علوم باغبانی
با همکاری انجمن علمی منظر ایران

اسانس اکالیپتوس (Eucalyptus spp) در شمال ایران: مقایسه ترکیبات با استانداردهای جهان و تولیدکننده‌های برتر

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

زکیه ضیائی موحد 1
عباس یداللهی 1
لیلا سمیعی 2
محمدتقی عبادی 1
علی مختصی بیدگلی 3

1 گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران

3 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.93102.1425
چکیده
اسانس اکالیپتوس (Eucalyptus spp) به‌دلیل داشتن ترکیباتی نظیر 1,8-سینئول و آلفاپینن، در صنایع مختلف از جمله دارویی و غذایی کاربرد زیادی دارد. با وجود معرفی گونه‌های مختلف این گیاه در ایران، مطالعات تطبیقی اندکی در زمینه مقایسه کیفیت و کمیت اسانس‌ها با گونه‌های دیگر در ایران و کشورهای دیگر صورت گرفته است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس E. camaldulensis  و E. globulus در شمال ایران و مقایسه آن‌ با استانداردهای جهانی انجام شد. برگ‌ها از منطقه بهشهر جمع‌آوری و اسانس به‌روش تقطیر با آب استخراج گردید. بازده اسانس‌ها با فرمول وزنی-وزنی محاسبه و ترکیبات شیمیایی با روش‌های کروماتوگرافی گازی و کروماتوگرافی گازی-طیف‌سنجی جرمی شناسایی شد. بازده در E. globulus 6/2 درصد و در E. camaldulensis 2/1 درصد بود. 1,8-سینئول، ترکیب غالب هر دو گونه بود. E. globulus  با 19/83 درصد 1,8-سینئول کاملاً منطبق با استاندارد ISO 3065:2011 بود، درحالی‌که مقدار 1,8-سینئول در E. camaldulensis  (به‌مقدار 46/39 درصد) پایین‌تر از حد استاندارد قرار داشت. آلفاپینن در  E. globulus به مقدار 24/7 درصد در محدوده استاندارد و در E. camaldulensis  به‌مقدار 28/13 درصد بالاتر از حد استاندارد قرار داشت. مقدار ترکیب 1,8-سینئول E. globulus در محدوده استاندارد ISO 770:2002 قرار داشت و آلفاپینن اندکی کمتر از حداقل استاندارد بود. مطابقت ترکیب اصلی  E. globulusبا استانداردها، آن را به گزینه مناسبی به‌منظور استفاده در صنایع دارویی و غذایی تبدیل می‏کند. هرچند E. camaldulensis از نظر مقدار 1,8-سینئول با استانداردها مطابقت نداشت، امّا دارا بودن درصد بالای آلفاپینن و ترکیبات متنوع‌تر، این اسانس را برای کاربردهایی که به مونوترپن‌های متنوع نیاز دارد، مناسب می‌سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

استاندارد ایزو
سزکوئی‌ترپن
کروماتوگرافی گازی
مونوترپن
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp) Essential Oil in Northern Iran: A Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition with International Standards and Leading Global Producers

نویسندگان English

Z. Ziaei Movahhed 1
A. Yadollahi 1
L. Samiei 2
M. T. Ebadi 1
A. Mokhtassi-Bidgoli 3
1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Eucalyptus essential oils are among the most commercially important plant-derived oils due to their high content of bioactive terpenoid compounds, particularly 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, which are widely used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and hygienic products. In recent years, the increasing global demand for natural and plant-based ingredients has further enhanced the industrial significance of eucalyptus essential oils. Although various Eucalyptus species have been introduced and cultivated in different regions of Iran, comprehensive comparative information on the yield and chemical quality of locally produced oils, especially in relation to international standards, remains limited. Among the cultivated species, Eucalyptus globulus  and Eucalyptus camaldulensis are of particular economic and industrial importance. Evaluating their essential oil characteristics under local climatic conditions is crucial for assessing their suitability for industrial applications and their potential competitiveness in global markets. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze and compare the essential oil yield and chemical composition of E. globulus and E. camaldulensis cultivated in Northern Iran, with special emphasis on their conformity with ISO 770:2002 and ISO 3065:2011 standards and their potential industrial value.
 
Materials and Methods
Fresh leaves of E. globulus and E. camaldulensis were collected from mature trees grown in the Behshahr region of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran, an area characterized by a humid temperate climate. To minimize the loss of volatile compounds, the leaves were shade-dried under controlled conditions at 24 °C and 40% relative humidity. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours, and oil yield was calculated on a dry weight basis. The chemical composition of the extracted essential oils was determined using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) equipped with a DB-5 capillary column. Compound identification was carried out by comparing mass spectra and retention indices with those reported in the Wiley7 and Adams spectral libraries. The resulting chemical profiles were evaluated and interpreted in accordance with the requirements of ISO 770:2002 and ISO 3065:2011 standards.
 
