با همکاری انجمن علمی منظر ایران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

چکیده

با توجه به اهمیت روزافزون کمبود منابع آبی کشور و اهمیت اقتصادی قابل توجه در کشت‌و‌کار گل نرگس رقم ̓شهلا̒، دستیابی به راهکارهایی جهت افزایش کیفیت و تولید در واحد سطح این گل حائز اهمیت می‌باشد. به­منظور بررسی تأثیر تاریخ کاشت، آبیاری تابستانه و ریزجانداران مؤثر (EM) بر صفات رشدی، زینتی و فیزیولوژیکی گل نرگس (Narcissus tazetta cv. Shahla)، آزمایشی مزرعه­ای در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی سال‌های زراعی 1402-1400 در شهر قائن، استان خراسان جنوبی اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل دو عامل زمان کاشت (10 تیر و 10 شهریور) و زمان­های مختلف آبیاری (بدون آبیاری، همراه با آبیاری و آبیاری با کود EM) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار طول برگ (38/27 سانتی­متر) و ارتفاع گیاه (15/25 سانتی­متر) از سوخ‌های کاشته‌شده در شهریور همراه با کود زیستی EM به دست آمد. با این وجود، بیش­ترین تعداد برگ و عرض برگ نیز از سوخ‌های کاشته‌شده در تاریخ 10 تیر ماه همراه با آبیاری با کود زیستی EM مشاهده شد. بیشترین صفات زایشی مانند قطر تاج گل، طول گل، قطر گل، طول ساقه گل­دهنده و تعداد گل در مترمربع از کاشت سوخ در تیر ماه همراه با آبیاری به ثبت رسید. علاوه‌بر این، بیش­ترین مقادیر کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید، ازت و پتاسیم در کشت شهریور مشاهده شد. به­طور کلی، نتایج بیانگر آن است که کاشت سوخ‌های نرگس در تاریخ 10 تیر ماه، همراه با آبیاری تابستانه باعث افزایش قابل توجهی در صفات رویشی و زایشی مزرعه گل نرگس در استان خراسان جنوبی می‌گردد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Planting Dates on Narcissus Plant (Narcissus tazetta L.) under Irrigation and Effective Microorganisms (EM)

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. Akrami
  • H. Bayat
  • S. Daghighi
  • M.H. Aminifard

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Narcissus is the most important early-season blooming flowering plant that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family. N. tazetta is a valuable plant for cosmetics, cut flowers, and landscape plants. The growth and flower quality of narcissus could be improved by adopting proper cultural practices and application of plant nutrients. Narcissus is one of the geophyte plants; therefore, one of the important and influencing factors on the growth and performance of narcissus is the appropriate planting date, especially in the first year. Bio-fertilizers can be mentioned among the new and effective sources of fertilizer that are used in plant nutrition today. These fertilizers contain useful soil microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes with their metabolites that stimulate the quantitative and qualitative performance of the plant in different ways. Since there is little information about the effect of planting and environmental conditions, including the date of planting, nutrition with bio-fertilizers and irrigation on Narcissus tazetta. Therefore, the investigation of these factors can help the cultivation of narcissus plant in South Khorasan region. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the effect of planting dates, summer irrigation and EM bio-fertilizer on the growth and reproductive characteristics of N. tazetta cv. Shahla in South Khorasan region.
 
Materials and Methods
To investigate the effect of planting date, summer irrigation and EM bio fertilizer on the growth, ornamental and physiological traits of Narcissus tazetta cv. Shahla, an experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications during crop years 2021-2022 in Qaen city of South Khorasan province was implemented. The experimental treatments were bulb planting on July 1 without irrigation, bulb planting on July 1 with irrigation, bulb planting on July 1 along with irrigation with EM fertilizer, bulb planting on September 1 without irrigation, bulb planting on September 1 along with irrigation, and bulb planting on September 1 along with irrigation with EM. The measured indices including vegetative characteristics (number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and plant height), reproductive traits (corona diameter, flower length, flower diameter, stem diameter, flowering stem length, number of flowers per square meter and number of flowers per stem), physiological traits (total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content) and leaf nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Finally, the experimental data were statistically analyzed using SAS, JMP Statistical Discovery Pro v13.2.1 program and comparison of means was performed by LSD test at 5% probability level.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the maximum amount of leaf length and plant height was obtained from the bulbs planted in September and were irrigated with EM fertilizer. However, the highest number of leaves and leaf width were obtained from the bulbs planted in July along with irrigation with EM fertilizer. Planting the bulbs in July along with irrigation had the highest diameter of the flower corona and the length of the flowering stem. In the second year of the experiment, the maximum flower diameter was obtained from the bulbs planted on July 1 with irrigation (3.61 cm). The results showed that the number of flowers per square meter in both years of the experiment was affected by the date of planting and irrigation, so that the bulbs planted on July 1 with irrigation and irrigation with EM fertilizer had the highest number of flowers. The highest number of flowers on the flowering stem was obtained from the treatments of planting bulbs on July 1 (7.21 flowers per square meter) and September 1 (1.7 flowers per square meter) along with bio-fertilizer. In addition, the highest total chlorophyll, carotenoid, nitrogen and potassium content was obtained from September culture. Enhancing the supply of nutrients throughout the growing season, a key mechanism of bio fertilizers, promotes the development and reinforcement of floral structures in the terminal meristem of the bud during the phases of cell meiosis in summer and the stimulation of flower buds, which ultimately boosts the yield of the narcissus flower farm.
 
