 4
3-1-4
GA 22
Aviz
GA 5
TS-18
GA 23
A8
GA 6
D2
GA 24
B8
GA 7
TS-30
GA 25
100-1-8-1
GA8
1306 (Tabriz genotype)
GA 26
2-3-2
GA 9
AH2 (Tabriz genotype)
GA 27
TS-11
GA 10
108 (Tabriz genotype)
GA28
( 1/16) 1-16
GA 11
Yalda
GA29
3-1-15
GA 12
Saba
GA 30
13-40
GA 13
Shamshiri (Shahrekord)
GA 31
TS1
GA 14
AY (Shahrekord)
GA 32
8-35
GA 15
Mamaei
GA 33
85
GA 16
AN2 (Shahrekord)
GA 34
35
GA 17
AN4 (Shahrekord)
GA 35
B6
GA 18
AN5 (Shahrekord)
GA 36
Results and Discussion
According to the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), there was a statistically significant difference at the level of 1% between the attributes of tree height, canopy width, rootstock and scion diameter, branch length and diameter, and the ratio of tree height to canopy length. (P<0.01). The results of variance analysis show that there is a significant difference between the investigated nut and kernel traits in promising cultivars and genotypes grafted on GN (Table 5). These differences show the diversity in the investigated traits and it is possible to choose cultivars for different values of the same trait. Based on the average comparison results of the vegetative traits, the highest height in genotypes GA4, GA3, GA35, The highest canopy width was observed in genotypes GA5, GA17, GA3, and GA20, GA15, GA5, the highest diameter of rootstock and scion, and the highest length and diameter of one-year branches were observed in genotype GA18. The results of the comparison of the average nut and kernel characteristics show that there is a significant difference in the cultivars and genotypes investigated in this research. The results of the comparison of the average nut and kernel characteristics show that there is a significant difference in the cultivars and genotypes investigated in this research. Based on the obtained results, cultivars and genotypes of GA5, GA24, GA12, GA9 and GA1 showed relative superiority in terms of nut and kernel traits. The results of this research showed that the GA35 genotype grafted on the GN15 rootstock had the highest length, width and diameter of the nut, and the highest weight of nut and kernel. The kernel color light, the without shrinking the kernel and the highest percentage of kernel and the highest ratio of kernel weight to nut weight.
Conclusions
The results of this research showed that the examination of vegetative traits, nuts and kernels in the studied cultivars and genotypes could show the diversity between cultivars and genotypes. The results showed that the investigated cultivars and genotypes have significant differences in terms of all nut and kernel traits, which indicates the existence of diversity between the investigated cultivars and genotypes. This indicates that these cultivars and genotypes can be considered a valuable source of germplasm for breeding programs. Cultivars and genotypes with a higher kernel percentage had thinner shells, more patterns on the skin, and light to medium kernel color. Based on the results, the cultivars and genotypes GA5, GA24, GA12, GA9, and GA1 demonstrated relative superiority in terms of nut and kernel traits. The research also showed that the GA35 genotype grafted onto GN15 rootstock had the greatest nut length, width, and diameter, as well as the highest nut and kernel weight. Additionally, GA35 had light kernel color, no kernel shrinkage, the highest kernel percentage, and the highest kernel-to-nut weight ratio.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Kernel
- Nuts
- Superior genotype
- Vegetative rootstock
- Vegetative traits
©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
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