Results and Discussion
The results demonstrated a clear difference in essential oil yield between the two species. E. globulus exhibited a higher oil yield (2.6%) compared with E. camaldulensis (1.2%), indicating superior productivity under the studied environmental conditions. In both species, oxygenated monoterpenes constituted the dominant class of compounds; however, their relative proportions varied substantially. In the essential oil of E. globulus, 1,8-cineole was the predominant compound, accounting for 83.19% of the total oil composition. This value fully satisfied the minimum cineole requirements specified in both ISO 770:2002 and ISO 3065:2011 standards, confirming the high quality of this oil and its suitability for pharmaceutical, food-grade, and medicinal applications. Comparative evaluation with previously reported data from other regions indicated that the chemical profile and yield of E. globulus essential oil produced in Northern Iran are highly competitive at the international level. In contrast, the essential oil of E. camaldulensis contained a lower proportion of 1,8-cineole (39.46%), which did not meet the cineole thresholds defined by the ISO standards. Nevertheless, this oil exhibited a more chemically diverse composition, characterized by notable amounts of α-pinene (13.28%), p-cymene (11.83%), spathulenol (7.38%), and caryophyllene oxide (2.33%). The broader distribution of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds suggests that, despite its lower cineole content, E. camaldulensis essential oil may be advantageous for specialized industrial applications requiring a more complex terpene profile, such as fragrance formulation, antimicrobial products, and functional additives.
 
Conclusion
This study demonstrates the high potential of Iranian Eucalyptus essential oils. E. globulus showed superior yield and composition in line with global quality standards, rendering it suitable for pharmaceutical and food industries. E. camaldulensis, with its chemically diverse profile, offers promising opportunities for broader industrial applications. Given Iran’s availability of suitable cultivation zones and the growing demand for sustainable plant-based raw materials, the expansion of Eucalyptus farming and essential oil production could strengthen Iran’s position in the international essential oil sector. Further research is encouraged to improve cultivation practices and support industrial-scale development.
 
Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by Tarbiat Modares University, for which the authors are sincerely grateful.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Gas chromatography
ISO standard
Monoterpene
Sesquiterpene

