تأثیر محلول‌پاشی آهن، روی و کلسیم در مراحل بلوغ میوه بر بروز و شدت عارضه سفیدشدگی آریل انار (Punica granatum L.)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ثریا کرمی ¹
• سکینه فرجی ²

¹ گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

² بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اراک، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.89090.1366

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه ترکیبات معدنی (غلظت عناصر آهن، روی و کلسیم) و بیوشیمیایی (محتوای آنتوسیانین) انارهای (Punica granatum L.) مبتلا به عارضه سفیدشدگی آریل و سالم رقم ̓ملس ساوه̒ (سال 1401) و بررسی اثر محلول­پاشی عناصر معدنی اشاره‌شده در بروز و شدت عارضه سفیدشدگی آریل (سال 1402) طراحی گردید. در سال 1402، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل (2×3×3) در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و دو مرحله (شروع تشکیل میوه و شروع رسیدگی میوه) اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل محلول­پاشی با سه غلظت سولفات آهن (صفر، دو و چهار در هزار به‌ترتیب F₀، F₂ و F₄)، سه غلظت سولفات روی (صفر، سه و شش در هزار به‌ترتیب Zn₀، Zn₃ و Zn₆) و دو غلظت کلسیم کلرید (صفر و چهار در هزار به‌ترتیب Ca₀، و Ca₄) بودند. براساس آزمون _{(38  df=،05/0} t_(α=مستقل، به استثناء غلظت Zn، غلظت عناصر Fe، Ca و محتوای آنتوسیانین در میوه­های سالم بیشتر از میوه­های آسیب‌دیده بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که محلول­پاشی با سولفات آهن، سولفات روی و کلسیم کلرید به­صورت جداگانه یا ترکیبی در کاهش وقوع و شدت سفیدشدگی آریل مؤثر بود. از سوی دیگر، تأثیر مشارکت عنصر کلسیم در کاهش بروز عارضه سفیدشدگی آریل قابل ملاحظه و حاکی از اثر هم­افزایی عنصر کلسیم با عناصر آهن و روی بود؛ به­طوری‌که کاربرد همزمانZn -Fe در ترکیب با Ca کارآیی بیشتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها برای کاهش صفات مورد اشاره داشت. ازاین‌رو، به­منظور کاهش همزمان در وقوع و شدت عارضه سفیدشدگی آریل انار، محلول­پاشی با سولفات آهن چهار در هزار -سولفات روی شش یا سه در هزار- کلسیم کلرید چهار در هزار ( Fe₄Zn₆Ca₄ ،Fe₄Zn₃Ca₄) در دو مرحله شروع تشکیل میوه و شروع رسیدگی میوه انار توصیه می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آنتوسیانین
• باغات انار
• تغذیه برگی
• عناصر غذایی

موضوعات

• میوه کاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Foliar Spraying of Iron, Zinc and Calcium in the Stages of Fruit Maturity on the Incidence and Severity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Aril Paleness

نویسندگان [English]

• S. Karami ¹
• S. Faraji ²

¹ Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran

² Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Arak, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Mineral nutrients (macro and micro) and polyphenolic compounds are natural components of many fruits and play an important role in maintaining the quality and nutritional value of the fruit. Therefore, optimal management of plant nutrition in order to increase the quantity and quality of the product and improve the synthesis of secondary metabolites, especially during fruit growth, is necessary and unavoidable. Nevertheless, in the last decade, the occurrence of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) aril paleness has been reported as a new and pervasive factor in reducing the quality of pomegranate fruit in many countries, including Iran. The present research was conducted with the aim of comparing the mineral concentrations (iron, zinc, and calcium) and biochemical characteristics (anthocyanin content) in pomegranates affected by aril paleness and healthy pomegranates of the ‘Malase Saveh’cultivar (2022). Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of the mentioned mineral elements on the incidence and severity of the aril paleness condition (2023).
 
Materials and Methods
This study was carried out during two years (2022 and 2023) and two independent trials. First, based on the introduced factors affecting the occurrence of pomegranate paleness (temperature, irrigation water and soil salinity), two orchards with medium and high percentage of pomegranate aril paleness (orchard number 9 and 17, respectively) were selected based on the results of Faraji & Karami (2024a). The first trial in 2022 (orchard No. 9): At harvest and after splitting fruits, twenty healthy fruits and affected fruits by the aril paleness disorder were randomly selected and were used for determination of mineral nutrient (Fe, Zn and Ca) and anthocyanin content in the laboratory. The second trial in 2023 (orchard No. 17): In the first phase, 70 trees were selected and labeled, then at the end of September (2022), percent and severity aril paleness of each tree was calculated. In the second phase (2023), based on the results of the first year, 54 trees as experimental unit (with aril paleness percentage>85 and paleness severity of high/very high) were selected from previous trees. Afterwards, a factorial experiment (3×3×2) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and two stages (the beginning of fruit set and the beginning of fruit ripening) were implemented. Experimental treatments included foliar spraying with three concentrations of iron sulfate (0, 2 and 4 per thousand respectively F₀, F₂ and F₄), three concentrations of zinc sulfate (0, 3 and 6 per thousand respectively Zn₀, Zn₃ and Zn₆) and two concentrations of calcium chloride (0 and 4 per thousand respectively Ca₀ and Ca₄). Then at harvest, the percentage and severity of aril paleness each treatment was calculated.
 
 
Results and Discussion
Data analysis using the independent t-test _{(α=0.05, df=38)} for the first trial (2022) showed that, the nutritional value of the affected fruit by aril paleness is anticipated to be far less than that of the healthy fruit; so that except for the Zn concentration, the concentration of Fe, Ca and anthocyanin content in affected fruits were lower than in healthy fruits. The results of the variance analysis for the second trial (2023) indicated that foliar spraying with iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and calcium chloride, either individually or in combination, was effective in reducing the occurrence and severity of aril paleness. A comparison of the mean percentage of aril paleness between the two groups (before and after foliar spraying, regardless of the treatment combination) using a dependent t-test (α=0.05, df=16) also showed that foliar spraying was effective in reducing the percentage of aril paleness. Furthermore, the involvement of calcium in reducing the incidence and severity of aril paleness was found to be significant. In the absence of calcium element, the incidence of paleness was recorded in the range of 60.17-75.00%, and with the inclusion of calcium in the treatment compounds, the percentage of paleness was recorded in the range of 21.83-0.53%. Also, the mean comparison of the double interaction and main effects of elements indicated the synergistic effect of calcium element with Fe and Zn element in reducing the aril paleness disorder. So that, the combination of Fe-Ca and Zn-Ca has been more successful in reducing the aril paleness disorder than the pure application of each element of iron, zinc and calcium.
 
Conclusions
Overall, the simultaneous application of Zn-Fe in combination with Ca was more effective in reducing of the mentioned traits than other treatments. Therefore, in order to simultaneously reduce the occurrence and severity of aril paleness, spraying with Fe₄Zn₆Ca₄ and Fe₄Zn₃Ca₄ is recommended in two stages of pomegranate fruit development, including the beginning of fruit set and the beginning of fruit ripening.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Anthocyanin
• Foliar nutrition
• Nutritional elements
• Pomegranate orchards

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

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