Conclusions
The results of this research showed that planting the bulbs in September and using EM bio-fertilizer improved the vegetative characteristics of narcissus flower. In addition, the results showed that the planting of bulbs in July and irrigation in summer improved the reproductive characteristics of N. tazetta cv. Shahla. Overall, the results indicate that planting narcissus bulbs on July 1, along with summer irrigation, significantly increases the yield of narcissus flower in South Khorasan province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bio fertilizer
  • Flowering
  • Summer irrigation
  • Vegetative traits

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

  1. Abbasi, M.R., & Sepaskhah, A.R. (2023). Nitrogen leaching and groundwater N contamination risk in saffron/wheat intercropping under different irrigation and soil fertilizers regimes. Scientific Reports13(1), 6587.‏ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33817-5
  2. Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23(1), 112-121.‏
  3. Azizi, G., Alimoradi, L., & Siahmergoui, A. (2011) Investigating the relationship between the number of chlorophyll meter with chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen content in soybean (Glycine max L). Plant Science Research Quarterly, 33(3), 34-40. (in Persian).
  4. Belnap, J. (2011). Biological Phosphorus Cycling in Dryland Regions. Phosphorus in Action: Biological Processes in Soil Phosphorus Cycling. Publisher: Springer, p. 371-406.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15271-9_15
  5. Bhattacharjee, R., & Dey, U. (2014). Biofertilizer, a way towards organic agriculture: A review. African Journal of Microbiology Research8(24), 2332-2343.‏ https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.6374
  6. ‏Condron, L.M., Sinaj, S., McDowell, R.W., Dudler-Guela, J., Scott, J.T., & Metherell, A.K. (2006). Influence of long-term irrigation on the distribution and availability of soil phosphorus under permanent pasture. Soil Research44(2), 127-133.‏ https://doi.org/10.1071/sr05065 
  7. Dehestani Ardakani, M., Khosravi, N., Shirmardi, M., Gholamnejad, J., & Naseri Nesab, F. (2021). the effect of biofertilizers and biochar on the morphological and physiological characteristics of (Narcissus tazetta cv. 'Shahla'). Isfahan University of Technology Journal of Soil and Plant Relations, 12(1), 79-93. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.47176/jspi.12.1.19991
  8. El-Naggar, A.H. (2010). Effect of biofertilizer, organic compost and mineral fertilizers on the growth, flowering and bulbs production of Narcissus tazetta. Journal of Agriculture & Environmental, 9(1), 24-52.‏
  9. Flaishman, M.A., & Kamenetsky, R. (2006). Florogenesis in Flower Bulbs: Classical and Molecular Approaches. Book chapter: Floriculture, ornamental and plant biotechnology, Institute of Plant Sciences, Israel. p. 33-43.‏
  10. ‏Ghasemi-Rooshnavand, R., Hashemiyeh, M., & Afzalian, M. (2009). Planting, conservation and harvesting stages of saffron. Yazd Agriculture Organization, Iran, 132, 33. (in Persian).
  11. Gupta, P.K. (2007). Soil, Plant, Water and Fertilizer Analysis. 2nd ed., Agrobios. New Delhi, India, 146 p
  12. Hatami, S.F., Ismailpour, B., Hadian, J., Khawazi, K., Soltani Toularud, A.A., & Abbaszadeh Dehji, P. (2013). Evaluation of the effect of biological fertilizers on the morphological characteristics of the tarragon medicinal plant (Artemisia dracunculus). Soil Biology, 2(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2014.100091
  13. Hemming, M.N., & Trevaskis, B. (2011). Make hay when the sun shines: the role of MADS-box genes in temperature-dependant seasonal flowering responses. Plant Science180(3), 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.12.001
  14. Jowkar, M.M., & Kafi, M. (2003). Effects of harvesting stages, 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate, silver thiosulphate, silver nitrate on the postharvest life of cut Narcissus tazetta. In VIII International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants, 669(405-410).‏ https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.669.53
  15. Karakoyun, Ç., Bozkurt, B., Çoban, G., Masi, M., Cimmino, A., Evidente, A., & Somer, N.U. (2020). A comprehensive study on Narcissus tazetta tazetta L.: Chemo-profiling, isolation, anticholinesterase activity and molecular docking of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. South African Journal of Botany130, 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.016
  16. Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Fallahi, H.R., & Aghhavani Shajari, M. (2016). The study of saffron (Crocus sativus) replacement corms growth in response to planting date, irrigation management and companion crops. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 4(1), 3-18. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2016.11895
  17. Kostensalo, J., Lemola, R., Salo, T., Ukonmaanaho, L., Turtola, E., & Saarinen, M. (2024). A site-specific prediction model for nitrogen leaching in conventional and organic farming. Journal of Environmental Management, 349, 119388.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119388