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
  1. Abdossi, V., Yaghooti Moghaddam, E., & Hadipanah, A. (2015). Chemical composition of globulus grown in Iran. Biological Forum – An Intern: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280944359
  2. Abiri, R., Atabaki, N., Abdul-Hamid, H., Sanusi, R., Ab Shukor, N., Shaharuddin, N., Ahmad, S., & Malik, S. (2020). The prospect of physiological events associated with the micropropagation of Eucalyptus Forests, 11(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111211
  3. Ait Benlabchir, A., Fikri-Benbrahim, K., Moutawalli, A., Alanazi, M. M., Halmoune, A., Benkhouili, F. Z., Oubihi, A., Kabra, A., Hanoune, E., Assila, H., & Ouaritini, Z. B. (2024). GC–MS characterization and bioactivity study of globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) essential oils and their fractions: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties and molecular docking modeling. Pharmaceuticals, 17(11), 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111552
  4. Akolade, J. O., Olajide, O. O., Afolayan, M. O., Akande, S. A., Idowu, D. I., & Orishadipe, A. T. (2012). Chemical composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of globulus grown in north-central Nigeria. Journal of Natural Products and Plant Resources, 2(1), 1-8
  5. Almas, I., Innocent, E., Machumi, F., & Kisinza, W. (2021). Chemical composition of essential oils from globulus and Eucalyptus maculata grown in Tanzania. Scientific African, 12, e00758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00758
  6. Asgari, M., Kazemi, M., Mahmoudi Sourastani, M., & Sharififard, M. (2023). Chemical analysis of eucalyptus and rosemary essential oils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and evaluation of their toxicity against the most common urban pest. Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal, 6(3), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v6.i03.256
  7. Ashraf, M., Ali, Q., Anwar, F., & Hussain, A. I. (2010). Composition of leaf essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22(3), 1779-1786
  8. Bachheti, R. K. (2015). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from the leaves of globulus collected from Haramaya University, Ethiopia. Der Pharma Chemica, 7(2), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-413X.1000273
  9. Barboucha, G., Rahim, N., Boulebd, H., Bramki, A., Andolfi, A., Salvatore, M. M., & Masi, M. (2024). Chemical composition, in silico investigations and evaluation of antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal and repellent activities of camaldulensis Dehn. leaf essential oil from Algeria. Plants, 13(22), 3229. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223229
  10. British Standards Institution. (2012). BS ISO 3065:2011. Oil of Eucalyptus Australian Type, Containing A Volume Fraction of 80% to 85% of 1,8-Cineole. British Standards Institution. https://doi.org/10.3403/30191763
  11. Carmen, I., Viturro, A., Molina, C., & Cecilia, I. (2003). Volatile components of globulus Labill. ssp. Bicostata from Jujuy, Argentina. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15(3), 206-208
  12. Chaghakaboodi, Z., Kahrizi, D., & Nasiri, J. (2024). Chemical composition and antimicrobial potential of camaldulensis essential oil from Shushtar, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products, 3(3), 691-702. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/jmpb.2024.365950.1700
  13. Chen, H., Gu, Z., Yang, L., Yang, R., Ji, Y., Zeng, Q., Xiao, F., & Huang, P. (2021). Optimization extraction of rosemary essential oils using hydrodistillation with extraction kinetics analysis. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(6), e2549. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2549
  14. Chen, W., Zheng, Q., Dang, Y., & Sakari, T. (2020). Eucalyptus productivity increase in China comes from newly afforested plantations. Europe PMC. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-81375/v1
  15. Čmiková, N., Galovičová, L., Schwarzová, M., Schwarzová, M., Vukic, M., Vukovic, N., Kowalczewski, P., Bakay, L., Kluz, M., Puchalski, C., & Kačániová, M. (2023). Chemical composition and biological activities of globulus essential oil. Journal of Plants, 12(5), 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051076
  16. Costa, J., Silva, J. S., Deus, E., Pinho, S., Pinto, J. F., & Borralho, N. (2022). The genetics and ecology of post-fire globulus recruitment in an isolated stand in central Portugal. Forests, 13(5), 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050680
  17. Djellouli, M., Ziane, L., & Elhendi, H. (2024). Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of globulus from Southwest Algeria. Studies in Engineering and Exact Sciences, 5(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-560
  18. Eisenbrand, G., Cohen, M., Fukushima, S., Gooderham, N., Guengerich, F., Hecht, S., Rietjens, I., Rosol, T., Davidsen, J., Harman, C., & Taylor, S. (2021). FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Eucalyptus oil and other cyclic ether-containing flavoring ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 155, 112357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112357
  19. El-Ghorab, A. H., Fadel, H. M., & El-Massry, K. F. (2002). The Egyptian camaldulensis var. brevirostris: Chemical compositions of the fruit volatile oil and antioxidant activity. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17(4), 306-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1085
  20. Eskandari, S., & Jalilvand, H. (2017). The effect of climate change on fire regime of Neka and Behshahr forests. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 15(1), 30-39. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijfrpr.2017.107772.1219
  21. Eskandari, S., Behnamfar, K., Pourghasemi, H. R., & Tiefenbacher, J. P. (2022). Provision of eucalyptus wood farming potential map in Iran: An application of land cover, ecological, climatic, hydrologic, and edaphic analysis in a GIS-based fuzzy AHP framework. Ecological Indicators, 136, 108621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108621
