ارزیابی ژنوتیپ‌های امیدبخش بادام(Prunus dulcis L) براساس خصوصیات رویشی، فنولوژی و کمّی و کیفی خشک میوه و مغز

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

سیداصغر موسوی ¹

اکرم وطن خواه ¹

علی ایمانی ²

¹ بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شهرکرد، ایران

² پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله و سردسیری، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jhs.2025.91410.1402

چکیده

با توجه به اهمیت اقتصادی و ارزش غذایی بادام، این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی و معرفی ژنوتیپ­های برتر و سازگار با شرایط اقلیمی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری انجام شد. این مطالعه، ارزیابی خصوصیات 44 ژنوتیپ امیدبخش بادام پیوند‌شده روی پایه رویشی GF677 در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات بادام وابسته به مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری در منطقه سامان انجام گرفت. در این پژوهش، صفات رویشی، فنولوژیکی و پومولوژیکی خشک میوه و مغز در سال 1402 مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج تجزیه واریانس صفات رویشی نشان داد که ارتفاع درخت، طول و عرض تاج، نسبت طول به عرض تاج و نسبت ارتفاع به طول تاج در ژنوتیپ­های مختلف معنی­دار بودند. نتایج نشان داد که ژنوتیپ­های مورد بررسی از نظر عملکرد، صفات فنولوژی، ویژگی‌های خشک میوه و مغز در سطح احتمال یک درصد تفاوت معنی­داری داشتند. درصد مغز در ژنوتیپ­های مورد مطالعه از 30/22 تا 9/77 درصد متفاوت بود. مطابق با نتایج، ژنوتیپ 4-4 پیوند‌شده روی پایه GF677 دارای عملکرد 750 گرم، درصد مغز 51 درصد، پوست سخت، پوست دارای درز و شکاف بسته، رنگ مغز خیلی روشن، دیرگل، عادت گل‌دهی مختلط، میزان دوقلویی کم و درصد پوکی کم، یکی از ژنوتیپ­های خوب برای منطقه چهارمحال و بختیاری به نظر می­رسد. براساس نتایج، ژنوتیپ­های بادام 4-4، TS-11، H، 2-3-2 و 2-0-4 با توجه به خصوصیات ارزشمند و تجاری شامل عملکرد، درصد مغز، سفتی پوست، پوکی، وزن مغز، درز و شکاف روی پوست، دوقلویی، قطر پوست چوبی، رنگ مغز و مهم‌تر از همه دیرگلی، ژنوتیپ­هایی با برتری نسبی از نظر صفات خشک و مغز بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ارقام برتر

پایه رویشی

پومولوژی

تاریخ گل‌دهی

عملکرد

موضوعات

• میوه کاری

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عنوان مقاله English

Evaluation of Promising Almond Genotypes (Prunus dulcis L) Base on Vegetative, Phenological, and Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Nuts and Kernels

نویسندگان English

S.A. Mousavi ¹

A. Vatankhah ¹

A. Imani ²

¹ Horticulture Crops Research Department, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension organization (AREEO), Shahrekord, Iran

² Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

چکیده English

Introduction
Almond is a commercial and important nut fruit known as Prunus dulcis, a species of Prunus of the Rosaceae family. The nutritional value of almonds as well as the presence of oil, protein, fiber, minerals and biologically active compounds have made almonds Nutrionally, industrially and medicinally important. In most traditional orchards in Iran, almonds are propagated from seed, which has contributed to the high genetic diversity of this species. The introduction and production of superior cultivars depends on the careful selection of plants, which requires knowledge of the cultivars and their diversity. Cross-pollination in almond increases genetic diversity in cultivated species. Creating an orchard by selecting grafted genotypes on suitable rootstocks for sustainable cultivation of almonds is particularly important (Babadai et al., 2017). The aim of this research is to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of 44 promising genotypes that were grafted on GF677 rootstock, using the vegetative, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of nuts and kernels in order to select superior genotypes. A great diversity was observed in the morphological and pomological characteristics of 60 almond genotypes by Ardjmand et al. (Ardjmand et al., 2014). Many researches (Mousavi et al., 2010; Asgari & Khadivi 2021; Heidari et al., 2022; Beigi & Khadivi, 2023) have been conducted on the selection of superior cultivars by examining the morphological, nut and kernel characteristics.
 
