ارزیابی ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک و فیتوشیمیایی توده‌های بومی موسیر ایرانی (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) در رویشگاه‌های استان اصفهان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

محسن محمدرضایی ¹

معظم حسن پور اصیل ²

جمالعلی الفتی ²

محمدمهدی قیصری ³

¹ گروه علوم باغبانی، پردیس دانشگاهی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

² گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

³ گروه علوم شیمی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2024.88274.1349

چکیده

موسیر ایرانی با نام Allium hirtifolium Boiss گیاهی پیازدار، چندساله و بومی ایران است. با توجه به کاربرد گسترده آن در صنایع غذایی و دارویی و استفاده بی‌رویه از رویشگاه‌های طبیعی، این گیاه در معرض نابودی و انقراض قرار دارد. ازاین‌رو تحقیقات در جهت اهلی‌سازی و وارد شدن آن به سیستم‌های زراعی ضرورت دارد. در برنامه‌های اصلاحی در راستای اهلی‌سازی توده‌های بومی گیاهی، اولین قدم ارزیابی تنوع و پتانسیل ژنتیکی موجود در توده‌های گیاهی است. در مطالعه حاضر، تنوع ژنتیکی توده‌های موسیرهای جمع‌آوری‌شده از شش رویشگاه طبیعی استان اصفهان با استفاده از ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک و فیتوشیمیایی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج تجزیه واریانس براساس صفات مورد مطالعه نشان داد که بین توده‌های موسیر مورد مطالعه از نظر صفات مورد بررسی تفاوت ‌معنی‌داری (p≤0.01) وجود داشت و در این بین، وزن تر و خشک سوخ و سطح برگ بیشترین ضریب تغییرات را دارا بودند. براساس تجزیه خوشه‌ای، توده‌های مورد بررسی در چهار گروه دسته‌بندی شدند. با توجه به ارزیابی‌های صورت‌گرفته، نتایج حاکی از آن است که بیشترین مقادیر کلروفیل، کاروتنوئید، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، وزن تر و خشک سوخ و سطح برگ برای توده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده از رویشگاه‌های مرتفع (ارتفاعات بالاتر از 2700 متری) بود، درحالی‌که تنها مقدار بالای تعداد برگ برای توده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده از ارتفاعات زیر 2600 متری ثبت شد. از‌این‌رو می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که علاوه‌بر عوامل ژنتیکی، عامل ارتفاع به‌عنوان یکی از تأثیرگذارترین اهرم‌های محیطی روی تنوع زیستی مشاهده‌شده در بین توده‌های مورد بررسی دخیل بوده است. یافته‌های این مطالعه می‌تواند در برنامه‌های آتی برای به‌نژادی توده‌های موسیر در جهت اهلی‌سازی و حفاظت از رویشگاه‌های طبیعی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تجزیه خوشه‌ای

تنوع ژنتیکی

رویشگاه‌های طبیعی

فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی

کاروتنوئید

وزن سوخ

موضوعات

• سبزیکاری

---

عنوان مقاله English

Evaluation of the Morphophysiological and Phytochemical Characteristics of Persian Shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) Landraces in Isfahan Province

نویسندگان English

M. Mohammad Rezaei ¹

M. Hassanpour Asil ²

J.A. Olfati ²

M.M. Gheisari ³

¹ Department of Horticultural Sciences, Campus 2, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

² Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

³ Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran

چکیده English

Introduction
The Persian Shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss), an endemic and economically significant medicinal plant native to Iran, has garnered increasing attention in recent years due to its potent therapeutic properties and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions. Traditionally used in Iranian medicine, this plant boasts a rich phytochemical profile that contributes to its effectiveness in treating various ailments, including rheumatism, stomach ulcers, and microbial infections. Beyond these established applications, recent studies suggest that the Persian Shallot may also serve as a potential aquaculture regulator, further enhancing its value in both agricultural and pharmaceutical contexts. However, growing demand and the overharvesting of wild populations have raised concerns regarding the plant's long-term sustainability and conservation. Unsustainable harvesting practices pose significant threats to the genetic reservoir and ecological balance of its native habitats. In light of these challenges, there is a pressing need to promote sustainable cultivation practices and conservation-oriented harvesting strategies. Iran’s rich biodiversity and favorable agro-climatic conditions offer a strategic advantage for the cultivation, research, and export of high-quality medicinal plants such as the Persian Shallot. Research that focuses on evaluating local ecotypes and their nutritional and phytochemical characteristics can facilitate domestication efforts, genetic improvement programs, and the broader commercialization of this valuable species.
 