  22. Etemadi, R., Moghadam, P., & Yousefi, F. (2020). Evaluation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of camaldulensis essential oil on dental caries pathogens. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences, 7(1), 43-49.
  23. Faria, J. M. S., Lima, A. S., Mendes, M. D., Leiria, R., Geraldes, D. A., Figueiredo, A. C., Trindade, H., Pedro, L. G., Barroso, J. G., & Sanches, J. (2011). Eucalyptus from Mata Experimental do Escaroupim (Portugal): Evaluation of the essential oil composition from sixteen species. Acta Horticulturae, 925, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.925.7
  24. Flores-Macías, A., Reyes-Zarate, G. G., Gomes da Camara, C. A., López-Ordaz, R., Campos Guilln, J., & Ramos-López, M. Á. (2021). Chemical composition and phytotoxic potential of globulus essential oil against Lactuca sativa and two herbicide-resistant weeds: Avena fatua and Amaranthus hybridus. TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, 24, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2021.303
  25. Garzoli, S. (2023). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Plants, 12(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040800
  26. Gerdkaneh, M., Mohammadi, N., & Arji, I. (2018). Composition and quantitative seasonal variation of globulus essential oil in the three regions of Kermanshah province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants, 17(66), 50-62. (In Persian with English abstract)
  27. Grbović, S., Orčić, D., Couladis, M., Jovin, E., Bugarin, D., Balog, K., & Mimica-Dukić, N. (2010). Variation of essential oil composition of camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) from the Montenegro coastline. Acta Periodica Technologica, 41(41), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.2298/APT1041151G
  28. Hassani Moghaddam, E., Karamian, R., Shaaban, M., & Mohammadian, A. (2020). Identification and comparison of some essential oils components in seven Eucalyptus species cultivated in Khorramabad. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products, 9, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2020.121751
  29. Hirsch, H., Allsopp, M. H., Canavan, S., Cheek, M., Geerts, S., Geldenhuys, C. J., Harding, G., Hurley, B. P., Jones, W., Keet, J. H., Klein, H., Ruwanza, S., van Wilgen, B. W., Wingfield, M. J., & Richardson, D. M. (2020). camaldulensis in South Africa – past, present, future. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 75(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2019.1669732
  30. International Organization for Standardization. (2002). ISO 770:2002. Crude or Rectified Oils of globulus (E. globulus Labill.). ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/31688.html
  31. Jaimand, K., & Rezaee, M. B. (2004). Investigation on chemical constituentsof essential oils from Achillea millefolium Subsp. Millefolium by distillation methods. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 20, 181-190. (In Persian with English abstract)
  32. Jaradat, N., Al-Maharik, N., Hawash, M., Qadi, M., Issa, L., Anaya, R., Daraghmeh, A., Hijleh, L., Daraghmeh, T., Alyat, A., & Aboturabi, R. (2023). camaldulensis Dehnh leaf essential oil from Palestine exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activity but no effect on porcine pancreatic lipase and α-amylase. Plants, 12(22) 3805. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223805
  33. Joshi, A., Sharma, A., Bachheti, R. K., & Pandey, D. P. (2016). A comparative study of the chemical composition of the essential oil from globulus growing in Dehradun (India) and around the world. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 32(1), 331-340. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/320137
  34. Kainat, R., & Nadeem, Z. (2019). Derivatization of essential oil of eucalyptus to obtain valuable market products – A comprehensive review. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical, 15, 58-68
  35. Kheder, D. A., Al-Habib, O. A. M., Gilardoni, G., & Vidari, G. (2020). Components of volatile fractions from camaldulensis leaves from Iraqi–Kurdistan and their potent spasmolytic effects. Molecules, 25(4), 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040804
  36. Maciel, M. V., Morais, S. M., Bevilaqua, C. M. L., Silva, R. A., Barros, R. S., Sousa, R. N., Sousa, L. C., Brito, E. S., & Souza-Neto, M. A. (2010). Chemical composition of Eucalyptus essential oils and their insecticidal effects on Lutzomyia longipalpis. Veterinary Parasitology, 167(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.053
  37. Mahmoodi, A., Roomiani, L., Soltani, M., Akhondzadeh Basti, A., Kamali, A., & Taheri, S. (2012). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils and extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens, and globulus. Global Veterinaria, 9(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2012.9.1.6426
  38. Mubarak, E. E., Ali, L. Z., Ahmed, I. F. A., Ahmed, A. B. A., & Taha, R. M. (2015). Essential oil compositions and cytotoxicity from various organs of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 17(2), 320-326.
  39. National Poplar and Fast-growing Trees Commission of Iran. Islamic Republic of Iran, Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad. (2024). Country Report on Poplars and Other Fast-Growing Trees Sustaining People and the Environment: Period 2020 to 2023. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  40. Ndiaye, E. H. B., Gueye, M. T., Diop, S. M., Thiam, A., Sanghare, C. H., Diop, M. B., & Fauconnier, M. L. (2021). Chemical composition of essential oils and floral waters of camaldulensis (Dehnh) from two locations in Senegal. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 15(3), 318-329
  41. Ngo, T. C. Q., Tran, T. H., & Le, X. T. (2020). The effects of influencing parameters on the globulus leaves essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation method. In 5th International Conference of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology (ICCEIB 2020), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 991, 012126). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/991/1/012126