Materials and Methods
In this research, 44 promising almond cultivars and genotypes on GF677 rootstock were investigated in terms of various vegetative traits, nut and kernel characteristics. Experiment on 44 almond genotypes prepared from Karaj and grafted on GF677 rootstock, in March to September 2024 in the form of randomized complete block design in three replications at the almond research station in Saman region affiliated to the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center was conducted on 5-year-old trees. Vegetative traits of tree height, canopy length, canopy width, and branch length were measured by meter in the garden, and rootstock diameter, scion diameter, and branch diameter were measured in the garden with calipers. In order to measure nut and kernel traits, 100 fruits were harvested from each of the cultivars and genotypes, and their green shell was separated and dried. Measurement of traits such as length, width, diameter of nut and kernel was done by digital caliper and weight of nut and kernel was measured by digital scale with accuracy of 0.01. Coding of some traits was done based on almond descriptor (Gülcan, 1985) with some changes. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS software (version 3.1.9). To compare the means, LSD least significant difference test was used at the 5% probability level.
 
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance for the evaluation of vegetative traits showed that there was a significant difference between promising cultivars and genotypes in terms of tree height, canopy length and canopy width, one-year branch length, canopy length-to- canopy width ratio, and canopy height-to- canopy length ratio at the 1% probability level. The results of the analysis of variance showed that between all cultivars and genotypes grafted on GF677 rootstock in terms of length, width, diameter and weight of nuts, length, width, weight and diameter of kernel, shell thickness, double kernel, percentage of blank kernel, kernel color and shrinkage of kernel, shell hardness, suture opening of the shell, percentage of kernel, kernel width/kernel length ratio, kernel thickness/kernel length ratio, kernel thickness/kernel width ratio and kernel weight/nut weight ratio have significant differences. Based on the obtained results, the genotypes 4-4, TS-11, H, 2-3-2, 2-0-4 according to the valuable and commercial properties of almonds, including yield, kernel percentage, shell hardness, percentage of blank kernel, kernel weight, suture opening of the shell, double kernel, shell thickness, kernel color and most importantly late flower were genotypes with relative superiority in terms of nut and kernel traits. According to the results, the 4-4 genotype grafted on the GF677 rootstock with yield of 750 gr, 51% kernel percentage, hard shell, excellent seal suture opening of the shell, very light kernel color,  late flowering, flowering on spurs and one year old shoots, the low of double kernel and low percentage of blank kernel seems to be one of the relatively good genotypes for Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari region. In the study of Mousavi et al., 2010, by examining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of 55 varieties and genotypes of almonds, reported that all quantitative and qualitative traits in the genotypes have significant differences, which is in line with the results of this research.
 
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, significant variation in morphology, phenology, and pomology was observed among 44 promising genotypes grafted onto GF677 rootstock. This variation is of great importance in selecting superior cultivars that are adapted to environmental conditions, as well as in selecting high-yielding genotypes. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, with its specific climatic conditions, requires varieties that are adapted to these conditions. The climatic conditions of this region include hot and dry summers and cold winters, so varieties that are resistant to cold and drought should be selected, especially varieties whose flowering date is such that they are safe from the risk of spring frost. Based on the obtained results, the genotypes 4-4, TS-11, H, 2-3-2, 2-0-4 according to the valuable and commercial properties of almonds, including yield, kernel percentage, shell hardness, percentage of blank kernel, kernel weight, suture opening of the shell, double kernel, shell thickness, kernel color and most importantly late flower were genotypes with relative superiority in terms of nut and kernel traits. According to the results, the 4-4 genotype grafted on the GF677 rootstock with yield of 750 gr, 51% kernel percentage, hard shell, excellent seal suture opening of the shell, very light kernel color, late flowering, flowering on spurs and one year old shoots, the low of double kernel and low percentage of blank kernel seems to be one of the relatively good genotypes for Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari region.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Flowering time

Pomology

Superior genotype

Vegetative rootstock

Yield

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

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