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in 2022 across six distinct natural habitats of Allium hirtifolium in Isfahan Province, Iran. These habitats, which differ in elevation and environmental conditions, were selected to capture a broad range of genetic and ecological diversity. From each habitat, 50 individual plant samples were collected during the growing season, resulting in a total of 300 samples. The primary objective was to evaluate and compare the morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of Persian Shallot populations across these diverse environments. Morphological traits assessed included the number of leaves per plant, leaf surface area, and the fresh and dry weight of bulbs. These indicators were selected for their relevance to plant vigor, productivity, and commercial value. For phytochemical analysis, fresh leaf samples were processed using acetone-based extraction. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity were measured spectrophotometrically. This biochemical evaluation aimed to provide insights into the plants’ adaptive responses to environmental variables such as altitude, temperature fluctuations, and soil conditions. Data analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine statistically significant differences among populations. Cluster analysis was also conducted to group the habitats based on their morphophysiological and phytochemical traits. All statistical computations and visualizations were carried out using SAS, SPSS, and Microsoft Excel software.
 
Results and Discussion
The results revealed significant diversity among Persian Shallot plants from different habitats, indicating high levels of biodiversity due to environmental and genetic factors. Variations were observed in morphological traits such as fresh and dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll, carotenoid levels, and antioxidant activity across the different populations. Altitude was found to be particularly influential, with plants at higher altitudes showing larger leaf areas and higher chlorophyll concentrations. These adaptations suggest that environmental conditions such as temperature and sunlight availability at different altitudes strongly affect the plant’s growth and phytochemical profile. Phytochemical analysis also showed higher antioxidant activity in plants from higher altitudes, likely due to environmental stress factors such as low temperature and increased UV exposure. These findings underscore the importance of altitude in influencing the biological and chemical characteristics of Persian Shallot populations. Cluster analysis grouped the different habitats, revealing distinct patterns of trait expression that reflect the plants’ adaptation to their environments. Understanding how environmental factors like altitude affect plant traits is essential for developing breeding strategies aimed at improving yield and medicinal properties. The study emphasizes the need for selecting landraces with desirable characteristics for both cultivation and conservation purposes. By considering environmental gradients in plant selection and breeding, we can ensure that the genetic diversity and valuable traits of Allium hirtifolium are preserved.
 
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the presence of significant biodiversity among Persian Shallot populations across six habitats in Isfahan province. The results suggest that altitude plays a critical role in shaping both genetic diversity and phytochemical composition, which are key to the plant's adaptability and medicinal value. The observed variations offer opportunities to select suitable landraces for specific uses, whether for their phytochemical content or their ability to thrive under certain environmental conditions. Further research should focus on identifying specific genetic factors contributing to this diversity. Molecular markers can be used to gain deeper insights into the genetic structure of these populations, aiding in the development of targeted breeding programs. By understanding the role of environmental factors and genetics in shaping plant traits, we can support the sustainable use and conservation of this important medicinal plant.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Antioxidant activity