  42. Pagula, F. P., Baser, K. H. C., & Kurkcuoglu, M. (2000). Essential oil composition of camaldulensis Dehn. from Mozambique. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(3), 333-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699530
  43. Pappas, R. S., & Sheppard-Hanger, S. (2000). Essential oil of camaldulensis Dehn. from South Florida: A high cryptone/low cineole eucalyptus. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(6), 383-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699541
  44. Pashazanousi, M. B., Delfanian, C., Hejazi, S. M., & Khalilzadeh, M. A. (2012). Measurement of essential oil components of globulus subsp. using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy, 2(6), 33–38.
  45. Pino, J. A., Moncayo-Molina, L., Spengler, I., & Pérez, J. C. (2021). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the leaf essential oil of globulus Labill. From two highs of the canton Cañar, Ecuador. Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas, 52(1), 26-33.
  46. Potocka, W., Assy, Z., Bikker, F., & Laine, M. (2023). Current and potential applications of monoterpenes and their derivatives in oral health care. Molecules, 28(20), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207178
  47. Rahaman, A., Chaudhuri, A., Sarkar, A., Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharjee, S., & Mandal, D. (2022). Eucalyptol targets PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to inhibit skin cancer metastasis. Carcinogenesis, 43(6), 571-583. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgac020
  48. Rajapaksha, C., Greaves, P., & Clemens, M. (2023). Economic potential of essential oil production from New Zealand-grown Eucalyptus bosistoana. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 14 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40632-5
  49. Rodríguez, P., Sierra, W., Rodríguez, S., & Menéndez, P. (2006). Biotransformation of 1,8-cineole, the main product of Eucalyptus oils. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 9(3), 232-236. https://doi.org/ 10.2225/vol9-issue3-28
  50. Sahin Basak, S., & Candan, F. (2010). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of E. camaldulensis Dehnh. essential oil. Iranian Chemical Society, 7(1), 216-226.
  51. Sefidkon, F., Assareh, M. H., Abravesh, Z., & Mirza, M. (2006). Chemical composition of the essential oils of five cultivated eucalyptus species in Iran: intertexta, E. platypus, E. leucoxylon, E. sargentii and E. camaldulensis. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 9(3), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2006.10643498
  52. Selvakumar, P., Edhayanaveena, B., & Dprakash, S. (2012). Studies on the antidandruff activity of the essential oil of Coleus amboinicus and globulus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2), 715-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60250-3
  53. Shaker, H., Barazandeh, M. M., & Rezaei, M. B. (2003). The effect of collection region on the essential oil yield and composition of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, (15), 33-48. (In Persian with English abstract)
  54. Sharmeen, J., Mahomoodally, F., Zengin, G., & Maggi, F. (2021). Essential oils as natural sources of fragrance compounds for cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Molecules, 26(3), 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030666
  55. Shiferaw, Y., Kassahun, A., Tedla, A., Feleke, G., & Abebe, A. (2019). Investigation of essential oil composition variation with age of globulus growing in Ethiopia. Research Article, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-6836.19.7.360
  56. Siramon, P., & Ohtani, Y. (2007). Antioxidative and antiradical activities of camaldulensis leaf oils from Thailand. Journal of Wood Science, 53(6), 498-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-007-0887-7
  57. Tan, J. (2024). Preventive effect of alpha-pinene on cisplatin-induced kidney injury by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via NF-κB signaling pathway. Letters in Drug Design & Discovery, 21(12), 2416-2422. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570180820666230719121723
  58. Venkataraman, B., Almarzooqi, S., Raj, V., Bhongade, A., Patil, R., Subramanian, V., Attoub, S., Rizvi, T., Adrian, T., Sandeep, B., & Subramanya, S. (2023). Molecular docking identifies 1, 8-cineole (eucalyptol) as a novel PPARγ agonist that alleviates colon inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076160
  59. Verdeguer, M., Castañeda, L. G., Torres-Pagan, N., Llorens-Molina, J. A., & Carrubba, A. (2020). Control of Erigeron bonariensis with Thymbra capitata, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Santolina chamaecyparissus Essential Oils. Molecules, 25(3), 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030562
  60. Xie, Y., Arnold, R., Wu, Z., Chen, W., Du, A., & Luo, J. (2017). Advances in eucalypt research in China. Frontiers in Agricultural Science and Engineering, 4(4), 380-390. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2017171
  61. Yost, J., Wise, S., Love, N., Steane, D., Jones, R., Ritter, M., & Potts, B. (2021). Origins, diversity, and naturalization of globulus (Myrtaceae) in California. Forests, 12(8), 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12081129
  62. Zhang, J., An, M., Wu, H., Stanton, R., & Lemerle, D. (2010). Chemistry and bioactivity of eucalyptus essential oils. Allelopathy Journal, 25(2), 313-330
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
نام را وارد کنید.
نشانی پست الکترونیکی را به درستی وارد کنید.
وابستگی سازمانی را به درستی وارد کنید.
توضیحات را وارد کنید (حداقل 50 حرف)
CAPTCHA Image
شناسه امنیتی را به درستی وارد کنید.

  • تاریخ دریافت 31 فروردین 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 02 شهریور 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 17 شهریور 1404
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار 17 شهریور 1404

صفحه اصلی

اعضای هیات تحریریه

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

تماس با ما