  18. Kumar, R., Kumawat, N., & Sahu, Y.K. (2017). Role of biofertilizers in agriculture. Popular Kheti5(4), 63-66.‏
  19. Li, X.F., Jia, L.Y., Xu, J., Deng, X.J., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., & Xu, L. (2013). FT-like NFT1 gene may play a role in flower transition induced by heat accumulation in Narcissus tazetta Chinensis. Plant and Cell Physiology, 54(2), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcs181
  20. Maheswari, N.U., & Abirami, R. (2019). A review on: Effective microorganisms and it applications. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR)8(4), 121-129.‏ https://doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00142.3
  21. Matin, S.R.M., Mortazavi, S.N., & Heidari, M. (2015). Application of benzyl adenine and potassium nitrate on growth, nitrate content and nitrate reductase activity in narcissus (Narcissus tazetta). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences9(6), 824-830.‏
  22. Mitter, E.K., Tosi, M., Obregón, D., Dunfield, K.E., & Germida, J.J. (2021). Rethinking crop nutrition in times of modern microbiology: Innovative biofertilizer technologies. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems5, 606815.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.606815
  23. Musafari Ziauddin, H., Alizadeh, A., & Mousavi, S.J. (2007). The effect of summer irrigation on saffron yield. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Industries, 21(3), 163-169. (in Persian).
  24. Nathaniel, O., Sam, A.R.M., Lim, N.H.A.S., Adebisi, O., & Abdulkareem, M. (2020). Biogenic approach for concrete durability and sustainability using effective microorganisms: A review. Construction and Building Materials261, 119664.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119664
  25. Noy-Porat, T., Flaishman, M.A., Eshel, A., Sandler-Ziv, D., & Kamenetsky, R. (2009). Florogenesis of the Mediterranean geophyte Narcissus tazetta and temperature requirements for flower initiation and differentiation. Scientia Horticulturae120(1), 138-142.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.09.016
  26. Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., & Keeney, D.R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy Monograph, 9, 539-579. https://doi.org/2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed
  27. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Hashemi, S.E., Del Borghi, A., Spasiano, D., Rad, M., & Race, M. (2022). Feasibility study of saffron cultivation using a semi-saline water by managing planting date, a new statement. Environmental Research203, 111853.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111853
  28. Poorreza, A., & Amirshkari, H. (2020). Effects of organic, biological fertilizers and summer irrigation on quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus) in zaweh city. Journal of Saffron Research7(2), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2019.2135.1083
  29. Prisa, D. (2022). Effective microorganisms improve growth and minerals content in the medicinal plant Bulbine frutescensIndian Journal of Natural Sciences12, 37763-37770.‏
  30. Ruamrungsri, S., Panjama, K., Ohyama, T., & Inkham, C. (2021). Nitrogen in Flowers. In book Nitrogen in Agriculture-Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]. IntechOpen.
  31. Sadeghi, B., Negari, K., & Hatami, M. (2003). Effect of planting date on the saffron flowering. Third National Symposium on Saffron, Mashhad, Iran. p. 50-51. (in Persian)
  32. Sari, Ö., & Çelikel, F.G. (2018). Planting time and bulb size affect the quantitative properties of Narcissus tazetta. In XXX International Horticultural Congress IHC2018: International Symposium on Ornamental Horticulture and XI International, 1263(183-190). https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1263.23
  33. Shafi, L., Safari, M., Mehri, Imam, Y., & Mohammadi-Nejad, Q. (2011). The effect of using nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on the amount of chlorophyll and the amount of zinc in leaves, the yield and the composition of two hybrid corn (Zea mays) seed elements. Seedling and Seed Agriculture, 27(2), 235-246. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/SPPJ.2017.110434
  34. Xie, M., & Wu, Q. (2017). Mycorrhiza modulates morphology, color and duration of flowers in hyacinth. Biotechnology, 16(3), 116-122.‏ https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2017.116.122
  35. Zangeneh, M., & Salehi, H. (2019). Genetic diversity as revealed by intersimple sequence repeat polymorphism in narcissus accessions to identify the tolerant genotypes for deficit irrigation. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science144(2), 92-106.‏
  36. Zhuang, J., Wang, Y., Chi, Y., Zhou, L., Chen, J., Zhou, W., & Ding, J. (2020). Drought stress strengthens the link between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic traits. Peer Journal8, e10046.‏ https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10046

 

 

CAPTCHA Image