Carotenoid

Cluster analysis

Genetic diversity

Natural habitats

Weight of onion

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

مراجع

1. Aleebrahim-Dehkordy, E., Ghasemi-Pirbalouti, A., & Mirhoseini, M. (2016). A comprehensive review on Allium hirtifolium Boiss as a medicinal and edible plant. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 8(1), 188-196.
2. Anthon, G.E.,& Barrett, D.M. (2003). Modified method for the determination of pyruvic acid with dinitrophenylhydrazine in the assessment of onion pungency. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83, 1210-1213. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1525
3. Arnon D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
4. Asili, A., Behravan, J., Naghavi, M.R., & Asili, J. )2010(. Genetic diversity of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) ecotypes based on morphological traits, allicin content and RAPD markers. Open Access Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1(1), 1-6.
5. Asgarpanah, J., & Ghanizadeh, B. (2012). Pharmacologic and medicinal properties of Allium hirtifolium African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(25), 1809-1814.
6. Barile, E., Capasso, R., Izzo, A.A., Lanzotti, V., Sajjadi, S.E., & Zolfaghari, B. (2005). Structure-activity relationships for saponins from Allium hirtifolium and Allium elburzense and their antispasmodic activity. Planta Medical, 71(11), 1010-1018. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-873134.
7. Bernath, J. (2001). Strategies and recent achievements in selection of medicinal and aromatic plants. In International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Possibilities and Limitations of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, 576, 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5.
8. Bhandari, S.R., Yoon, M.K., & Kwak, J.H. (2014). Contents of phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of 19 garlic (Allium sativum) parental lines and cultivars. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 55, 138-147.
9. Borhani, M., & Sadeghzade, R. (2019). Investigation of vegetative characteristics of Allium hirtifolium in Isfahan province using logistic regression. Journal of Range and Watershed Managment, 72(2), 329-341. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2019.275388.1350.
10. Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebenson Wiss Technology, 28, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5.
11. Costache, M.A., Campeanu, G., & Neata, G. (2012). Studies concerning the extraction of chlorophyll and total carotenoids from vegetables. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 17(5), 7702-7708.
12. Ebrahimi, R., Zamani, Z., & Kashi, A. (2009). Genetic diversity evaluation of wild Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) using morphological and RAPD Markers. Scientia Horticulturae, 119(4), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v33i4.79019
13. Eisapoor, M., Hemmati, Kh., & Hemmati, N. (2020). Study of the effect of habitat on morphological and phytochemical traits of horsemint (Mentha longifolia). Journal of Horticultural Science, 33(4), 698-710. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v33i4.79019.
14. Fritsch, R.M., & Abbasi, M. (2013). A taxonomic review of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum in Iran. Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben (IPK), Gatersleben, 240 pp.
15. Ghafarifarsani, H., Yousefi, M., Hoseinifar, S.H., Paolucci, M., Lumsangkul, C., Jaturasitha, S., & Van Doan, H. (2022). Beneficial effects of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) extract on growth performance, biochemical, immunological and antioxidant responses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Aquaculture, 555, 738162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738162
16. Ghahremani-Majd, H., Dashti, F., Dastan, D., Mumivand, H., Hadian, J., & Esna-Ashari, M. (2012). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Iranian mooseer (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) populations. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 53, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-012-0131-2
17. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Ahmadzadeh, Y., & Malekpoor, F. (2015). Variation in antioxidant, and antibacterial activities and total phenolic content of the bulbs of mooseer (Allium hirtifolium). Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 105(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2015.105.1.02
18. Graves, J.D., & Taylor, K. (1988). A comparative study of Geum rivale and G. urbanum L. to determine those factors controlling their altitudinal distribution II. Photosynthesis and respiration: II. Photosynthesis and respiration. New Phytologist, 108(3), 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04166.x
19. Hejaze, A., Shahroodi, M., & Forush, M. (2004). The methods index on plant analysis. Edition University of Tehran, 98, 20-27. (in Persian).
20. Hosseini,M., Ghasemi, H., Moradi, Y., & Ranjbar, A. (2022). Comparison of the effects of Persian shallot and garlic hydroalcoholic extracts on albumin glycation. Novelty in Clinical Medicine, 1(4), 197-203.
21. Howes, M.J.R., Quave, C.L., Collemare, J., Tatsis, E.C., Twilley, D., Lulekal, E., Farlow, A., Li, L., Cazar M.E., Leaman, D.J., Prescott, T.A.K., Milliken, W., Martin, C., De Canha, M.N., Lall, N., Qin, H., Walker, B.E., Londoño, C.V., Allkin, B., Rivers, M., Simmonds, M.S.J., Bell, E., Battison, A., Felix, J., Fores, F., Leon, C., Williams, C., & Nic Lughadha, E. (2020). Molecules from nature: Reconciling biodiversity conservation and global healthcare imperatives for sustainable use of medicinal plants and fungi. Plants, People, Planet, 2(5), 463-481. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10138
22. JellinM., Batz, F., & Hitchens, K. (2000). Natural Medicines Comprehensive Data Base. 3rd ed. Stockton Press. California, 1310 p.
