تأثیر کاربرد برگی نفتالین استیک اسید بر خصوصیات کمّی و کیفی میوه سیب (Malus damestica L.) رقم ̓رد دلیشز̒ در شرایط آب‌و‌هوایی زنجان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فاطمه نکونام
• افسانه صالحی

گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.85956.1312

چکیده

این پژوهش به­منظور مطالعه تأثیر سطوح مختلف نفتالین استیک اسید بر میزان ریزش میوه و شاخص­های کمّی و کیفی میوه سیب (Malus damestica L.) رقم ̓رد دلیشز̒ در شرایط آب‌و هوایی زنجان، در سال 1402 انجام شد. درختان مورد آزمایش 10 ساله و پیوندی روی پایه­های رویشی ‘M9’ بودند. آزمایش به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سطوح مختلف نفتالین استیک اسید (صفر، 15، 30، 50 و 75 میلی­گرم در لیتر) و سه زمان محلول­پاشی (10، 25 و40 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل­ها) بودند. بررسی دو الگوی رشد میوه براساس داده­های وزن و قطر میوه نشان داد که وزن میوه، شاخص مناسب­تری برای رسم الگوی رشد میوه است و طبق آن میوه­ها در مرحله بلوغ فیزیولوژیکی برداشت شدند. نتایج نشان داد که سطوح­ نفتالین استیک اسید تأثیر معنی­داری بر درصد ریزش میوه و کارآیی عملکرد نداشتند، امّا زمان محلول­پاشی اثرات معنی­دار متفاوتی را نشان داد. بیشترین درصد ریزش میوه (به‌ترتیب 7/95 و 9/85 درصد) با محلول­پاشی برگی نفتالین استیک اسید، به­ترتیب در 10 و 25 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل­ها مشاهده شد، ولی کاربرد آن در 40 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل­ها باعث کاهش 9/46 درصد ریزش میوه نسبت به درختان شاهد گردید و متناسب با آن، عملکرد میوه نیز به‌طور میانگین 22 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. کمترین تعداد و وزن میوه در واحد سطح مقطع شاخه با کاربرد غلظت­های مختلف نفتالین استیک اسید در 10 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل‌ها مشاهده شد. بیشترین طول (3/72 میلی­متر)، قطر (8/75 میلی­متر)، وزن (180 گرم) و حجم میوه (240 سانتی­متر­مکعب) در درختان محلول­پاشی‌شده با 75 میلی­گرم بر لیتر نفتالین­استیک­اسید در 10 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل­ها حاصل شد. کاربرد نفتالین استیک اسید در زمان 10 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل­ها باعث افزایش معنی­دار چگالی میوه، سفتی بافت و محتوای مواد جامد محلول میوه شد، امّا کاربرد آن‌ها در زمان­های 25 و 40 روز بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل­ها تأثیر معنی­داری بر چگالی و سفتی بافت میوه نداشتند و باعث کاهش 9/23 درصد محتوای مواد جامد محلول میوه نسبت به شاهد شد. برخلاف مواد جامد محلول، میزان اسیدیته قابل تیتراسیون میوه در هر سه زمان محلول­پاشی نفتالین استیک اسید، افزایش معنی­داری نسبت به شاهد نشان داد و در نتیجه شاخص طعم میوه کاهش یافت. در کل می­توان نتیجه گرفت که اثرات مثبت نفتالین استیک اسید در کنترل ریزش میوه و بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت میوه بسته به زمان مصرف و شرایط آب‌و‌هوایی منطقه مورد مطالعه متفاوت خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• الگوی رشد میوه
• روزها بعد از شکوفایی کامل گل‌ها
• ریزش میوه
• شاخص شکل
• عملکرد میوه

موضوعات

• میوه کاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Foliar Application of NAA on Quantitative and Qualitative Properties of 'Red Delicious' Apple (Malus damestica L.) Fruit under Climatic Conditions of Zanjan

