اثر عناصر ریزمغذی و کودهای حاوی NPK روی برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی، کیفیت و عملکرد میوه گوجه‌فرنگی تحت تنش شوری

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• آیدین توبه ¹
• احمد توبه ²

¹ دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

² گروه ژنتیک و تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

10.22067/jhs.2025.95481.1463

چکیده

تنش شوری یکی از موانع اصلی تولید گوجه‌فرنگی است. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر تغذیه تلفیقی با کودهای NPK و ریزمغذی‌ها بر بهبود شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی، عملکرد و کیفیت میوه گوجه‌فرنگی تحت تنش شوری، در سال ۱۴۰۲ در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا گردید و شامل چهار سطح شوری (شاهد، ۲، ۴ و ۸ دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) و چهار تیمار کودی (شاهد، NPK، مصرف مواد ریزمغذی و ترکیب NPK + ریزمغذی) بود. نتایج نشان داد افزایش شوری موجب کاهش معنی‌دار تعداد میوه در بوته، وزن متوسط میوه، شاخص سبزینگی، محتوای لیکوپن و عملکرد گردید، به‌طوری‌که عملکرد میوه در هر بوته در تیمار ۸ دسی‌زیمنس بر متر شوری نسبت به تیمار شاهد 54 درصد کاهش یافت. در مقابل، کاربرد تیمارهای کودی و به‌ویژه ترکیب NPK + ریزمغذی اثرات منفی شوری را تا حد زیادی جبران کرد و موجب افزایش چشمگیر صفات مورد بررسی گردید؛ به‌گونه‌ای که بیشترین تعداد میوه (8/26 عدد)، میانگین وزن میوه (5/123 گرم) و عملکرد بوته (25/3 کیلوگرم) در این تیمار به‌دست‌آمد. همچنین، این تیمار بالاترین شاخص سبزینگی (5/39) و محتوای لیکوپن (2/15 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) را ایجاد کرد. از نظر شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی نیز استفاده همزمان NPK و ریزمغذی‌ها موجب کاهش پرولین و نشت الکترولیت و در عین حال افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز (5/30 واحد بر میلی‌گرم پروتئین) و پراکسیداز (۹ واحد بر میلی‌گرم پروتئین) شد که نشان‌دهنده تقویت سیستم آنتی‌اکسیدانی گیاه و افزایش مقاومت به شوری است. بنابراین، یافته‌ها بیانگر آن است که تغذیه متعادل با کودهای ماکرو و ریزمغذی، یک راهکار مدیریتی پایدار برای افزایش مقاومت و بهبود عملکرد گوجه‌فرنگی در خاک‌های شور است. این رویکرد می‌تواند ضمن کاهش وابستگی به کودهای شیمیایی، به توسعه کشاورزی پایدار کمک کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• پرولین
• پراکسیداز
• شاخص سبزینگی
• کاتالاز
• لیکوپن

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of micronutrient elements and NPK-containing fertilizers on some physiological traits, quality, and fruit yield of tomato under salinity stress

نویسندگان [English]

• Aydin Tobeh ¹
• Ahmad Tobeh ²

¹ university of mohaghegh ardabili

² Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil. Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops in the world and is of high nutritional and economic importance. However, tomato production is severely constrained by abiotic stresses, particularly salinity, which reduces water uptake, disrupts ionic balance, damages chlorophyll, and induces oxidative stress. Nutrient management has emerged as a promising approach. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are fundamental for growth and osmotic adjustment, while micronutrients such as iron, zinc, manganese, and boron act as cofactors for enzymes, participate in antioxidant defense, and contribute to reproductive success. This research aimed to investigate the effects of NPK and micronutrient fertilization, both individually and in combination, on tomato yield, quality, and physiological parameters under varying salinity levels, with the ultimate goal of providing sustainable solutions for tomato production in salt-affected areas.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was carried out in 2024 at the greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran. The experimental design was factorial, based on a randomized complete block with three replications. Treatments included four salinity levels (0, 2, 4, and 8 dS m⁻¹) imposed by adding NaCl to irrigation water, and four fertilizer treatments: control (no fertilizer), NPK (200 kg N, 150 kg P, and 150 kg K ha⁻¹), micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, and B applied as foliar spray), and combined NPK + micronutrients (half NPK dose plus foliar micronutrients). NPK was applied partly as basal and partly as top dressing, while micronutrients were sprayed twice during vegetative growth and once after fruit setting. The measured traits included yield components (fruit number, average fruit weight, total yield per plant), physiological parameters (chlorophyll index by SPAD, proline content, electrolyte leakage), and biochemical traits (fruit lycopene and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SAS and SPSS, and mean comparisons were conducted with Duncan’s test at the 5% level.

Results and Discussion

Salinity stress markedly reduced tomato performance. Yield per plant declined from 3.5 kg in the control to 1.6 kg under 8 dS m⁻¹, representing a 54% reduction. Similarly, fruit number decreased from 28.5 to 16.8 and average fruit weight from 125.3 g to 94.8 g. These reductions were accompanied by decreases in chlorophyll index and lycopene content, confirming the negative impact of salinity on both growth and quality. Proline content and electrolyte leakage, indicators of stress, increased significantly with higher salinity. Fertilizer treatments substantially alleviated these effects. The combined NPK + micronutrient treatment consistently produced the best results. Under this treatment, yield reached 3.25 kg per plant, almost restoring yield levels under non-saline conditions. Lycopene content, which dropped to 7.6 mg kg⁻¹ in the unfertilized control at 8 dS m⁻¹, increased to 15.2 mg kg⁻¹ with combined fertilization under non-saline conditions. Similarly, chlorophyll index (SPAD) was maintained at 39.5 in the combined treatment compared with 28.3 in stressed, unfertilized plants. Physiological responses also confirmed the benefits of fertilization. Proline accumulation, which reached 8.9 μmol g⁻¹ fresh weight in stressed unfertilized plants, was significantly reduced in fertilized ones, reflecting less need for osmotic adjustment. Electrolyte leakage was minimized under combined fertilization, suggesting better membrane stability. Antioxidant defense was strongly enhanced: catalase activity reached 30.5 units mg⁻¹ protein in plants treated with NPK + micronutrients, compared with 15.2 in the control. Peroxidase activity increased to 9 units mg⁻¹ protein compared with only 6.5 in the control. These results confirm that micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, and Zn act as cofactors, improving enzyme activity and enabling plants to neutralize reactive oxygen species more efficiently. Overall, the findings show that while salinity causes severe reductions in yield and fruit quality, integrated nutrient management substantially mitigates these negative effects. The superiority of the combined treatment compared to either NPK or micronutrients alone highlights the importance of balanced nutrition. It also shows that micronutrients can reduce the reliance on high chemical fertilizer inputs, thus aligning with sustainable agriculture practices. These results are consistent with previous reports on the role of balanced fertilization in enhancing salt tolerance by improving chlorophyll biosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and osmotic regulation.

Conclusion

The findings confirm that the combined application of NPK and micronutrients effectively mitigates the adverse effects of salinity on tomato growth and yield by improving chlorophyll biosynthesis, lycopene accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activity while reducing stress indicators such as proline and electrolyte leakage. This integrated fertilization strategy enhances yield stability, fruit quality, and plant resilience, offering a sustainable solution for tomato production in saline environments. Furthermore, it reduces dependence on high chemical fertilizer inputs, supporting environmentally friendly practices and long-term agricultural sustainability.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Catalase
• Chlorophyll index
• Lycopene
• Peroxidase
• Proline