23. Kashfi Bonab, A. (2011). The relative economic advantage the cultivation and trade of medicinal plants in Iran and its value in world markets. Commercial Surveys, 44(8), 78-67. (in Persian).
24. Mohammadi-Motlagh, H.R., Shokohinia, Y., Mojarrab, M., Rasouli, H., & Mostafaie, A. (2017). 2-Methylpyridine-1-ium-1-sulfonate from Allium hirtifolium: An anti-angiogenic compound which inhibits growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 93, 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.013
25. Moradi, Y., Moradi-Sardareh, H., Ghasemi, H., Mohamadi, N., Moradi, M.N., & Hosseini-Zijoud, S.M. (2013). Medicinal properties of Persian shallot. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(1), 371-379.
26. Niklas, K.J., Cobb, E.D., & Spatz, H.C. (2009). Predicting the allometry of leaf surface area and dry mass. American Journal of Botany, 96(2), 531-536. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800250
27. Okubo, H., Sugiharto, A.N., & Miho, N. (1999). Bulbing response of Shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum Backer) and Allium× wakegi Araki to daylength and temperature. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 68(2), 283-285. https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.68.283
28. Omidbaigi, R. (2000). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. 5th ed. Astan Quds Publication, Tehran, Iran. 348 pp. (in Persian).
29. Panahandeh, J., Farhadi, N., Motallebi Azar, A., & Alizadeh Salteh, S. (2016). Evaluation of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium) ecotypes for phytochemical components and antioxidant activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Product, 5(2), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2016.109399.
30. Rasekh Jahromi, E., & Norani Azad, S., (2023). Investigating the market structure and comparative advantage of medicinal plants export in Iran and world selected countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, 15(1), 56-71. (in Persian with English abstract)
31. Rechinger, K.H. (1984). Flora Iranica, Alliaceae. Akademische Druck, Univ. Verlagsanstalt Graz, Austria, 76, 85.
32. Roux,, Alnaser, O., Garayev, E., Baghdikian, B., Elias, R., Chiffolleau, P., Ollivier, E., Laurent, S., El Maataoui, M., & Sallanon, H. (2017). Ecophysiological and phytochemical characterization of wild populations of Inula montana L. (Asteraceae) in Southeastern France. Flora, 236, 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.09.012
33. Sabzevari,, Kafi, M., Bannayan, M., & Khazaie, H. (2015). Investigation of thermal requirement, growth and yield characteristics of two species of Persian shallot (Allium altissimum and A. hertifulium) in different density, bulb weight and flowering stem removing. Agroecology, 6, 836-847. (in Persian).
34. Saleh, A.I., & Elatroush, H. (2020). Impact of different geographical locations on genetic variation and phytochemical constituents of two medicinal marine algae. Taeckholmia, 40(1), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.21608/taec.2020.21902.1012
35. Salehi, F., Arouiee, H., Naghdi Badi, H., Nemati, S.H., & Tolyat Abulhassani, S.M. (2017). Evaluation of morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of different ecotypes of Salvia multicaulis in Hamedan province, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 16(64), 123-136. (in Persian with English abstract). https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.2717204.2017.16.64.13.0
36. Schippmann, U., Leaman, D.J., & Cunningham, A.B. (2002). Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. Biodiversity and the ecosystem approach in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome, 12-13 October 2002.
37. Tajali A., & Khazaeipoor, M. (2002). Effect of height and organs on flavonoids of Crataegus microphylla. International Journal of Biosciences, 7, 54-58. (in Persian with English abstract)
38. Taran, M., Rezaeian, M., & Izaddoost, M. (2006). In vitro antitrichomonas activity of Allium hirtifloium (Persian Shallot) in comparison with metronidazole. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 35(1), 92-94.(in Persian with English abstract).
39. Tarang, A., Kordrostami, M., Shahdi Kumleh, A., Hosseini Chaleshtori, M., Forghani Saravani, A., Ghanbarzadeh, M., & Sattari, M. (2020). Study of genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars of Central and Western Asia using microsatellite markers tightly linked to important quality and yield related traits. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67, 1537-1550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00927-2.
40. Tatanyi, P. (2001). Chemical variation (chemo differentiation) in medicinal and aromatic plants. In International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Possibilities and Limitations of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, 576, 15-23. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.576.1.
41. Tomas-Barberan, F.A., & Espin, J.C. (2001). Phenolic compounds and related enzymes as determinants of quality in fruits and vegetables. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81, 853-879. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.885
42. Vu, Q.H., Hang, T.T.M., Yaguchi, S., Ono, Y., Pham, T.M.P., Yamauchi, N., & Shigyo, M. (2013). Assessment of biochemical and antioxidant diversities in a shallot germplasm collection from Vietnam and its surrounding countries. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 60, 1297-1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9920-9.
43. Zeinali Aghdam, S., Minaeian, S., Sadeghpour Karimi, M., & Tabatabaee Bafroee, A.S. (2019). The antibacterial effects of the mixture of silver nanoparticles with the shallot and nettle alcoholic extracts. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports, 6(4), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.29252/JABR.06.04.05