نویسندگان [English]

• F. Nekounam
• A. Salehi

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Apple (Malus damestica L.) is one of the most popular temperate fruits in the world as well as Iran. One of the challenges in managing apple orchards is excessive fruit formation or excessive fruit drop especially in the pre-harvest stage, which affects the performance and marketable product. Therefore, the control fruit set is required to help regular fruit production. Currently, the application of synthetic auxins as plant growth regulators are successfully practiced and mainly used in various countries, including all aspects of modern apple production to control and manipulate vegetative growth and regulation of flowering, reduce immature fruit drop, fruit maturity, firmness, and manage apple harvest. Among the auxin-type growth regulators, NAA is a synthetic auxin analogue that may down-regulate abscission-related genes and reduce the sensitivity of the abscission zone to ethylene. It has long been used to reduce or totally prevent pre-harvest fruit drops, to preserve fruit flesh firmness, and to prevent starch degradation in apples. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of NAA at different days after full bloom on controlling fruit drop and enhancing the physical and biochemical attributes of ‘Red Delicious’ apple fruits. The findings presented here may improve understanding of the impact of this plant growth regulator on apple quality and contribute to developing strategies to reduce postharvest losses.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effect of NAA on controlling fruit drop, fruit yield and quality, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replication was conducted under Zanjan climatic conditions during 2023. Ten year-old ‘Red Delicious’ Standard apple trees grafted on M.9 rootstock were used as plant material. Treatments consisted of different concentration of NAA (15, 30, 50 and 75 mg.L^-1) sprayed at different days after full bloom (10, 25 and 40 DAFB). The date of full bloom was 04/22/2023. The fruit growth pattern was based on fruit weight and diameter during DAFB. According to fruit growth pattern, fruit were harvested at physiological maturity stage. Fruit number per replicate, fruit weight, diameter and shape index, fruit firmness, total soluble solids content and taste index were measured. Also, fruit drop percentage, fruit yield as well as fruit efficiency was estimated.
 
Results and Discussion
Advanced knowledge of apple fruit development from fruitlet to maturity is crucial for optimal prediction of year-to-year yields and fruit quality. Apple fruit growth has been defined as sigmoidal increase in fruit diameter or fresh weight. Studying two fruit growth patterns based on fruit weight and diameter data showed that fruit weight is a more appropriate indicator for drawing fruit growth patterns, and according to that, the fruits were harvested at the physiological maturity stage. Foliar spray of NAA during different DAFB showed different significant effects on fruit drop and yield efficiency. The highest rate of fruit drop (95.7 % and 85.9 %) was observed with foliar application of NAA at 10 and 25 DAFB, respectively, but its application at 40 DAFB reduced fruit drop by 46.9% compared to the control, and correspondingly the fruit yield increased by 22% compared to the control treatment. The lowest number and weight of fruits per unit shoot cross sectional area was observed in trees treated with different concentrations of NAA at 10 DAFB. The maximum fruit length (72.3 mm), diameter (75.8 mm), weight (180 g) and fruit volume (240 cm³) were obtained with application of 75 mg L^-1 NAA at 10 DAFB. The foliar spray of NAA at 10 DAFB significantly increased the fruit density, flash firmness and TSS. But their use in 25 and 40 DAFB had no significant effect on fruit density and flash firmness, and significantly decreased fruit TSS by 23.9% compared to the control trees. Unlike the TSS, the value of fruit titratable acidity showed a significant increase in all three times of naphthalene acetic acid treatment compared to the control, and as a result, the fruit taste index decreased.
 
Conclusions
The present study concluded that the positive effects of NAA in controlling fruit drop and improving the yield and fruit quality will be different depending on the time of application and the weather conditions of the region under study. According to the results, the application of NAA at 40 DAFB reduced fruit drop and increased fruit yield efficiency.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Days after full bloom
• Fruit drop
• Fruit growth pattern
• Fruit yield
• Shape index

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

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